NOTES FOR TOPIC 7: ACID & BASES

1. Arrhenius Definition
a. Acid: dissociates to produce H+
b. Base: dissociates to produce OH-
2. Bronsted Lowry Definition
a. Acid: donates H+
b. Base: accepts H+

Strong Acids Strong Bases

HCl LiOH
HBr NaOH
HI KOH
HNO3 RbOH
HClO3 CsOH
HClO4 Ca(OH)2
H2SO4 Ba(OH)2
Sr(OH)2

Naming Acids
- Acids are named based on their anion — the ion attached to the hydrogen. In simple
binary acids, one ion is attached to hydrogen. Names for such acids consist of the prefix
“hydro-“, the first syllable of the anion, and the suffix “-ic”.
o H2S – hydrogen sulfide ---> hydrosulfuric acid
o HCl – hydrogen chloride ---> hydrochloric acid
- Complex acid compounds have oxygen in them. For an acid with a polyatomic ion, the
suffix “-ate” from the ion is replaced with “-ic” while for suffix “-ite” from the ion is
replaced with “ous.”
o NO2- – nitrite ion ---> HNO2 – nitrous acid
o NO3- – nitrate ion ---> HNO3 – nitric acid
- Polyatomic ions with two fewer have the prefix “hypo-” and the suffix “-ous.”
- Polyatomic ions with one extra oxygen (as compared to the typical polyatomic ion) have
the prefix “per-” and the suffix “-ic.”

Oxoanion Oxoacid
BrO- : hypobromite HBrO : hypobromous acid
BrO2- : bromite HBrO2 : bromous acid
BrO3- : bromate HBrO3 : bromic acid
BrO4- : perbromate HBrO4 : perbromic acid
Common Organic Acids and Bases

ACIDS BASES
formic acid: HCOOH ammonia: NH3
acetic/ethanoic acid: CH3COOH methyl amine: CH3NH2
propionic acid: CH3CH2COOH ethyl amine: CH3CH2NH2
butryic acid: CH3CH2CH2COOH phenylamine/aniline : C6H5NH2
benzoic acid: C6H5COOH
**notes: formic/methyl = 1 carbon, ethyl = 2 carbon, propyl = 3 carbon, butyl = 4 carbon

Oxides
- Non-metals = acidic oxides
- Metals = basic oxides
- CO, N2O, NO = amphoteric oxides

Common D-Block Metal Oxides

ACIDIC BASIC AMPHOTERIC
Mn2O7 MnO MnO2
CrO3 Mn2O3 Mn3O4
FeO Fe2O3
Cu2O CuO
CrO Cr2O3
**notes: i don’t think you need to memorize this but
just an fyi!

Solubility Rules

Alkali metals (Li, Na, K) and NH4+ ALWAYS SOLUBLE

NO3-, CH3COO-, ClO3-, ClO4 salts ALWAYS SOLUBLE
Cl-, Br-, I- salts SOLUBLE Except for Ag+, Hg+2, Pb+2
SO4-2 salts SOLUBLE Except for Ag+, Hg+2, Pb+2, Ca+2, Sr+2, Ba+2

CO3-2, PO4-3, INSOLUBLE Except for Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+

OH-, S-2 INSOLUBLE Except for Group 1A, Ca+2, Sr+2, Ba+2

Net Ionic Equation

Notes:
1. Balance the equation if it hasn’t been done yet!
2. Split only strong acids/bases and soluble salts
3. Do not split weak acids/bases, insoluble salts, and compounds in solid, liquid, and
gaseous phases!
4. Neutral molecules do not have a charge, only ions.
5. Countercheck if the charges balance out on both sides!