chemistry

GROUP 2
 wHAT IS
CHEMISTRY?
study of matter, its properties, behavior,
and the changes it undergoes
atoms and molecules
chemical reactions.
“central science”
Physics and Biology
 KEY ASPECTS
ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS
Composition
Structure
Properties
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Processes
Forming new substances
Medicine to Material Science
ENERGY
Absorbed or Release
Dynamics of reactions
ENVIRONMENTAL WHAT?
CHEMISTRY Study of chemical and biochemical
phenomena
Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Geosphere
Sources, reactions, transport, effects,
fates of chemical species
And how human activities and natural
processes impact them
ENVIRONMENTAL KEY AREAS
Atmospheric Chemistry
CHEMISTRY Smog
Acid rain
Ozone Depletion
Aquatic Chemistry
Oceans
Lakes
Rivers
Soil Chemistry
Chemical makeup of soil
Fertility
Nutrient cycling
Behavior of Contaminants
ENVIRONMENTAL interdisciplinary
CHEMISTRY nature
Chemistry
Biology
Ecology
Geology
Physics
Mathematics
 GREEN
CHEMISTRY
DESIGNING CHEMICAL
PRODUCTS AND PROCESSES
THAT MINIMIZE OR ELIMINATE
THE USE AND GENERATION OF
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
 PRINCIPLES
1. Prevent waste
2. Maximize atom economy
3. Design less hazardous chemical syntheses
4. Design safer chemicals and products
5. Use safer solvents and reaction conditions
6. Increase energy efficiency
7. Use renewable feedstocks
8. Avoid chemical derivatives
9. Use catalysts, not stoichiometric reagents
10. Design chemicals and products to degrade
after use
11. Analyze in real time to prevent pollution
12. Minimize the potential for accidents
 BRIEF HISTORY OF
CHEMISTRY
Thales, Democritus, Empedocles, Geber
Thales of
Miletus
Pre-Socratic
Groundwork for scientific
Inquiry
Water as the fundamental
element
Rational explanation
TEACHER ATOM'S ART CLASS

Democritus

Atomic Theory
Contribution

Atomic Theory

Atomos

Atoms are constantly moving in

empty space
Properties of a material are
determined by the size, shape,
and arrangment of atoms
EMPEDOCLES
MATTER:
FOUR
ELEMENTS
 Geber
Jabir Ibn Hayyan
Experimental Methods
Father of Arab chemistry
Development of new laboratory techniques
Developed theoretical frameworks like the
three primary substances (sulfur, mercury,
and salt) to explain the composition of
matter.
Discover nitric, hydrochloric, citric, and
tartaric acids
ATOMIC AND
MOLECULAR
PERSPECTIVE
OF
CHEMISTRY
 aTOMIC
pERPECTIVE
Individual atoms as fundamental
building blocks of matter
Central: + charged nucleus and
- charged electrons
Protons - atomic number;
Neutrons - isotope
Electrons - specific energy
levels; orbitals around the
nuclues; chemical bonding &
reactivity
Molecule
Molecules - 2 or more atoms, share electrons
through chemical bonds
Ionic Bonding: attraction bet. +- charged ion
Covalent Bonding: Sharing of electrons bet.
atoms
Mettalic Bonding: Sharing of delocalized
electrons across lattice of metal atoms
Arrangement & type - structure and properties
 hOW DOES THESE
TWO WORK
TOGETHER?
Atomic Properties determine their propensity to
form bonds and the type of bonds they can form
Specific arrangement of atoms influences the
molecule’s shape, polarity, and reactivity

Formation and stability of different types of

compounds
Reactivity of molecules and their ability to
participate in chemical reactions
Physical properties of substances
 What is
an atom?

The atom is the fundamental unit of matter.

It consists of a central nucleus containing
positively charged protons and neutral
neutrons, surrounded by a cloud of negatively
charged electrons.
 What are its components?
ELECTRON CLOUD
Region around the nucleus
where electrons orbit.

ATOMIC ORBITALS
Three-dimensional regions where electrons
are most likely to be found in an atom.

ELECTRON
Negatively charged subatomic
particle orbiting the nucleus.
What are its components?
NEUTRON
Neutral particle in the atomic
nucleus alongside protons.

ATOMIC NUCLEUS
Positively charged center of the atom
containing protons and neutrons.

PROTON
Positively charged particle
in the atomic nucleus.
ATOMIC NUMBER
The atomic number of an element is the number of
protons in the nucleus of an atom. It uniquely identifies
each element on the periodic table.

ATOMIC MASS
The mass number of an atom is the sum of its protons
and neutrons. It represents the total number of
nucleons (protons and neutrons) in the nucleus.

NUMBER OF NEUTRONS
The number of neutrons in an atom can be calculated
by subtracting the atomic number from the mass
Number of neutrons: 12.011 - 6 = 6.011
number. Neutrons help stabilize the nucleus and vary
in number among different isotopes of an element.
 classification of matter
PURE SUBSTANCE
a material composed of only one type of particle,
either atoms or molecules. It has uniform
composition and distinct chemical properties.
Elements and compounds are examples of pure
substances.
ELEMENT
an element is a pure substance composed of
atoms with the same atomic number. Elements
cannot be broken down into simpler substances
by ordinary chemical means. Each element is
represented by a unique chemical symbol.
COMPOUND
is a pure substance composed of two or more
different types of atoms chemically bonded
together in fixed proportions. Compounds can be
broken down into simpler substances (elements
or other compounds) by chemical reactions.
MIXTURE
is a combination of two or more substances
physically mixed together, but not chemically
bonded. They can be homogeneous (uniform
composition) or heterogeneous (non-uniform
composition).
 trends in the
periodic table

Electronegativity is the Ionization energy is the Metallicity refers to the

ability of an atom to energy required to tendency of an element to
attract shared electrons remove an electron from exhibit metallic
in a chemical bond. . an atom. properties.
atomic radius

the distance from the

nucleus to the outermost
electron shell.
 Chemical
Bonding
The attractive force which holds
various constituents (atoms, ions,
etc.) together and stabilises them
by the overall loss of energy is
known as chemical bonding.
There are three main types of chemical bonding:

Ionic bonding
This occurs between metals and non-metals.

Covalent bonding
This occurs when two non-metals share electrons.

Metallic bonding
This occurs in metals.
 GAS
LAWS
The behavior of gases is governed
by several fundamental laws, each
describing the relationship
between different properties like
pressure, volume, temperature,
and the amount of gas present.
BOYLE’S
LAW
This law states that the pressure
(P) and volume (V) are inversely
proportional for a fixed amount of
gas at a constant temperature.

Mathematically:
PV = constant
CHARLE’S
LAW
This law describes the relationship
between volume (V) and absolute
temperature (T) of a fixed amount of gas
at constant pressure.

Mathematically:
V/T = constant
GENERALIZED
GAS LAW
(Combined Gas Law):

This law combines Boyle's and Charles'

laws to describe a gas's behavior
under varying pressure, volume, and
temperature conditions.

(P₁V₁)/T₁ = (P₂V₂)/T₂
 ALKALINITY
Alkalinity is water's capacity to resist acidic
changes in pH. Essentially, alkalinity is
water's ability to neutralize acid. A water
body with a high alkalinity level has higher
levels of calcium carbonate and CaCO3,
which can decrease the water's acidity.
ACID
An acid is a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in
water. Acids have a sour taste, can change the color of specific indicators
(like litmus paper turning red), and react with metals to produce hydrogen
gas.

WATER HARDNESS
Water hardness refers to the presence of dissolved minerals, primarily
calcium and magnesium ions, in water.
 WHAT IS TURBIDITY?
Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid
caused by large numbers of individual particles that
are generally invisible to the naked eye, similar to
smoke in air.

When measuring turbidity, most often, you will see

the units NTU or JTU.

NTU = Nephelometric Turbidity Units

JTU = Jackson Turbidity Units
 solution and
solubility
What is Solubility? The maximum
amount of solute that can dissolve in
a known quantity of solvent at a
certain temperature is its solubility.
A solution is a homogeneous mixture
of one or more solutes in a solvent.
Sugar cubes added to a cup of tea or
coffee are a common example of a
solution.
straight chain alkanes
Straight-chain alkanes are hydrocarbons,
where the carbon atoms are connected in one
continuous chain. There are no branches or
sub-branches connected. You will find 2
carbon chains, 3 carbon chains to 10 carbon
chains.
three types of
hydrocarbons
alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
Alkanes are the simplest type of
hydrocarbon and have only
single bonds between carbon
atoms. Alkenes have double
bonds between carbon atoms,
and alkynes have triple bonds
between carbon atoms.
 CHLORINE
Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room
temperature. Chlorine has a pungent, irritating
odor similar to bleach that is detectable at low
concentrations. The density of chlorine gas is
approximately 2.5 times greater than air, which
will cause it to initially remain near the ground in
areas with little air movement.
 IRON
Iron is a chemical element; it has the symbol Fe
(from Latin ferrum 'iron') and atomic number 26. It
is a metal that belongs to the first transition series
and group 8 of the periodic table. It is, by mass,
the most common element on Earth, forming much
of Earth's outer and inner core.
 Manganese
Manganese is a chemical element; it has symbol
Mn and atomic number 25. It is a hard, brittle,
silvery metal, often found in minerals in
combination with iron. Manganese was first
isolated in the 1770s. Manganese is a transition
metal with a multifaceted array of industrial alloy
uses, particularly in stainless steels.
THANK YOU
for
listening!
GROUP 2