Pure Bending

Lecture 14
Engineering Mechanics - ME102
Sunil Kumar Singh & Rishi Raj

Courtesy: TMH
Pure Bending

Can someone bend the measuring scale?

How many forces are applied?

-1
-2
-3
-4
Can you bend the
scale with less
number of forces?

rraj@iitp.ac.in 2
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram
for the loading (3 forces) shown below.
Pb/(a+b)
a b Pa/(a+b)

𝑑𝑀
SHEAR FORCE

P =𝑉
𝑑𝑥
Pb/(a+b)
BENDING MOMENT

-Pa/(a+b)
Pab/(a+b)

rraj@iitp.ac.in 3
Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram
for the loading (4 forces) shown below.
L
P
a a

𝑑𝑀
SHEAR FORCE

=𝑉
𝑑𝑥
P

Region of no shear
BENDING MOMENT

Pa -P

Region of PURE BENDING

rraj@iitp.ac.in 4
Pure Bending

Middle portion in
pure bending!

Pure Bending: Prismatic members subjected

to equal and opposite couples acting in
the same longitudinal plane
rraj@iitp.ac.in 5
Other Loading Types

600 N
• Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which
600 N does not pass through section centroid
600 N
72 N-m produces internal forces equivalent to an
600 N axial force and a couple

• Transverse Loading: Concentrated or

distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear
force and a couple

rraj@iitp.ac.in 6
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
• Internal forces in any cross section are
equivalent to a couple. The moment of the
couple is the section bending moment.
• From statics, a couple M consists of two equal
and opposite forces.
• The sum of the components of the forces in any
direction is zero.
• The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and
zero about any axis contained in the plane.
• These requirements may be applied to the sums
of the components and moments of the statically
indeterminate elementary internal forces.
𝐹𝑥 = න𝜎𝑥 𝑑𝐴 = 0

𝑀𝑦 = න𝑧𝜎𝑥 𝑑𝐴 = 0

M is +ve when bending is concave upwards 𝑀𝑧 = න−𝑦𝜎𝑥 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑀

rraj@iitp.ac.in 7
Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in
pure bending:
• member remains symmetric
• bends uniformly to form a circular arc
• cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
• length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
• a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length
does not change
• stresses and strains are negative (compressive)
above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
below it
rraj@iitp.ac.in 8
Strain Due to Bending

Consider a beam segment of length L.

After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections,

𝐿′ = 𝜌 − 𝑦 𝜃

𝛿 = 𝐿 − 𝐿′ = 𝜌 − 𝑦 𝜃 − 𝜌𝜃 = −𝑦𝜃

𝛿 𝑦𝜃 𝑦
𝜀𝑥 = = − =−
𝐿 𝜌𝜃 𝜌
(strain varies linearly)
Maximum strain
𝑐 𝑐
𝜀𝑚 = or ρ =
𝜌 𝜀𝑚
𝑦
𝜀𝑥 = − 𝜀𝑚
rraj@iitp.ac.in 𝑐 9
Stress Due to Bending

• For a linearly elastic material,

y
 x = E x = − E m
c
y
= −  m (stress varies linearly)
c

• For static equilibrium,

• For static equilibrium,
𝑦
𝐹𝑥 = 0 = න𝜎𝑥 𝑑𝐴 = න − 𝜎𝑚 𝑑𝐴 𝑦
𝑐
𝑀 = න−𝑦𝜎𝑥 𝑑𝐴 = න −𝑦 − 𝜎𝑚 𝑑𝐴
𝜎𝑚 𝑐
0=− න𝑦 𝑑𝐴 𝜎𝑚 𝜎𝑚 𝐼
𝑐
𝑀= න𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 =
𝑐 𝑐
First moment with respect to 𝑀𝑐 𝑀 Elastic section modulus
neutral plane is zero. Therefore, 𝜎𝑚 = =
𝐼 𝑆
the neutral surface must pass 𝑦
Substituting 𝜎𝑥 = − 𝜎𝑚
through the section centroid. 𝑐
𝑀𝑦
𝜎𝑥 = −
𝐼

rraj@iitp.ac.in 10
Beam Section Properties
• The maximum normal stress due to
bending,
Mc M
m = =
I S
I = section moment of inertia
I
S = = section modulus
c

A beam section with a larger section

modulus will have a lower maximum stress
• Consider a rectangular beam cross
section, 1 3
I 12 bh
S= = = 16 bh 2 = 16 Ah
c h2

Between two beams with the same cross

sectional area, the beam with the greater
depth will be more effective in resisting
bending.
rraj@iitp.ac.in 11
Beam Section Properties

• Structural steel beams are designed to have a

large section modulus.
• Preferred since a large portion of their cross
section is located far away from the neutral
axis.
• Thus, for a given cross sectional area and
Mc M depth/height, their design provide large value
m = =
I S of I, and hence S.
I = section moment of inertia
I • Large value of S implies that the value of
S = = section modulus maximum stress in the beam is minimum.
c

rraj@iitp.ac.in 12
Calculation for a Cuboid

𝑀𝑍 𝐻 6𝑀𝑍 𝐻 6𝑀𝑍 𝑀𝑋 𝐻 6𝑀𝑋 𝐻 6𝑀𝑋

𝜎𝑚,𝑧 = = = 𝜎𝑚,𝑥 = = =
2𝐼𝑍 𝑊𝐻3 𝑊𝐻2 2𝐼𝑋 𝐿𝐻3 𝐿𝐻2

Since 𝑊 < 𝐿 and 𝑀𝑍 = 𝑀𝑋 due to load you apply , 𝜎𝑚,𝑧 > 𝜎𝑚,𝑥 , breaks early using 𝐌𝐳

Which way it will be easy to bend and break the scale?

Mc M
m = =
I S
I = section moment of inertia
I
S = = section modulus
c
rraj@iitp.ac.in 13
Deformed beam

rraj@iitp.ac.in 14
Deformations in a Transverse Cross
Section
• Deformation due to bending moment M is
quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface
1 𝜀𝑚 𝜎𝑚 1 𝑀𝑐 𝑀
= = = =
𝜌 𝑐 𝐸𝑐 𝐸𝑐 𝐼 𝐸𝐼

• Although cross sectional planes remain planar

when subjected to bending moments, in-plane
deformations are nonzero,
𝜈𝑦 𝜈𝑦
𝜀𝑦 = −𝜈𝜀𝑥 = 𝜀𝑧 = −𝜈𝜀𝑥 =
𝜌 𝜌

• Expansion above the neutral surface and

contraction below it cause an in-plane curvature,
1 
= = anticlastic curvature
 
This relation shows that that the element located above the neutral
plane will expand in both y and z directions and vice-versa for
rraj@iitp.ac.in elements located below the neutral axis. 15
Sample Problem 4.2

A cast-iron machine part is acted upon

by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E = 165
GPa and neglecting the effects of
fillets, determine (a) the maximum
tensile and compressive stresses, (b)
the radius of curvature.
rraj@iitp.ac.in 16
Sample Problem 4.2
SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate
the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia.
Area, mm2 𝑦,lj mm lj mm3
𝑦𝐴,
1 20 × 90 = 1800 50 90 × 103
2 40 × 30 = 1200 20 24 × 103
෍ 𝐴 = 3000 lj = 114 × 103
෍ 𝑦𝐴

3
 yA 114 10
Y = = = 38 mm
A 3000

1
𝐼𝑥 ′ = ෍ 𝐼ሜ + 𝐴𝑑 2 = ෍ 𝑏ℎ3 + 𝐴𝑑 2
12
1 1
= 90 × 203 + 1800 × 122 + 30 × 403 + 1200 × 182
12 12
𝐼 = 868 × 103 mm = 868 × 10−9 m4

rraj@iitp.ac.in 17
Sample Problem 4.2
• Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
m =
I
M c A 3 kN  m  0.022 m  A = +76.0 MPa
A = =
I 868 10−9 mm 4
M cB 3 kN  m  0.038 m  B = −131.3 MPa
B = − =−
I 868 10−9 mm 4

• Calculate the curvature

1 M
=
 EI
3 kN  m 1
= 20.95 10−3 m -1
(165 GPa )(868 10-9 m 4 )
=

 = 47.7 m

rraj@iitp.ac.in 18
Bending of Members Made of Several
Materials Reason for delamination
• Consider a composite beam formed from
The resistance to bending
two materials with E1 and E2.
would remain the same if both
portions were made of the same • Normal strain varies linearly.
y
material, provided that the width x = −
of each element in the lower 
portion were multiplied
Strain by the • Piecewise linear normal stress variation.
factor n. 𝐸1 𝑦 𝐸2 𝑦
𝜎1 = 𝐸1 𝜀𝑥 = − 𝜎2 = 𝐸2 𝜀𝑥 = −
𝜌 𝜌
Neutral axis does not pass through
section centroid of composite section.
• Elemental forces on the section are
𝐸1 𝑦 𝐸2 𝑦
𝑑𝐹1 = 𝜎1 𝑑𝐴 = − 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐹2 = 𝜎2 𝑑𝐴 = − 𝑑𝐴
𝜌 𝜌
𝑀𝑦
𝜎𝑥 = −
𝐼
• Define a transformed section such that
𝜎1 = 𝜎𝑥 𝜎2 = 𝑛𝜎𝑥 𝑛𝐸1 𝑦 𝐸1 𝑦 𝐸2
𝑑𝐹2 = − 𝑑𝐴 = − 𝒏𝒅𝑨 𝑛=
𝜌 𝜌 𝐸1

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Stress Due to Bending
• For static equilibrium,
𝑦
𝐹𝑥 = 0 = න𝜎𝑥 𝑑𝐴 = න − 𝜎𝑚 𝑑𝐴
𝑐
𝜎𝑚
0=− න𝑦 𝑑𝐴
𝑐

First moment with respect to neutral plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral
surface must pass through the section centroid.

rraj@iitp.ac.in 20
 However, not possible to
Stress Distribution draw since we do not know
the location of N.A.
Strain
E1
𝐸2
𝑛=
𝐸1

E2

Strain
E1
No Change

E1

Transformed system, can now solve for the location of N.A.

rraj@iitp.ac.in 21
Example 4.3
18 mm
10 mm
10 mm
75 mm
Bar is made from bonded pieces
of steel (Es = 200 GPa) and
brass (Eb = 100 GPa).
Determine the maximum stress
in the steel and brass when a
moment of 4.5 kN-m.
rraj@iitp.ac.in
SOLUTION:
• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross
section made entirely of brass
• Evaluate the cross sectional properties of
the transformed section
• Calculate the maximum stress in the
transformed section. This is the correct
maximum stress for the brass pieces of
the bar.
• Determine the maximum stress in the
steel portion of the bar by multiplying
the maximum stress for the transformed
section by the ratio of the moduli of
elasticity.
22
Example 4.3
SOLUTION:
• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section
made entirely of brass.
𝐸𝑠 200 GPa
𝑛= = = 2.0
𝐸𝑏 100 GPa
𝑏𝑇 = 10 mm + 2 × 18 mm + 10 mm = 56 mm

• Evaluate the transformed cross sectional properties

1 3
1 3
𝐼= 𝑏 ℎ = 56 mm 75 mm
12 𝑇 12
10 mm 36 mm 10 mm
= 1.97 × 106 mm4
• Calculate the maximum stresses
c = 37.5 mm
𝑀𝑐 4500 N − m 37.5 mm
𝜎𝑚 = = = 85.7 MPa
75 mm 𝐼 1.97 × 10−6 m4

( b )max =  m = 85.7 MPa

( s )max = n m = 1.=933171.4
11.85
MPa
ksi
56 mm

rraj@iitp.ac.in 23
Reinforced Concrete Beams
• Concrete beams subjected to bending
moments are reinforced by steel rods.
• Since concrete is very weak in tension, the steel
rods carry the entire tensile load below the
neutral surface. The upper part (above N.A.) of the
concrete beam carries the compressive load.
• In the transformed section, the cross sectional area
of the steel, As, is replaced by a thin equivalent area
nAs where n = Es/Ec.
• To determine the location of the neutral axis,
(bx ) x − n As (d − x ) = 0
2
1 b x2 + n As x − n As d = 0
2

• The normal stress in the concrete and steel

My
x = −
I
c =  x  s = n x

rraj@iitp.ac.in 24
Sample Problem 4.4
SOLUTION:
100 mm
• Transform to a section made entirely
of concrete.

• Evaluate geometric properties of

150 mm
transformed section.
150 mm
140 mm 150 mm
• Calculate the maximum stresses
150 mm
in the concrete and steel.

A concrete floor slab is reinforced with 16

mm diameter steel rods. The modulus of
elasticity is 200 GPa for steel and 25 GPa
for concrete. With an applied bending
moment of 4.5 kN.m to each 0.3 m width
of the slab, determine the maximum stress
in the concrete and steel.

rraj@iitp.ac.in 25
Sample Problem 4.4
SOLUTION:
• Transform to a section made entirely of concrete.
300 mm 𝐸𝑠 200 GPa
𝑛= = = 8.0
𝐸𝑐 25 GPa
𝜋
100 mm 𝑛𝐴𝑠 = 8 × 2 16 mm 2 = 3271 mm2
4
100 -x

3217 mm2 • Evaluate the geometric properties of the

transformed section.
𝑥
300𝑥 − 3217 100 − 𝑥 = 0 𝑥 = 36.8 mm / -58.26 mm
2
1
𝐼 = 300 36.8 3 + 3217 100 − 36.8 2
𝜎𝑐 = 9.29 MPa 3
= 17.83 × 106 mm4

𝜎𝑠 = 127.6 MPa • Calculate the maximum stresses.

𝑀𝑐1 4500 N−m × 0.0368 m
𝜎𝑐 = =
𝐼 17.83 × 10−6 m4
𝑀𝑐2 4500 N−m × 0.0632 m
𝜎𝑠 = 𝑛 =8
𝐼 17.83 × 10−6 m4

rraj@iitp.ac.in 26
Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of
Symmetry
• Stress due to eccentric loading found by
superposing the uniform stress due to a centric
load and linear stress distribution due a pure
bending moment
 x = ( x )centric + ( x )bending
P My
= −
A I
• Eccentric loading
• Validity requires stresses below proportional
F=P limit, deformations have negligible effect on
M = Pd geometry, and stresses not evaluated near points
of load application.

rraj@iitp.ac.in Chapter 2 Chapter 4 27

Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of
Symmetry
• Stress due to eccentric loading found by
superposing the uniform stress due to a centric
load and linear stress distribution due a pure
bending moment
 x = ( x )centric + ( x )bending
P My
= −
A I
• Eccentric loading
• Validity requires stresses below proportional
F=P limit, deformations have negligible effect on
M = Pd geometry, and stresses not evaluated near points
of load application.

rraj@iitp.ac.in 28
Example 4.5 700 N

12 mm

16 mm

700 N

An open-link chain is obtained by bending low-carbon

steel rods into the shape shown. For 700 N load,
determine (a) maximum tensile and compressive
stresses, (b) distance between section centroid and
neutral axis

rraj@iitp.ac.in 29
 16 mm
Example 4.5
What is the value of P? 700 N
6 mm

What is the value of M? 11.2 N-m

𝑷 𝑴𝒄 700 N
𝝈𝒐 = 𝝈𝒎 =
𝑨 𝑰

Distance between
section centroid and
neutral axis is 0.562 mm

rraj@iitp.ac.in 30
Sample Problem 4.6

The largest allowable stresses for the

cast iron link are 30 MPa in tension
and 120 MPa in compression.
Determine the largest force P which
can be applied to the link.

From Sample Problem 4.2

A = 3 10−3 m 2
Y = 0.038 m
I = 868 10−9 m 4

rraj@iitp.ac.in 31
Sample Problem 4.6
• Determine an equivalent centric
and bending loads.
d = 0.038 − 0.010 = 0.028 m
P = centric load
M = Pd = 0.028 P = bending moment
• Superpose stresses due to centric and bending loads
A = −
P Mc A
+ =−
P
+
(0.028 P )(0.022) = +377 P
A I 3 10−3 868 10−9
P Mc
B = − − A = −
P
−
(0.028 P )(0.022) = −1559 P
A I 3 10−3 868 10−9

• Evaluate critical loads for allowable stresses.

𝜎𝐴 = +377𝑃 = 30 MPa 𝑃 = 79.6 kN
𝜎𝐵 = −1559𝑃 = −120 MPa 𝑃 = 77.0 kN

• The largest allowable load P = 77.0 kN

rraj@iitp.ac.in 32