CHEMISTRY

Sir Theva
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BAB 2 JIRIM & STRUKTUR ATOM

MATTER & STRUCTURE OF ATOM

2.1 KONSEP ASAS JIRIM

BASIC CONCEPT OF MATTER

2.2 PERKEMBANGAN MODEL ATOM

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATOMIC MODEL

2.3 STRUKTUR ATOM

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

2.4 ISOTOP & PENGGUNAANNYA

ISOTOPE & ITS USES

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2.1 KONSEP ASAS JIRIM
BASIC CONCEPT OF MATTER

KEADAAN JIRIM PEPEJAL CECAIR GAS

State of Matter Solid Liquid

STRUKTUR JIRIM
Structure Of Matter

SUSUNAN JIRIM Arrangement Of RAPAT & PADAT RAPAT & LONGGAR JAUH
Matter Close & Neatly Close & Loosely Far

GERAKAN JIRIM BERGETAR & BERPUTAR BERGELONGSOR Sliding RAWAK PADA KELAJUAN
Movement of Matter Vibrate & Rotate at Single TINGGI Randomly At High
Location Speeds

TENAGA ZARAH AMAT RENDAH RENDAH TINGGI

Particle Energy Very Low Low High

IKATAN KUAT KUAT TAPI LEMAH DARI AMAT LEMAH

Bonding Vey Strong Bond DLM PEPEJAL
Strong But Weaker Than In Very Weak
Solid

BENTUK TETAP IKUT BEKAS TIADA

Shape Fixed Follow Shape of Container No Shape

ISIPADU PADA TEKANAN TIDAK BERUBAH PERUBAHAN AMAT BERUBAH

TINGGI Doesn't Change KECIL BOLEH DIABAIKAN Changes
Volume At High Pressure Very Small Change Negligible

TEORI KINETIK JIRIM

KINETIC THEORY OF PARTICLES

1. KEWUJUDAN ZARAH ZARAH HALUS & DISKRIT

Existance of tiny & discreet particles
2. SENTIASA BERGERAK SECARA RAWAK
Constantly at random motion
3. TENAGA HABA TENAGA KINETIK ZARAH SUHU
Heat Energy Kinetic Energy of Particles Temperature
4. PERLANGGARAN ADALAH KENYAL
Collisions are elastic

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HEAT CURVE COOLING CURVE

LENGKUNG PEMANASAN (HEAT CURVE)

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LENGKUNG PENYEJUKAN (COOLING CURVE)

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LATIHAN 2.1 Believe In Yourself!

1. Nyatakan jenis zarah yang wujud dalam wayar tembaga.

State the types of particles that exist in a copper wire.

2. Lily mengeringkan rambutnya dengan pengering rambut.

Lily dries her hair with a hair dryer.
(a) Namakan proses yang terlibat semasa pengeringan rambut.
Name the process involved during hair drying.

(b) Nyatakan perubahan dalam pergerakan zarah air apabila rambut dikeringkan.
State the changes in the movement of water particles when hair is dried.

3. Asid laurik, C12H24O2 dipanaskan dari suhu bilik hingga 50 °C. Pada 43 °C, asid laurik,
C12H24O2 mula cair.
Lauric acid, C12H24O2 is heated from room temperature to 50 °C. At 43 °C, lauric acid,
C12H24O2 starts to melt.

(a) Lukis lengkung pemanasan untuk asid laurik, C12H24O2

Draw a heating curve for lauric acid, C12H24O2

(b) Mengapa pemalar suhu pada 43 °C?

Why is the temperature constant at 43 °C?

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2.2 PERKEMBANGAN MODEL ATOM
The Development of the Atomic Model

LATIHAN 2.2
1. Rajah 2.10 menunjukkan struktur atom nitrogen.
Diagram 2.10 shows the atomic structure of nitrogen.
(a) Nama X.
Name X.
(b) Nyatakan zarah subatom yang terdapat dalam nukleus atom nitrogen.
State the subatomic particles found in the nucleus of nitrogen atom.
(c) Bandingkan X dan zarah subatomik yang disebut dalam (b) dari aspek cas relatif dan jisim relatif.
Compare X and subatomic particles mentioned in (b) from the aspect of relative charge and relative mass.

2. • Elektron bergerak mengelilingi nukleus dalam kulit.

Electrons move around the nucleus in shells.
• Nukleus atom terdiri daripada proton dan neutron.
Nucleus of an atom consists of protons and neutrons.

Pernyataan di atas menunjukkan maklumat tentang model struktur atom.

The statements above show the information on an atomic structure model.
(a) Ahli sains manakah yang mengenal pastinya?
Which scientist identified it?
(b) Lukiskan model struktur atom ini.
Draw this atomic structure model.

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2.3 STRUKTUR
2.3 STRUKTUR ATOM
ATOM
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
ATOMIC STRUCTURE

STRUKTUR ATOM

NOMBOR PROTON = n Proton dlm nucleus atom

NOMBOR NUKLEON = n Proton + n Neutron
ATOM NEUTRAL Sebab [ n PROTON = n ELEKTRON]

Pengionan
Ionization

ATOM ION

Nyahcas
Discharge

PERWAKILAN PIAWAI ATOM

STANDARD REPRESENTATION OF ELEMENT

X = CHEMICAL SYMBOL OF ELEMENT [Simbol Kimia]

A = Z + N = NUCLEON NUMBER [Nombor Nukleon]

Z = PROTON NUMBER [Nombor Proton]

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LATIHAN 2.3
Jadual 2.3 menunjukkan bilangan proton dan bilangan neutron untuk elemen x, y dan z.
Table 2.3 shows the number of protons and the number of neutrons for elements X, Y and Z.
Elemen Bilangan proton Bilangan neutron
Element Number of protons Number of neutrons
X 10 10
Y 11 12
Z 19 20
Jadual 2.3
Table 2.3

1. Berapakah bilangan nukleon atom y?

What is the nucleon number of atom Y?

2. Tulis perwakilan standard elemen Z.

Write the standard representation of element Z.

3. Atom y mendermakan satu elektron untuk membentuk ion y+. Nyatakan bilangan proton, neutron dan
elektron untuk ion y+.
Atom Y donates one electron to form ion Y+. State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons
for ion Y+.

4. (a) Tulis susunan elektron atom X.

Write the electron arrangement of atom X.

(b) Lukis susunan elektron untuk atom X.

Draw the electron arrangement for atom X.

(c) Lukis struktur atom atom X. Labelkan semua zarah subatomik dalam rajah.
Draw the atomic structure of atom X. Label all the subatomic particles in
the diagram.

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2.4 ISOTOP & PENGGUNAANNYA

ISOTOPE & ITS USES

ISOTOP
ISOTOPE
UNSUR YANG MEMPUNYAI NO PROTON YANG SAMA TAPI NO NUKLEON BERBEZA
ELEMENTS THAT HAVE THE SAME NO OF PROTONS BUT DIFFERENT NO OF NUCLEONS

SIFAT FIZIK BERBEZA

DIFFERENT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

SIFAT KIMIA YANG SAMA

SAME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
PENGIRAAN J.A.R

i. Klorin-35 & Klorin-38

ii. Karbon-12, Karbon-13, Karbon-14

LATIHAN 2.4
1. Tentukan isotop.
Define isotopes.
2. Berdasarkan Jadual 2.6, atom mana yang isotop?Terangkan jawapan anda.
Based on Table 2.6, which atoms are isotopes? Explain your answer.
Element Proton number Nucleon number

W 6 12
X 6 13
Y 11 23
Z 12 24

3. Atom oksigen-16, oksigen-17 dan oksigen-18 adalah isotop. Bandingkan dan sebaliknya tiga
isotop ini.
Atoms of oxygen-16, oxygen-17 and oxygen-18 are isotopes. Compare and contrast these three isotopes.

4. Magnesium wujud secara semulajadi sebagai tiga isotop, yang mana 79.0% daripada 24mg,
10.0% daripada 25mg dan 11.0% daripada 26mg. Kirakan jisim atom relatif magnesium.
Magnesium exists naturally as three isotopes, which are 79.0% of 24Mg, 10.0% of 25Mg and 11.0% of 26Mg.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of magnesium.

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5. Puan Maimunah didiagnosis dengan kanser tulang.

Madam Maimunah was diagnosed with bone cancer.
(a) Apakah isotop yang digunakan untuk merawat madam maimunah?
What isotope is used to treat Madam Maimunah?

(b) Terangkan kesan positif dan negatif menggunakan isotop dalam (a).
Explain the positive and negative effects of using the isotope in (a).

4. Rajah 2 menunjukkan cas nukleus atom bagi unsur X, Y dan Z.

Diagram 2 shows the nucleus charges of the atoms of elements X, Y and Z.

+3 +9 +13

X Y Z

Diagram 2

(a) Nyatakan zarah subatom yang menyediakan cas dalam atom unsur.
State the subatomic particle that provides the charges in the atoms of the elements.

(b) Nyatakan zarah subatom lain yang terdapat dalam nukleus atom.
State the other subatomic particle found in the nucleus of the atoms.

(c) Tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom-atom bagi unsur X, Y dan Z.

Write the electron arrangement of the atoms for elements X, Y and Z.

(d) Atom Z mengandungi 14 neutron. Kira nombor nukleon bagi atom Z.

Atom Z contains 14 neutrons. Calculate the nucleon number of atom Z.

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5. Rajah 3 menunjukkan maklumat tentang boron. Boron mempunyai dua isotop iaitu
isotop 11B dan isotop y
Figure 3 shows the information on boron. Boron has two isotopes, namely isotope 11B and isotope y

Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberikan, hitungkan nombor nukleon isotop y

Based on the information given, calculate the nucleon number of isotope y

6. Rajah 4 menunjukkan perwakilan piawai bagi platinum atom. Ion platinum

mengandungi 74 elektron dan mempunyai a nombor nukleon 195.
Figure 4 shows the standard representation of a platinum atom. A platinum ion contains 74 electrons and
has a nucleon number of 195.
(a) Berapakah bilangan proton dan neutron dalam ion platinum?
What are the number of protons and neutrons in the platinum ion?

(b) Berapakah cas bagi ion platinum itu?

What is the charge of the platinum ion?

7. Wajarkan penggunaan iodin-131 dalam rawatan hipertiroidisme.

Justify the use of iodine-131 in the treatment for hyperthyroidism.

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SOALAN PEPERIKSAAN Constant Practise Will Turn You Into a Specialist.
Believe In Yourself!
1. Diagram 1.1 shows the heating curve of solid naphthalene, C10H8.
Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan lengkung pemanasan pepejal naftalena, C10H8.

Temperature/ 0C
D

B
T1
C

T0 A

Time / s
0
Diagram 1.1/Rajah 1.1

(a) (i) Name the process involved in Diagram 1.1

Namakan proses yang terlibat dalam Rajah 1.1.

..............................................................................................................
[1 mark]
(ii) State the type of particle present in naphthalene, C10H8.
Nyatakan jenis zarah yang terdapat dalam naftalena, C10H8 .

.........................................................................................................
[1 mark]
(b) Explain why there is no change in temperature from B to C
Terangkan mengapa tiada perubahan suhu dari B ke C

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]

(c) State how the movement of naphthalene particles changes from C to D during
heating.
Nyatakan bagaimana pergerakan zarah-zarah naftalena berubah semasa pemanasan dari C
ke D.

..................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]

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(d) Diagram 1.2 shows the atomic model proposed by Neils Bohr.
Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan model atom yang dicadangkan oleh Neils Bohr.

Diagram 1.2/ Rajah 1.2

(i) Name P and Q.
Namakan P dan Q.

P : ...................................... Q : ..........................................
[1 mark]
(ii) Which subatomic particles are involved in a chemical reaction?
Zarah-zarah sub-atom yang manakah terlibat dalam tindak balas kimia?

..................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
(e) Table 1 shows the number of protons and neutrons of four different atoms.
Jadual 1 menunjukkan bilangan proton dan neutron bagi empat atom yang berlainan.

Number of protons Number of neutrons

Atom
Bilangan proton Bilangan neutron
W 16 17
X 16 16
Y 3 4
Z 19 20
Table 1/ Jadual 1
(i) Which atoms are isotopes?
Atom-atom yang manakah adalah isotop?

.....................................................................................................................
[1 mark/1 markah]
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (e) (i).
Berikan satu sebab bagi jawapan anda di (e) (i).

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2 marks/2 markah]

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2. (a) Table 2 shows the information of atom Q, R and S.

Jadual 2 menunjukkan maklumat bagi atom-atom Q, R dan S.

Atom Number of proton Number of neutron Nucleon number

Q 12 12 24

R 17 35

S 19 20 39

Table 2/Jadual 2
(i) What is meant by nucleon number?
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan nombor nucleon?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]

(ii) State the number of neutrons for element R.

Nyatakan bilangan neutron bagi unsur R.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
(iii) Draw and label electron arrangement of ion Q.
Lukis dan labelkan susunan elektron bagi ion Q.

[1 mark]
(iv) State the number of electron for element S.
Nyatakan bilangan elektron bagi unsur S.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]

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(b) Diagram 2 shows the graph temperature against time when liquid
naphthalene is cooled.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan graf suhu melawan masa apabila cecair naftalena disejukkan.

o
C/ suhu
Temperature,
A

B C
T1

D
T0
Time, s / masa, s
Diagram 2/ Rajah 2

State the freezing point of naphthalene.

Nyatakan takat beku bagi naftalena.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……
[1 mark]
b. i What is the physical state of naphthalene at:
Apakah keadaan fizik bagi naftalena pada:

(a) AB :
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
(b) CD:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
ii Explain why there is no change in temperature from B to C?
Terangkan mengapa tiada perubahan suhu dari B ke C?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
iii Draw the arrangement of naphthalene particles at CD.
Lukiskan susunan zarah naftalena pada CD.

[1 mark]

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NOTES :
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