Handout For Art Appreciation (Age6 00)

Handout for
ART APPRECIATION (AGE6 00)

Lesson 8
Section 2
Arts in the Early and
Modern Civilizations
Lesson 8: Western Art Movements

 Old Masters Period
 Modernism Era
 Postmodernism Era
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Western Art
Movements
Lesson 8
History of Western Art

Importance:
Western art, tells a story about a people, time,
and culture. As humans, we tend to use
metaphors and symbols to represent important
messages, items, and events. Western art is
no different, as there are many unique and rich
stories hidden beneath the art form's history.
The Three Brides (1893) by Jan Toorop. The painter uses

silhouettes of brides as symbols of three states of the soul.
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Influence:
Art influences society and a vehicle for social
change by changing opinions, instilling values and
translating experiences across space and time. Art
in this sense is communication, it allows people
from different cultures to communicate with each
other via images, sounds and stories.
The “Madonna Litta” depicts the Virgin Mary breastfeeding Christ

and illustrates motherly love. The blue cloak of Mary symbolizes the
Church and her red dress is a symbol of the passion of Christ.
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Focal Theme:
Western painting is in general distinguished by
its concentration on the representation of the
human figure, whether in the heroic context of
antiquity or the religious context of the early
Christian and medieval world.
The Archangel Gabriel (The Golden-Haired Angel) 12th

Century Russian icon Tempera on wood panel. Novgorod
School of Byzantine style icon-painting.
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Movements Approximately 4 AD to Present:
Old Masters Era Modernism Postmodernism

1. Medieval 8. Impressionism 16.Bauhaus
2. Renaissance 9. Post-Impressionism 17.Abstract Expressionism
3. Baroque 10.Expressionism 18.Pop Art
4. Rococo 11.Art Nouveau 19.Minimalism
5. Neoclassicism 12.Cubism 20.Art Deco
6. Romanticism 13.Futurism
7. Realism 14.Dadaism
15.Surrealism
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Old Masters Era

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Old Masters Era includes:

1. Impressionism
2. Post-Impressionism
3. Expressionism
4. Art Nouveau
5. Cubism
6. Futurism
7. Dadaism
8. Surrealism
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Old Master’s Era: Characteristics and Styles

Oil painting is a technique that comes with a huge advantage: the artist can spend
years painting the picture, gradually shaping the outline and painting in the details
with thin layers of paint (a glaze). Corpus-based painting, whereby artists try to give
their painting an air of completion straight away, is not, therefore, typical of the
classic oil painting style. Deliberately applying the paint in layers makes it possible to
achieve remarkable hues and effects, since, during glazing, each previous layer is
visible underneath the next one.
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Old Master’s Era: Characteristics and Styles

The Flemish painting technique, by Leonardo da Vinci, involved
the following stages:
 On a light ground, a sketch was drawn using one colour, with

the outlines in sepia and the main shades;
 A thin underpainting was then painted, with the contours of
volume;
 The final stage was the application of several glazed layers of ‘Mona Lisa’ 1503 by
overtones and the detail. Leonardo da Vinci
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1 Medieval: 400 CE - 1400 CE
From around 4 CE to 1300, this era is a broad category
that includes many artistic styles and periods, from
early Christian and Byzantine, Anglo-Saxon and Viking,
Carolingian, Ottonian, Romanesque, and Gothic. During
the medieval period, the various secular arts were
unified by the Christian church and the sacred arts
associated with it.
Though the artist is yet known this is one of the oldest
known icon of Christ Pantocrator, 6th-century encaustic icon
from Saint Catherine’s Monastery, Mount Sinai.
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The different types of Middle ages
paintings can be roughly classified into
fresco, panel, and iconography painting.
Medieval art examples included a large
number of fresco paintings, which involved Christ of Mercy between the
the method of mural painting, and this was Prophets David and Jeremiah
completed on wet lime plaster. (between c. 1495 and c. 1500)
by Diego de la Cruz
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‘The Annunciation with St.

Margaret and St. Ansanus’,
Gothic, Simone Martini and
Lippo Memmi, 1333
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2 Renaissance: 1400 CE - 1600 CE
Renaissance are combined influences of an increased
awareness of nature, a revival of classical learning, and a
more individualistic view of man. The Renaissance marked
an abrupt break with medieval values, as is suggested by
the French word renaissance, literally “rebirth.” The
movement were focused in nature, humanistic learning and
individualism.
“Assumption of the Virgin” 1518. Painted by
Tiziano Vecellio at the altar of the Basilica di Santa
Maria Gloriosa dei Frari.
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Raffaello Sanzio popularly known as

Raphael painted the “Sistine Madonna” in
1512. The painting shows Mother Mary
holding baby Jesus in her hands with Saint
Barbara and Saint Sixtus on both her sides
and two cherubs beneath her.
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‘Venus and Adonis’ is a

Renaissance painting by the
Italian Mannerist artist
Paolo Veronese, 1582,
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3 Baroque: 1600 CE - 1730 CE

The term Baroque, derived from the Portuguese
‘barocco’ meaning ‘irregular pearl or stone’, refers to a
cultural and art movement that characterized Europe
from the early seventeenth to mid-eighteenth century.
Baroque emphasizes dramatic, exaggerated motion and The Supper at Emmaus is an
originally commissioned
clear, easily interpreted, detail. Due to its exuberant painting by the Italian
irregularities, Baroque art has often been defined as Baroque master Caravaggio,
being bizarre, or uneven. executed in 1606, and now
in London.
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3 Baroque: 1600 CE - 1730 CE

“Girl with a Pearl Earring” is a Baroque oil painting
by Dutch Golden Age painter Johannes Vermeer,
dated c. 1665. Going by various names over the
centuries, it became known by its present title
towards the end of the 20th century after the
earring worn by the girl portrayed there.
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3 Baroque: 1600 CE - 1730 CE

, “Judith Slaying Holofernes”, c. 1612–1613 by
Artemesia Gentileschi. As the ancient story relates,
Assyrian king Nebuchadnezzar sent his general
Holofernes to besiege the Jewish city of Bethulia.
Judith, described as a beautiful young widow,
resolves to save her people by slaying Holofernes
herself. After reciting a long prayer to God, she
dons her finest clothes in order to seduce him.
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3 Baroque: 1600 CE - 1730 CE

Gian Lorenzo Bernini, “The Ecstasy of Saint
Teresa” is a 1647-1652 sculpture depicts
Teresa of Ávila, a Spanish Carmelite nun and
saint, swooning in a state of religious ecstasy,
while an angel holding a spear stands. It is
located at Cornaro Chapel of the church of
Santa Maria della Vittoria in Rome.
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3 Baroque: 1600 CE - 1730 CE
‘The Rape of Proserpina’ is a large Baroque

marble group sculpture by Italian artist Gian
Lorenzo Bernini, executed between 1621 and
1622. Bernini was only 23 years old at its
completion.
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3 Baroque: 1600 CE - 1730 CE
Baroque architecture is a style that

emerged in Italy in the late-16th century. It was a
more theatrical version of Renaissance architecture,
with dramatic lighting and color, illusory effects such
as trompe l'oeil, and designs that played games with
architectural features, sometimes leaving them Santa Maria della Salute
seem incomplete. Basilica by Baldassare
Longhena in Venice (1630).
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3 Baroque: 1600 CE - 1730 CE
Baroque architecture is well known for its extravagance and

over-the-top style, and is still a familiar sight in many European
cathedrals and palaces. The term can also applied to music, and there
are many recognizable examples of forms. It began as a Catholic
reaction to the conservative style of Protestant religious buildings, and
visual excess was actively encouraged.
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3 Baroque: 1600 CE - 1730 CE
St. Peter’s Square by Architect Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 1664 is an

iconic example of Baroque theatricality.
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History of Western Art “The Swing” (1767-1768)

by Jean-Honoré Fragonard.
4 Rococo: 1720 CE - 1780 CE

The Rococo movement was an artistic period
that emerged in France and spread
throughout the world. The word is a derivative
of the French term ‘rocaille’ which means
‘rock and shell garden ornamentation’. Rococo
was primarily influenced by the Venetian
School's use of color, erotic subjects, and
Arcadian landscapes.
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4 Rococo: 1720 CE - 1780 CE
The father of Rococo painting was
Jean Antoine Watteau invented a new
genre called ‘fêtes galantes’, which
were scenes of courtship parties.
Jean-Antoine Watteau
“La Surprise”, A Couple Embracing
While a Figure Dressed as mezzetin
Tunes a Guitar, 1718-1719
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4 Rococo: 1720 CE - 1780 CE
‘Apollo and Daphne’ a Rococo painting by
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, 1744. It depicts
drama that occurs between Apollo, god of
music and poetry, and Daphne, a virginal
nymph. The artist was likely inspired by the
classical sculpture Apollo Belvedere (circa
2nd century CE) as well as the ancient
Roman poet Ovid's rendition of the myth.
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4 Rococo: 1720 CE - 1780 CE
Jean-François de Troy, “The Declaration of Love”
(1731) These celebrated pendants exemplify a
genre of painting known as tableaux de mode
(paintings of fashionable society) established by
the artist himself in order to reject religious or
mythological subjects. The artist somehow
achieved aesthetic mode of interior decoration,
clothing, etiquette, and social mores.
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4 Rococo: 1720 CE - 1780 CE
Rococo Chairs Architect François de Cuvilliés Rococo Vase

Louis Delenouis, 131-1792 The Amalienburg Palace, 1739 with panel painting
Munich, Germany. by John Donaldson, 1763.
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5 Neoclassicism: 1770s – 1840s

Neoclassicism was a Western cultural movement in the decorative and
visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that drew
inspiration from the art and culture of classical antiquity. Neoclassicism
is a revival of the many styles inspired directly from the classical
period, which coincided and reflected the developments in philosophy
and other areas of the Age of Enlightenment, and was initially a
reaction against the excesses of the preceding Rococo style.
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Neoclassicism painting is characterized by
clarity of form, sober colors, shallow space,
strong horizontal and verticals that render
that subject matter timeless (instead of
temporal as in the dynamic Baroque works),
and classical subject matter (or classicizing
contemporary subject matter). “Oath of the Horatii” 1784
by Jacques-Louis David
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The Birth of Venus, 1879 by William-Adolphe Bouguereau. The painting is

considered as the artist's one of most famous Neoclassical paintings.
Depicting the origin story of Venus from Roman Mythology.
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Neoclassical architecture is characterized by grandeur of scale, simplicity

of geometric forms of Greek especially Doric order or Roman detail,
dramatic use of columns, and a preference for blank walls. The new taste
for antique simplicity represented a general reaction to the excesses of
the Rococo style.
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The Petit Trianon mansion, considered to be royal architect Ange-Jacques

Gabriel's masterpiece, is something of a manifesto for the neo-classical
movement. Completed in 1768, it provided Louis XV and his new
mistress the Comtesse Du Barry with the privacy which was so sorely
lacking at the palace.
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One of the most famous of Neoclassical sculptures is Antonio Canova's

Paolina Borghese (Pauline Bonaparte) as Venus Victrix, 1805–07. She is
shown naked, lightly draped, and reclining sensuously on a couch, both a
charming contemporary portrait and an idealized antique Venus.
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6 Romanticism: 1800s – 1850s
Romanticism was an artistic, literary, musical, visual and intellectual

movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th
century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period
from 1800 to 1850. Romantic art focused on emotions, feelings, and
moods of all kinds including spirituality, imagination, mystery, and
fervor. The subject matter varied widely including landscapes, religion,
revolution, and peaceful beauty. The brushwork for romantic art
became looser and less precise.
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The term realism was coined by the French novelist

Champfleury in the 1840s and in art was exemplified in
the work of his friend the painter Gustav Courbet. In
practice realist subject matter meant scenes of peasant
and working class life, the life of the city streets, cafes
and popular entertainments, and an increasing frankness
in the treatment of the body and sexual subjects.
“Mariana” 1851, Sir John Everett Millais, Bt

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“Liberty Leading the People” is an oil painting

(1830) by French artist Eugène Delacroix
commemorating the July Revolution in Paris that
removed Charles X, the restored Bourbon king,
from the throne.
Delacroix depicted Liberty as both an allegorical
goddess-figure and a robust woman of the people.
The mound of corpses and wreckage acts as a
kind of pedestal. “Liberty, Leading the People”
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‘The Barque of Dante’, also Dante and
Virgil in Hell by Eugène Delacroix,
1822. This work embarked the shift in
the character of narrative painting,
from Neo-Classicism towards
Romanticism.
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7 Realism: 1850s – 1880s
Realism is recognized as the first modern
movement in art, which rejected traditional
forms of art, literature, and social organization
as outmoded in the wake of the Enlightenment
and the Industrial Revolution. Beginning in
France in the 1840s, Realism revolutionized
painting, expanding conceptions of what
constituted art. ‘Rue Transnonain, le 15 Avril 1834’
Artist: Honoré Daumier, 1834
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7 Realism: 1850s – 1880s
Realism in the arts is referred to the accurate,
detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of
contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative
idealization in favor of a close observation of
outward appearances. As such, realism in its
broad sense has comprised many artistic currents
in different culture and civilizations.
‘Rue Transnonain, le 15 Avril 1834’
Artist: Honoré Daumier, 1834
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7 Realism: 1850s – 1880s

Olympia is identified in the painting as a
courtesan or prostitute. The identification is
made with the symbols of the orchid in her
hair, her bracelet, the pearl earrings, and
her oriental shawl. The black ribbon around
her neck is in stark contrast with her pale
skin, reinforcing wealth, and sensuality.
Olympia, 1863
Artist: Édouard Manet
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Modernism
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Modernism includes:
1. Impressionism
2. Post-Impressionism
3. Expressionism
4. Art Nouveau
5. Cubism
6. Futurism
7. Dadaism
8. Surrealism
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Modernism
Modernism, in arts logically a break with the past and the concurrent
search for new forms of expression. Modernism fostered a period of
experimentation in the arts from the late 19th to the mid-20th century,
particularly in the years following World War I.
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Modernism: Notable Artworks
Impressionism:
Is a radical movement rebelling against classical and developed in France during the mid-to-late
19th century. In this movement the artists deliberately used layers of colors, leaving gaps in the
top layers to reveal the colors underneath. The technique is achieved through hatching, cross-
hatching, stippling, dry brushing, and ‘sgraffito’ which is scratching into the paint. Some call it
rough or unfinished artwork.
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8 Impressionism: 1860s – 1880s
Impressionism is a radical movement rebelling against classical and

developed in France during the mid-to-late 19th century. In this
movement he artists deliberately used layers of colors, leaving gaps in
the top layers to reveal the colors underneath. The technique is
achieved through hatching, cross-hatching, stippling, dry brushing, and
‘sgraffito’ which is scratching into the paint. Some call it rough or
unfinished artwork.
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Claude Monet and other Paris-based artists

questioned the traditional approach to art.
They wanted to remove the stricter rules
about how and when paintings should be
constructed and create art that showed the
way that they saw the subject.
“Woman with a Parasol - Madame Monet and
Her Son” 1875, Claude Monet
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Impressionism: Paintings with

thick dabs and blobs of paint.
Choppy brushwork makes you
wonder if the artist finished
the painting in a hurry.
‘Water Lilies’ 1915

Claude Monet
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‘A Bar at the Folies-Bergère’

is a painting by Édouard
Manet, considered to be his
last major work, painted in
1882. It depicts a scene in
the Folies Bergère nightclub
in Paris.
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Post-Impressionism:
Is characterized by a subjective approach to painting, as artists opted to evoke emotion rather than
realism in their work. The Post-impressionists rejected impressionism's concern with the
spontaneous and naturalistic rendering of light and color. Instead they favored an emphasis on
more symbolic content, formal order and structure and artificiality in strokes.
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9 Post-impressionism: 1880s - 1905
Post-Impressionism is characterized by a subjective
approach to painting, as artists opted to evoke
emotion rather than realism in their work. The
Post-impressionists rejected impressionism's
concern with the spontaneous and naturalistic ‘Vision after the Sermon’ is
an oil painting by French
rendering of light and color. Instead they favored artist Paul Gauguin, 1888. It
an emphasis on more symbolic content, formal depicts a scene from the
Bible in which Jacob
order and structure and artificiality in strokes. wrestles an angel.
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In July 1890 Vincent painted panoramic
landscapes in the plain above Auvers
he described them in a letter to Theo
and Jo: ”They're immense stretches of
wheatfields under turbulent skies, and I
made a point of trying to express
sadness, extreme loneliness.” Vincent van Gogh,
Wheatfield with Crows, 1890
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Post Impressionism: Van Gogh visible and
emphasized brushstrokes in thick swathes of
impasto exploited colors and textures to make
powerfully expressive interpretations of
landscapes, portraits, and still life.
‘Café Terrace at Night’, 1888

Vincent van Gogh
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Expressionism:
emerged as a reaction to the European spiritual and social crises of the early 20th
century. Instead of the real world, Expressionists conveyed their personal emotions in
their works. They created masterpieces composed of distorted figures, shocking colors,
and powerful lines.
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10 Expressionism: 1905 - 1920

Expressionism emerged as a reaction to the
European spiritual and social crises of the
early 20th century. Instead of the real
world, Expressionists conveyed their
personal emotions in their works. They
created masterpieces composed of distorted
Wassily Kadinsky “Cassacs”, 1911
figures, shocking colors, and powerful lines.
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10 Expressionism: 1905 - 1920
‘Dance Around the Golden Calf’

“The Sick Child” by by Emil Nolde, 1910
Edward Munch, 1907
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Art Nouveau:
(ahr noo-voh‘) is a French term meaning new art, refers to a style of architecture, of commercial
and decorative art, and, to some extent, a style of painting and sculpture that was popular about
1900. Art Nouveau was a compelling and energetic style in the visual arts, Artists in this movement
are inspired by plant forms and nature, took organic subjects and flattened and abstracted them
into sophisticated, sinuous and flowing motifs.
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11 Art Nouveau: 1890s - 1910
ART NOUVEAU (ahr noo-voh‘) is a French
term meaning new art, refers to a style
of architecture, of commercial and
decorative art, and, to some extent, a
style of painting and sculpture that was
popular about 1900.
“Hotel Tassel Staircase” – Brussel
Architectural Design, 1893,
Samuel Siegfried Bing
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11 Art Nouveau: 1890s - 1910
William Morris was recognized as the grandfather of

the international Arts and Craft Movements, in an
era of increasing industrialism and urbanization. His
art embraced an idealized vision of the artisanship
and cottage industries of the Middle Ages. Morris art
paved the way to modern interior wall design,
tapestry and textile art.
‘Wood Pecker, Tapestry’, 1885,
William Morris, Art Nouveau
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11 Art Nouveau: 1890s - 1910

Art Nouveau was a compelling and energetic
style in the visual arts, Artists in this
movement are inspired by plant forms and
nature, took organic subjects and flattened
and abstracted them into sophisticated,
sinuous and flowing motifs.
Illustrator: Aubrey Beardsley Book
Illustration for Le Morte Darthur
1893-94
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12 Cubism: 1907 - 1914

Paul Cézanne is said to have formed the bridge
between late 19th-century Impressionism and
the early 20th century's new artistic movement,
Cubism. Through his paintings, Cézanne
appeared to be capturing things from slightly
different points of view, as well as distilling
objects and landscapes into flat planes of color.
“Gardanne” (1885-86)
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12 Cubism: 1907 - 1914
Cubism was fully revolutionized to a new

approach representing reality as invented in
around 1907–08 by artists Pablo Picasso and
Georges Braque. They brought different views
of subjects (usually objects or figures)
together in the same picture, resulting in
paintings that appear fragmented and Georges Braque
abstracted. ‘Bottle and Fishes’, 1910–12
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12 Cubism: 1907 - 1914
In Cubism, artists began to look at subjects in
new ways in an effort to depict three-dimensions
on a flat canvas. They would break up the subject
into many different shapes and then repaint it
from different angles. Cubism paved the way for
many different modern movements of art in the
20th century. Pablo Picasso
“Bowl of Fruit, Violin and Bottle”
(1914)
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12 Cubism: 1907 - 1914
Four important characteristics of Cubism are
the application of multiple perspectives, the
use of geometric shapes, a monochromatic
color palette, and a flattened picture plane.
Cubism's novel handling of form, color, and
perspective signaled a shift from the existing
conventions of European modernist painting.
Paysage coloré aux Oiseaux aquatiques,

Jean Metzinger, 1907,
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12 Cubism: 1907 - 1914

‘Violin and Candlestick’,
1910 by Georges Braque.
This work embodies the
dynamic and energetic
qualities of Analytic Cubism,
a revolutionary artistic style
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13 Futurism: 1909 - 1914
“Lion and the Hunter”
Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
Artistic movement centered in Italy that emphasized the dynamism,

speed, energy, and power of the machine and the vitality, change, and
restlessness of modern life. Futurism was launched by the Italian poet
Filippo Tommaso Marinetti on 20 February 1909 where he published its
Manifesto on the front page of the Paris newspaper Le Figaro.
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13 Futurism: 1909 - 1914
“Primavera Umbria” 1923
by Gerardo Dottori
Futurism style.
Futurist painting used elements and inspirations from neo-

impressionism and cubism to create compositions that expressed the
idea of the dynamism, the energy and movement, of modern life.
Futurism is the defiance of the art of the past and celebrating change,
originality, and innovation in culture and society.
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13 Futurism: 1909 - 1914
Umberto Boccioni is one of the most
well-known artist of Futurism in the
“The City Rises” 1910
traditional sense. His two successful
works of art emphasized movement
in iconic fashion and style.
“The dynamism of a Soccer Player” 1913

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14 Dadaism: 1916 - 1924
Dadaism: A style of painting,
sculpture, diorama and assemblage
developed and characterized chiefly
by an European artistic and literary
movement (1916-1923).
‘Étant Donnés’, 1946-1966

Marcel Duchamp
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The making of ‘Etant Donnes’, Dada Art by Duchamp
Installed behind a heavy wooden
door, “Etant donnes” consists of
a diorama viewed through
two eyeholes. The scene depicts
a nude woman, possibly dead,
with her legs splayed, holding an
illuminated gas lamp. A
mountainous landscape, based
on a photo Duchamp shot in
Switzerland, creates the
background setting.
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15 Surrealism: 1920s – 1960s
Surrealism aims to revolutionize human
experience. It balances a rational vision of life
with one that asserts the power of the
unconscious and dreams. The movement’s
artists find magic and strange beauty in the
unexpected and the uncanny, the disregarded
and the unconventional. At the core of their work
is the willingness to challenge imposed values
and norms, and a search for freedom.
Eileen Agar
“Angel of Anarchy” (1936–40)
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Surrealism: A movement
which began in the 1920s of
writers and artists.
‘Metamorphosis of Narcissus’,
1937, Salvador Dalí
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Uncanny Art: A concept in art associated
with psychologist Sigmund Freud which
describes a strange and anxious feeling
sometimes created by familiar objects in
unfamiliar contexts
Man Ray
“Cadeau” (1921, editioned replica 1972)
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Surrealism: Dalí depicted
arresting dream images and
colorful insights brought forth
from his own subconscious. He
often utilized bizarre
juxtapositions to make the
familiar seem strange.
‘The Persistence of Memory’,

1931, Salvador Dali.
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Post Modernism Era

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Post-modernism Era:
16.Bauhaus
17.Abstract Expressionism
18.Pop Art
19.Minimalism
20.Art Deco
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16 Bauhaus: 1920s – 1930s
Bauhaus—literally translated to “construction house”
originated as a German school of the arts in the early 20th
century. Founded by Walter Gropius, the school eventually
morphed into its own modern art movement characterized by
its unique approach to architecture and design. Today,
Bauhaus is renowned for both its unique aesthetic that
inventively combines the fine arts with arts and crafts as well
as its enduring influence on modern and contemporary art.
Oskar Shlemmer painted Bauhaustreppe (1932), the iconic Bauhaus windows and stairway, a few years
after he left the school and the rise of the Nazis signaled the end of modernist experiments in Germany.
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16 Bauhaus: 1920s – 1930s
The Bauhaus was founded in 1919 in the city of
Weimar by German architect Walter Gropius. Its
core objective was a radical concept: to reimagine
the material world to reflect the unity of all the
arts. Gropius explained this vision for a union of
art and design in the Proclamation of the Bauhaus
(1919), which described a utopian craft guild
combining architecture, sculpture, and painting
into a single creative expression.
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16 Bauhaus: 1920s – 1930s
Key tenets of Bauhaus design include form
follows function and less is more. The style is
characterized by a lack of ornament and a
focus on simplicity clean lines that reduce
forms to their essential elements. Bauhaus
design, art, and architecture often features
simple geometric forms such as circles,
squares, and triangles.
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16 Bauhaus: 1920s – 1930s
“Yellow-Red-Blue” 1925
by Wassily Kandinsky
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Autumn Rhythm (Number 30) 1950
Paul Jackson Pollock
17 Abstract Expressionism: 1940s – 1950s
Originating in 1940s America, Abstract Expressionism took its

inspiration from European painters working in abstraction. It tended to
reject all recognizably realistic forms and used color and texture as the
primary tool for expression. Artists used free-flowing, gestural painted
brush marks, producing paintings that were heavily reliant on
spontaneity and intuition.
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Paul Jackson Pollock was an American

painter. A major figure in the abstract
expressionist movement, Pollock was
widely noticed for his "drip technique"
of pouring or splashing liquid household
paint onto a horizontal surface, enabling
him to view and paint his canvases from Convergence” 1952
all angles. Paul Jackson Pollock
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Mark Rothko, born Markus Yakovlevich Rothkowitz, was

a Latvian-born American abstract painter. He is best
known for his color field paintings that depicted
irregular and painterly rectangular regions of color,
which he produced from 1949 to 1970.
“No.61 (Rust and Blue)” 1953
By Mark Rothko
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18 Pop Art: 1950s – 1960s
Pop art: art movement of the late 1950s and ’60s
that was inspired by commercial and popular culture.
Although it did not have a specific style or attitude,
Pop art was defined as a diverse response to the
postwar era’s commodity-driven values, often using
commonplace objects (such as comic strips, soup
cans, road signs, and hamburgers) as subject matter
or as part of the work.
Standard Station. 1966
Artist: Ed Ruscha
Lesson 8

18 Pop Art: 1950s – 1960s
Pop Art's refreshing reintroduction of identifiable imagery,
drawn from media and popular culture, was a major shift
for the direction of modernism. With roots in Neo-Dada
and other movements that questioned the very definition
of “art” itself, Pop was birthed in the United Kingdom in
the 1950s amidst a postwar socio-political climate where
artists turned toward celebrating commonplace objects
and elevating the everyday to the level of fine art.
Campbell's Soup I, 1968
Artist: Andy Warhol
Lesson 8

19 Minimalism: 1960s – 1970s
Minimalism is an extreme form of abstract art
developed in the USA in the 1960s and typified by
artworks composed of simple geometric shapes
based on the square and the rectangle
Sol LeWitt
“Two Open Modular Cubes/Half-Off” (1972)
Lesson 8

19 Minimalism: 1960s – 1970s
Minimalism or minimalist art can be seen as extending
the abstract idea that art should have its own reality
and not be an imitation of some other thing. We
usually think of art as representing an aspect of the
real world (a landscape, a person, or even a tin of
soup and etc!); or reflecting an experience such as an
emotion or feeling. With minimalism, no attempt is
Carl Andre made to represent an outside reality, the artist wants
“Last Ladder”, (1959) the viewer to respond only to what is in front of them.
Lesson 8

“Study from the Chariot of Poseidon” Mural, 1935
by Jean Dupas
20 Art Deco: 1910s – 1940s

Art deco is shortened words from French art décoratif or ‘decorative
art’ from the 1925 “Exposition des Arts décoratifs in Paris”. Art Deco
focused on the motion and thrill of the modern, mechanized world
not only applied to visual arts but also to mass-produced fashion
and individually crafted luxury items. Art Deco was also influential
across fashion, advertising and architecture.
Lesson 8

20 Art Deco: 1910s – 1940s
“Study from the Chariot

of Poseidon” Mural,
1935 by Jean Dupas
Lesson 8
20 Art Deco: 1910s – 1940s

“Victorie”, Sculpture
by René Lalique
“Victorie” is a car glass mascot by the French designer René Lalique that
encapsulates well the essence of Art Deco. It represents a female figure
facing a strong wind, the hair behind her resembles a wing, and her face
is jutting forward. The entire sculpture embodies the exciting sensation
of speed, the perfect celebration of technological innovation and of the
machine age, which was one of the main themes of Art Deco style.
Lesson 8
History of Western Art “Normandie” Poster

by Cassandre, 1935
20 Art Deco: 1910s – 1940s

“Normandie” is one of the most iconic posters of
Cassandre, the pioneer of modern graphic design.
The poster advertises the Normandie ocean liner, a
showcase of French Art Deco design and
technological progress. It depicts the frontal view of
the liner. The simplicity and symmetry of the looming
hull are able to convey the impressive dimension as
well as the streamlined elegance of the Normandie.
Lesson 8
20 Art Deco: 1910s – 1940s

Art Deco buildings have a sleek, linear appearance
with stylized, often geometric ornamentation. The
primary façade of Art Deco buildings often feature a
series of set backs that create a stepped outline.
Low-relief decorative panels can be found at
entrances, around windows, along roof edges or as
string courses.
Lesson 8
Western art encompasses many different cultures,

periods, and significant events. All of which give us a
clear picture of the past. Whether you’re an artist,
someone who loves paintings, or ordinary individual
who just wants to enjoy beauty and functions o arts.
There is a lot to learn from western art, and it’s
influences. Western art spans the middle ages, the
renaissance period, and many periods in which
technological advancements occurred.
Lesson 8
Handout for
Lesson 7
Section 2
Lesson 7: Major European Arts

 Greek Art
 Roman Art
Lesson 7
Greek Art Forms

Lesson 7
Greek Art
Ancient Greek art emphasized the importance

and accomplishments of human beings. Even though
much of Greek art was meant to honor the gods, those
very gods were created in the image of humans.
Ancient Greek art stands out among that of other ancient cultures for
its development of naturalistic but idealized depictions of the beauty of
the human body.
Lesson 7
History of Greek Art
Significance:
The ideals of Greek art are considered by historians to be the foundation
of Western civilization and to have touched literally all aspects of modern
western culture.
Lesson 7
The art of ancient Greece is divided stylistically into

four periods:
1. Geometric – abstract and outline art

2. Archaic – stiff and primitive
3. Classical – sophisticated and realistic
4. Hellenistic – flowery and highly decorative
Lesson 7
1 Geometric Period, 900-650 BC:

Artistic development in Greece.
Outline, the main characteristics of the Geometric period in
art. The Geometric period was the first specifically Greek style
of vase painting. It was characterized by linear motifs such as
spirals, diamonds, and cross-hatching. Abstract forms were
used to represent human figures, flora and fauna.
Lesson 7

Came from Minoan art influence

Athenian potters introduced the full
Geometric style by abandoning circular
for rectilinear ornament. Prime industry
in this period was utilitarian pottery art.
Lesson 7

Greek used ceramic vessels in every aspect of their daily lives:

for storage, carrying, mixing, serving, and drinking, and as
cosmetic and perfume containers. Elaborately formed and
decorated, vases were considered worthy gifts for dedication
to the gods and funerary vessel. Common material was clay.
Lesson 7

Minoans and Mycenaeans influence: The

Minoans occupied the Greek islands mainly living on Crete.
The Mycenaeans lived on mainland Greece and the
Peloponnesia. The Minoans were mainly farmers and traders
while the Mycenaeans were a warlike society.
Lesson 7

Geometric Period, 900-650 BC:
The Golden Mask of Agamemnon, 1550-

1500 BCE: The King of Mycenae is an
artifact discovered in Mycenae in 1876 by
the German archaeologist Heinrich
Schliemann. This mask is made of gold and
is a funeral mask found over the face of a
dead body in a burial place at Mycenae.
Lesson 7

Minoan influence: Aside from Mycenaean ancient

Egypt and Near East, Minoan art greatly affect Greek’s
culture to a more functional and decorative but also
political purpose, especially the wall paintings of palaces
where rulers were depicted in their religious function,
which reinforced their role as the head of the community.
Lesson 7

Artistic development in Greece, Minoan influence.
Octopus Pattern Floral Pattern Bee Pendant Pattern

Lesson 7

Artistic development in Greece,
Notable Pottery Art.
The Vasiliki Ware Teapot:

The First Luxury Pottery In
Ancient Greece
Lesson 7

The Minoan Octopus Vase,

1200-1100BCE: Pinnacle Of
Bronze Age Pottery Design
Lesson 7

The Panathenaic Prize
Amphora, 4th Century BCE:
A Celebration Of Athletic Prowess
Lesson 7

The Lion Aryballos,
700BCE: A
Celebration Of The
Rise Of Corinth
Lesson 7

The Dinos Of Sophilos,

6th Century BCE: First
Known Creator Of
Greek Vase Paintings
Lesson 7

The Geometric Vase, 10th

Century BCE: A Symbol Of
Athenian Artistic Supremacy
Lesson 7

The Erotic Vase 500-323BCE:

A Snapshot Of Sexuality In
Ancient Greece
Lesson 7
2 Archaic Period, 650-480 BC:

In this period, the artisans took a turn away from the
geometric designs of the past and began to focus more
fully on figures and elements of the natural world.
Artists were into more mystical and fantastical subjects such as combined
beasts like the Sphinx or Satyr-like creatures. These new artistic ideas
were assimilated into producing images from their own religion and
culture.
Lesson 7

Artistic development in Greece. Block Statue
The ‘Kouros’ and ‘Kore’, Archaic Greek statues depicting

youths or referred to as young man and young woman
and Koral is a plural form. The statue is usually made of
marble or limestone, and tend to be life size. The Koral
was used as a grave monument and offering for deities.
Lesson 7

Artistic development in Greece. Block Statue
The Calf Bearer: Moschophoros is a Greek word
which means the ‘calf-bearer’. An ancient Greek
statue from 560 BC. Depicting strength and
power, he stands with his left foot a little forward
and has a thick beard, a symbol of adulthood.
Lesson 7

Amphora is decorated on both sides but in different painting

techniques. One side has a scene depicted in the red figure
style was painted by ‘andokides’. The other side shows the
same scene in the black figure style painted by ‘lysippides’.
This type of decoration puts the vase into the so-called Bilingual group.
The two figures depicted usually in the scene was Achilles and Ajax
playing board game.
Lesson 7

Bilingual Amphora Red

on one side and black on
the other side.
Lesson 7

Geometric-style krater with funeral

scenes from Attica, Greece, with
funeral scenes, 8th century BCE.
Lesson 7

Achilles slaying Penthesilea, the

queen of the Amazons, Attic black-
figure amphora signed by Exekias,
c. 530–525 BCE
Lesson 7

3
Michelangelo’s David
Classical Period, 480-323 BC:

Artistic development in Greece. Sculpture
In this period, Greek artists achieved a more realistic likeness
in depicting human figure. The statues for example show the
influence of Egyptian art in its stiffness, gracefulness,
idealization, and achieving naturalism by portraying them in
a lifelike forms. Most statues were commissioned for public
display by the rich, noble and influential people.
Lesson 7

3 Classical Period, 480-323 BC:
The Greek Stance, “contrapposto”, pronunciation

[kontrapˈposto]) is an Italian term that means
"counterpoise". It is used in the visual arts to describe a
human figure standing with most of its weight on one foot,
so that its shoulders and arms twist off-axis from the hips
and legs in the axial plane.
Lesson 7
History of Greek Art Aphrodite of Knidos

The essential characteristic of classical Greek art is a
heroic realism. Painters and sculptors attempt to reveal
the human body, in movement or repose, exactly as it
appears to the eye. The emphasis will be on people of
unusual beauty, or moments of high and noble drama.
Lesson 7

This 460 BCE Artemision Bronze

represents either Zeus, the ancient Greek king of
the gods of Mount Olympus, or possibly Poseidon,
the god of the Sea. It is assumed to represent the
mightiest of the Olympian gods, Zeus.
Lesson 7

Created 360 BCE in honor of the Greek god

Hermes of Praxiteles. Hermes was
also carrying another popular character in
Greek mythology, the infant Dionysus.
Lesson 7

Aphrodite of Knidos carved by the

sculptor Praxiteles in the 4th century B.C. from
fine marble, it enjoyed great renown as the first
devotional statue of a female goddess in the nude.
Lesson 7

The Riace bronzes (460-420BC)

These tremendous statues found in the sea
off southern Italy in 1972 one of the few
original Greek bronze statues survive.
Lesson 7

The Motya charioteer, (350BC). One of the most

startling Greek statues to survive, and highly revealing
about the erotic charge of the Greek nude. This youth is
not technically nude, but wears a tight-fitting garment that
instead of hiding his body, heightens every contour.
Lesson 7

Discobolus of Myron
4 Hellenistic Period, 323 BCE - 31 CE:

The word Hellenistic comes from the word

‘Hellazein’, which means ‘to speak Greek’ or ‘identify with
the Greeks’.
The overlapping of Classical and Hellenistic period paved
the way for realism in as much as sculpture is concerned.
Lesson 7
4 Hellenistic Period , 323 BCE - 31 CE:

The difference between Hellenistic and Classical Art is in the

style and transition of sculpting. The Hellenistic period saw
emotions, movement of figures whereas in the Classical
period there is more focus on the perfect realistic figures,
the sculptures are static.
Lesson 7

Artistic development in Greece. Expresses
émotion
Static action portraying life
and emotion
Boxer at Rest,
The Farnese Bronze with
Hercules, inlaid copper
Classical, Hellenistic,
216 CE 330-50 BCE
Lesson 7
Archaic Classical Hellenistic
Youthful symbol Replica statue of Statue of crouching

statue of Kore Venus of Knidos goddess Aphrodite.
Lesson 7

In Hellenistic period, sculptors pursued and perfected

naturalism, an interest that Greek artists had been developing over
hundreds of years. In addition to natural poses, Hellenistic artists
sought to gradually depart from depicting gods and mythological
subjects and started replicating the bodies of real humans.
Lesson 7

The Winged Victory of Samothrace

200 BCE is a marble sculpture depicting the Greek
goddess Nike. Considered today as the greatest
masterpiece in classical and a prelude to
Hellenistic from classical sculpture.
Lesson 7

The statue Lacoon and his Sons 200 BCE also known as
‘Lacoon Group’ was originally created by three great Greek sculptors
from Rhodes namely Agesander, Polydorus and Athenodoros. The life-
size statue is made of marble and depicts a Trojan priest named Lacoon,
together with his sons Thymbraeus and Antiphantes, being throttled by
sea serpents.
Lesson 7

Three Goddesses from the east pediment of the Parthenon 432

BCE. Sitting and reclining in graceful unison, these goddesses carved in
marble for the Parthenon in Athens are among the most beautiful and
mysterious images of the human form ever created. Incredibly, the artist
makes the draperies that cover their bodies as real and richly textured
Lesson 7

The three goddesses carved in

marble for the Parthenon in
Athens. From left, Hestia, goddess
of the hearth and home, Dione,
and her daughter Aphrodite.
Lesson 7

Pergamon Altar
Athena Battling with
Alcyoneus, 175-150 BCE
from the East Frieze, Altar of
Zeus, Pergamon
Lesson 7

Pergamon Altar
Gaul and his wife, group of
Gaul frieze 220 BCE
Lesson 7

Pergamon Altar
Dying Gaul (Trumpeter),
Gaul frieze group, 220 BCE
Lesson 7

The Relief Sculptures

Figure reliefs in Ancient Greek sculpture used a
very "high" version of high relief, with elements
often fully free of the background, and parts of The hunt of
figures crossing over each other to indicate depth. Alexander The Great.
Lesson 7


Pergamon Altar
Altar of Zeus, Marble,
reconstructed and restored
(Staatliche Museun, Berlin)
Lesson 7

Detail from the North Frieze (The Pergamon Altar):

Giant Agrios being clubbed to death.
Lesson 7

Detail from East Frieze (The Pergamon Altar):

Klytios, Hekate and Artemis.
Lesson 7

4 Ancient Greek Architecture:
Greek architecture is known for tall columns, intricate
detail, symmetry, harmony, and balance. The Greeks built
all sorts of buildings. The main examples of Greek
architecture that survive today are the large temples that
they built to their gods.
Lesson 7

The simplicity, harmony, and perspective in Greek

architecture was the foundation of Roman architecture as
well. Ancient Greek architects strove for excellence and
precision which indeed are the hallmarks of Greek art.
Lesson 7

4 Ancient Greek Architecture :
Ancient Greek architecture developed three distinct orders, the Doric,

Ionic, and Corinthian. The latter were modified and adopted by
the Romans in the 1st century BCE and have been used ever since in
Western architecture.
Lesson 7

4 Ancient Greek Architecture:.
Three Orders of Greek Architecture:

Lesson 7

Can you identify what order is this?
Lesson 7

Notable Ruins and Surviving Greek Structure.
Also known as the Olympieion or Columns of the Olympian Zeus, the

Temple of Olympian Zeus was dedicated to Zeus. It’s. A
former colossal temple at the center of the Greek capital Athens. The
building of the Temple began in the 6th Century by Peisistratos and
completed under the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian in 131 AD.
Lesson 7

In terms of acoustics and aesthetics, The Great Theater of

Epidaurus believed to be the perfect theater of all time, containing
an auditorium, a stage building, and an orchestral area. The theater was
large enough to provide seating for 13,000 to 14,000 people. The
theater was dedicated to the worship of the god of medicine, Asclepius.
Lesson 7

Theater of Epidaurus. Constructed at the

end of the 4th century BCE by the architect
Polykleitos. It was the first ancient medical
center ever built in the world.
Lesson 7
Roman Art Forms

Lesson 7
History of Roman Art
Many types of Imperial art practiced by the Romans had already been
fully mastered by Ancient Greek artists. It’s normal to assume that
Roman art were inspired by the Greek culture more so on architecture.
• Sculpture – bronze/marble statuary and sarcophagi.
• Fine art painting –murals, portraiture, vase-painting.
• Decorative art – carving metalwork, mosaics, jewelry, ivory carving)
Lesson 7
The Romans originated in central Italy, influenced by other local Italian

cultures, notably those of Etruria, but from the 5th century they came
into contact with the Greeks and from then onwards, the Roman republic
absorbed many aspects of first Classical and then Hellenistic art.
Lesson 7

Mosaic Art
Roman mosaics were a common feature of private homes and public

buildings across the empire from Africa to Antioch. Mosaics, known as
opus tessellatum, were made with small black, white, and colored squares
of marble, tile, glass, pottery, stone, or shells. Typically, individual piece
measured between 0.5 and 1.5 cm but fine details. Rendering fine images
are using even smaller pieces as little as 1mm in size.
Lesson 7
Roman Art: Mosaic Art
Origin and Influence:

In Greece the first pebble flooring which attempted designs dates to the
5th century BCE with examples at Corinth and Olynthus. These were
usually in two shades with light geometric designs and simple figures on
a dark background.
Lesson 7
Roman Art: Mosaic Art
Origin and Influence:
Flooring set with small pebbles was used in the Bronze Age in both the
Minoan civilization based on Crete and the Mycenaean
civilization on mainland Greece. The same idea but reproducing
patterns was used in the Near East in the 8th century BCE.
Lesson 7
Roman Art:
Notable Mosaic Fragments.
Mosaic Art
‘Gypsy Girl,’ fragment
of an ancient mosaic,
Roman, 20BC
Lesson 7
Roman Art:
Mosaic Art
Roman monochrome floor
mosaic, 3rd century CE;
in the Portico delle
Corporazioni, Ostia, Italy.
Lesson 7
Roman Art:
Mosaic Art
Mosaic floor fragment,
stone tesserae from
Syria, 6th century CE
Lesson 7
Roman Art:
Mosaic Art
A 3rd century CE Roman
floor mosaic depicting
Bacchus, god of wine.
Flaminia, Rome.
Lesson 7
Roman Art:
Mosaic Art
‘Battle of Alexander and Darius at
Issus,’ detail of the Roman mosaic
done in the opus vermiculatum
technique (laying dark or light outline),
Pompeii, late 2nd century BC.
Lesson 7
Roman Glass Art
Introduced by Egypt and Mesopotamia, the Romans maximized Glass

Art decorative qualities not only as vessels but also its application on
mosaics as decorative panels in both walls and furniture during 509 – 27
BCE. The material was also used for windows, to create jewelry, mirrors,
game pieces, magnifying glasses, sculpture and, in the form of powder,
even as a medicine and toothpaste.
Lesson 7
Roman Glass Art
Old Technique: 5th Century BCE

• Primarily, Roman glass wares were just imitation
of their usual metal wares.
• Colors could also be achieved by adding small
amounts of metals to the mix; adding copper
produced blue, green, and red, manganese
produced pink and red, cobalt a deep blue,
calcium white, and lead brought a yellow tint.
Lesson 7
Roman Glass Art
Old Technique: 5th Century BCE

• Glass was naturally opaque due to the presence of
tiny air bubbles within the glass as a result of the
firing process and usually resulting to pale green
or yellow hue due to the presence of impurities.
• The color or tint of the glass could naturally be
manipulated by increasing or decreasing the level
of oxygen in the furnace.
Lesson 7
Roman Glass Art

New Technique: 1st BCE
With the invention of glassblowing a better
quality of glass was produced, and the production
process became faster and cheaper with the
consequence that vessels more common to every
households everyday objects.
• Vitriairii – Roman glass maker and designer.

• Diatretarii – Roman glass cutter.
Lesson 7
Roman Glass Art
Also, the glass-blowing revolutionized the art of glass-making which

allowed the production of small medicine, incense, and perfume
containers in new forms. Glass unguentarium, or perfume small
bottles production were prevalent throughout the ancient Roman Empire,
and from Egypt to Cologne, Germany.
Lesson 7
Roman Glass Art
Roman Glass: 1st Century CE

It was in the late 1st century CE that
colorless glass first appeared in the
glassmaker's repertoire and it became highly
sought after by Roman households.
Lesson 7
Roman Glass Art

Colored Old Roman Bowl Discovered
Intact in the Netherlands.
Lesson 7
Roman Glass Art
Roman Glass: 1st Century CE The

most famous example of Roman glass ware is
the ‘Thetis Portland Vase' which was
made sometime during the reign of Augustus
which depicts the marriage of Peleus and Thetis
from Greek mythology.
Lesson 7
Roman Glass Art

Highly carved ‘diatreta’ or cage-cups and
perhaps the most famous Roman glass vessel of
all was the Lycurgus Cup, 4th century CE.
Lesson 7
Roman Glass Art
Roman Glass:
1st Century CE
Accesories.
Roman Glass rings Roman Glass
and bracelets perfume containers
Lesson 7
Roman Art: Sculpture

Roman sculptures attempt to make their
subjects look realistic, while incorporating idealistic
elements from Greek art. Many scenes show events
and people that were real in a disguise but allegorical
and political in nature.
The portrait of Commodus as the hero
Hercules (c. 190-2 CE) is a striking example
of how elite portraiture in Roman art could be
both realistic and idealistic at the same time.
Lesson 7
Though there was a return to idealized quality in

Classical Greek sculpture, Roman sculpture
achieved important innovation in terms of a more
natural rendering of the eyes in marble works.
Previously, pupil and iris had only been painted on to the sculpture but
now these also came to be sculpted as had been the case in bronze and
terracotta works. Example to this is the colossal statue of Antinous,
c. 130 CE.
Lesson 7
Augustus from Prima

Porta, 1st century CE. It
highlights Augustus’s military
might in an orator pose.
Lesson 7
Head of a Roman Patrician. 1st century BCE. The wrinkled

and aged face of this unknown upper-class Roman citizen changed the
ideals of the Romans to present himself as a prized and experienced
public servant instead of merely copying Greek marble statues of their
great and mighty leaders and gods.
Lesson 7
Equestrian Statue of Marcus

Aurelius, 176 CE. Equestrian statues were
common in ancient Rome to honor military and
civic achievements. The statue was a bronze
likeness of Marcus Aurelius astride his horse.
Lesson 7
Most of the surviving examples of Roman

sculpture are in marble. The Sleeping
Hermaphrodite, an ancient marble
sculpture depicting life size
Hermaphroditus. In 1620, Italian artist
Gian Lorenzo Bernini sculpted the
mattress upon which the statue now lies.
Lesson 7
Fonseca Bust, 2nd century CE. The

Fonseca Bust, was a portrait of elite Roman
woman from the Flavian dynasty, 69-96 CE.
Portraits of women from this era heavily
favored more realistic portrayals.
Lesson 7
Roman Art: Architecture
Roman architecture took over right where the

builders from ancient Greece left off after the decline of
Greek civilization. But unlike their predecessors, the
Romans placed far more emphasis on the practicality of
their architectural designs. This was a major departure
from contemporary practices which had always placed
the focus on a structure’s exterior design, function and
aesthetic appeal.
Lesson 7
Roman Art: Architecture Timeless Influence

 Use of Durable Materials – longevity of their structures.
 The Triumph of the Arch – visually striking elements but also structurally stable.
 Ornate Columns and Capitals – Greek order added elements of grandeur to facades
and interiors.
 Vaulted Ceilings and Domes – not only provided structural stability but also created
awe-inspiring interiors.
 Monumental Facades – decorative elements like friezes, sculptures, and inscriptions.
 Symmetry and Proportion - sense of balance and mathematical ratios contributed to
the aesthetic appeal of their buildings.
 Public Spaces and Forums – creation of expansive public spaces and forums.
 Continuous Adaptation – public and multipurpose structures
 Enduring Influence – enduring influence on subsequent architectural styles.
Lesson 7
While the Roman may have borrowed some

of the earliest ideas from the Ancient
Greeks, Etruscans, Egyptians and Persians,
ancient Roman Architecture
changed the landscape and giving mankind
model urban cities that became a
breakthrough in terms of builiding public
structures, roads and infrastructure.
Lesson 7
The Aqua Augusta, or Serino Aqueduct,

19-14 BCE, Pompeii was one of the largest, most
complex and costliest aqueduct systems in the
Roman world. It supplied water to at least eight
ancient cities in the Bay of Naples including
Pompeii and Herculaneum.
Lesson 7
Roman architecture is famous for:

• domes and arches structures
• amphitheaters
• temples
• thermaes or bath houses
• Atriums and plazas
• aqueducts
• apartments
• houses Decoration and artworks was often carved into the
walls of stone depicting battles, and famous Romans.
Lesson 7
The Colosseum:
The famous amphitheater was built an
area of 189 by 159 meters, making it the
largest of its time. The said monument,
began during the reign of Emperor
Vespasian in 72 AD. By the time it was
finished by his son Titus in 80 AD
Lesson 7
The Pantheon is one of the most well-

preserved architectural marvel from the
ancient Roman era. Roman Temples like The
Pantheon was a temple for all the Roman
gods. The construction was completed in 125
AD during the rule of Hadrian.
Lesson 7
Named after the famous former governor of the

city of Ephesus, the Library of Celsus,
10 BCE was actually a monumental tomb
dedicated to Gaius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus.
This amazing piece of Roman architecture
wasco nverted into a library which housed over
12,000 different scrolls.
Lesson 7
Maison Carrée is the only temple

constructed in the time of ancient Rome that
is completely preserved to this day. This
marvel of Roman engineering was built
around 16 BC in the city of Nimes. Maison
Carrée is an architectural gem that stands 15
meters tall and a length of 26 meters. Built
by Roman General Marcus Vipanius Agrippa in
memory of his two sons who died young.
Lesson 7

Parthenon, Acropolis
One of the most influential buildings in Greek history ever built was the
Parthenon, stands on top of the citadel of the Acropolis. Dedicated to
the goddess of wisdom Athena the construction began in 447 BC when
the Athenian Empire was at its height. The Parthenon is said to be the
pinnacle of the Doric order.
Lesson 7

Since ancient times, the theater Odeon of Herodes Atticus

has been a significant part of Greek culture. Herodes Atticus built the
structure in memory of his wife, Aspasia Annia Regilla. Today, the
theater played host to huge music concerts and had a capacity of 5,000.
Lesson 7

One of the oldest temples in Greece, this ancient Archaic temple was
dedicated to Hera the queen of the Greek goddesses built in 590 BCE.
The Temple of Hera possesses the aesthetics of Doric
architecture having its 16 columns. The symbolic altar of the Temple was
lit by a torch during the first Olympic games.
Lesson 7

Built in 580 BC, the Temple of Artemis measured 49m by

23.46m and was the biggest temple of its time dedicated to goddess
Artemis. From the ruins itself, the metope of the temple was decorated
with carvings of Achilles and Memnon. Its magnificence and authenticity
have made it a landmark in ancient Greek architecture. The temple was
considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
Lesson 7

This Erechtheion Temple in Acropolis was built between 421

and 406 BC by the great architect Mnesikles. The temple got its name
from a shrine dedicated to the Greek hero Erichthonius, who was
mentioned in Homer’s Iliad as a great king and ruler of Athens.
Lesson 7
St. Peter’s Square by Architect Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 1664 is an iconic example a
city has to be built. A model given to the world by Roman engineers and architects.
Lesson 7

Graphic restored illustration of the city of Pompeii
A sophisticated Greco-Roman city o Pompeii

frozen in time. Destroyed by the explosion of
mount Visuvius 79AD which buried all Grand
public buildings included an impressive forum
and an amphitheatre, lavish villas and all
kinds of houses, dating back to the 4th
century BCE
Ruins of the city of Pompeii
Lesson 7
Roman Art: Wall Painting
The history of Roman painting is essentially a

history of wall paintings on plaster.
Some other Roman paintings were applied
directly on wood, ivory, and other wall
materials. Fresco on the other hand was used
to adorn the interiors of private homes in
Roman cities and in the countryside.
Lesson 7
Ancient Roman wall painters or perhaps

their clients preferred natural earth colors
such as darker shades of reds, yellows and
browns. Blue and black pigments were also
popular for plainer designs though evidence
from a Pompeii paint shop illustrates that a
wide range of color shades was available.
Lesson 7
This gorgeous Fresco of

Theseus, 18th century was
discovered from within a Basilica
located in Herculaneum, Pompei. The
painting looks spectacular and shows a
few children holding Theseus’s hand
and congratulating him for killing the
mythological beast-Minotaur.
Lesson 7
This painting Fresco of

Wader Bird roaming freely
in one of the gardens along
Sarno river and looks astonishing
with lush green surroundings,
painted in serene colors of green,
white and shades of yellow.
Lesson 7
Most houses in ancient Romans

featured red painted walls depicting
women, animals or erotic art. This
original painting of two faces,
1st Century CE shows defined features
of lips painted with reddish orange color
making the eyes look expressive.
Lesson 7
This wall painting shows Eros and Psyche,

1st century CE. Ancient Roman artists loved to
portray eternal love between people and
mythological characters, and one of the most
popular subjects was Eros and Psyche’s love story.
Lesson 7
The Romans, as architectural historian D.S. Robertson

wrote, "were the first builders in Europe, perhaps the first
in the world, fully to appreciate the advantages of the arch,
the vault and the dome.“
Romans pioneered the segmental arch - essentially a

flattened arch, used in bridges and private residences - the
extended arch, and the triumphal arch, which celebrated
the emperors' great victories were the same structures that
had the most significant impact on Western civilization, and
the rest of the world today with respect to technological
inventions and innovations.
Lesson 7
Handout for
Lesson 6
Section 2
Lesson 6: Ancient Arts

 The Cave Arts
 Egyptian Arts
Lesson 6
Cave Art
Lesson 6
Understanding the Stone Age

5,300 y/o mummy found in the Alps
known as Otzi or ”the iceman”,
archeologists were stunned to discover a
kind of rudimentary prosciutto.
In your own knowledge,
On his final supper, Otzi was eaten
how the people in the goat meat which mostly dry–cured
stone age survived and according to archeologists, the
without the technology caveman was carrying the meat on
we have now? his journey through the mountains.
Lesson 6

The Stone Age marks a period of prehistory in which humans
used primitive stone tools. Lasting roughly 2.5 million years,
the Stone Age ended around 5,000 years ago when humans in
the Near East began working with metal and making tools and
weapons from bronze.
During the Stone Age, humans shared the planet with a number
of now-extinct hominin relatives, including Neanderthals and
Denisovans.
Lesson 6

While humans lived in caves or simple huts or tepees they
were hunters and gatherers as well using basic tools such as:
• stones
• bones
• crude stone axes for hunting birds and wild animals.
They cooked their preys in controlled fire like:
woolly mammoths deer
bison fishes and
collected berries, fruit and nuts.
Lesson 6
Stone Age Art

Types:
1. Hand prints and finger marks
2. Abstract signs and symbols
3. Figurative painting
4. Rock engraving
5. Relief sculpture
Lesson 6
Stone Age Art (30,000 BCE–10,000 BCE)
The Stone Age is a general term for the period during which
human beings primarily used stone tools. When was the Stone
Age? The Stone Age timeline according to most historians and
anthropologists is typically divided into three ages:
 The Paleolithic Era (30,000 BCE–10,000 BCE)

 The Mesolithic Era (10,000 – 8,000 BCE)
 The Neolithic Era (8,000 – 3,000 BCE)
Lesson 6
Stone Age Art

 The Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age): Meaning ''old stone age'', this era
spanned from approximately 2.5 million years ago until roughly
10,000 BCE. This includes the period before the emergence of homo
sapiens.
Characteristics: Paleolithic art is a broad term used to describe the
earliest known art making period in the history of human development
from ceremonial and religious concepts to mapping or educational uses.
1. cave paintings
2. relief carvings and
3. sculptural objects.
Lesson 6
Stone Age Art

Paleolithic Art
Venus of Hohle Fels: Oldest
known Venus figurine. Also the
oldest known, undisputed
depiction of a human being in
prehistoric art. Made of mammoth
tusk and found in Germany.
Lesson 6
Stone Age Art

 The Mesolithic Age (Middle Stone Age): was a transition time when human
society changed from hunter-gatherer to agrarian/herder. In art, the biggest
shift in painting occurred in the depiction of the subject where cave paintings
were overwhelmingly mimicking animals and humans. Paintings were usually
arranged in groupings or repetitive patterns, which results in a nice sense of
rhythm. The painted humans typically seem to be engaged in either hunting or
rituals.
Characteristics:
1. Cupules: Circular indentations in rock made by human chipping of the stone.
2. Petroglyphs: are images carved, incised or scratched into stone.
3. Pictographs: are paintings on stone, using natural pigments like the ocher and
charcoal.
Lesson 6
Stone Age Art

Mesolithic Art
Female figure from Tumba Madžari, Republic of

Macedonia about 6000 and 4300 BC.
The Great Mother symbolizes beautiful and brave

women, women martyrs, women in suffering, women
goddess and etc.
Lesson 6
Stone Age Art

The Neolithic Era (New Stone Age): The Neolithic period, or New
Stone Age, is characterized by the beginning of a settled human
lifestyle. People learned to cultivate plants and domesticate animals
for food, rather than rely solely on hunting and gathering. The
common art types are the following:
1. potteries, figurines and statuettes,
2. tools and utilitarian objects,
3. elaborate wall paintings, and
4. architecture and megalithic structures
Lesson 6
Stone Age Art

Basic Types:
1. Hand prints and finger marks
2. Abstract signs and symbols
3. Figurative painting
4. Rock engraving
5. Relief sculpture
Lesson 6
Ancient Egyptian Art

Lesson 6
Ancient Egyptian Art 5000 BCE to 300 CE
Much of the Ancient Egyptian artwork

created had something to do with their religion.
They would fill the tombs of the Pharaohs with
paintings and sculptures to help the kings reach
the afterlife. The temples often held large statues
of their gods as well as many writings and
paintings on the walls describing the life and death
of the kings.
Ramesses the Great and Battle of Dapur, depicting his achievement in his raid
against Muwatalli’s Hittite resurgent forces.
Lesson 6

Characteristics and Functions:
1. Daily life activities.
2. Journey of the deceased into the afterworld.
3. Images of the gods and deities.
4. Honoring pharaohs, noble people and the dead.
5. Social and political rank.
6. Writings on the wall to tell stories about the images.
7. Worship and rituals.
Lesson 6

Art Forms:
1. Wall Painting
2. Sculpture
3. Carving, Relief and Jewelry
4. Architecture
5. Writings
6. Funerary Art and Deities
Lesson 6

Art Forms:
1 Egyptian wall paintings Wall paintings depicted many of the
activities the Egyptians performed in their daily living and the journey of
the deceased into the afterworld.
Lesson 6

Notable Wall Paintings
Lesson 6

Battle of Nubia: This painting

shows Ramses II battling Nubians
and was considered the strongest
and most celebrated pharaoh of
the 19th dynasty.
Lesson 6

Egyptian Dance Painting: Aside

for ritualistic function, talent in
dance is also an indicator that a
person is an efficient worker.
Lesson 6

Tutankhamun
Cartouche,
Royal Encryption of a
Pharaohs name.
Lesson 6

Depiction of Nubians Worshipping

Lesson 6

Art Forms: Sculpture
2 Egyptian sculpture were not only images of the pharaoh

and his family, but also of people, animals and slaves that
surrounded him during his life. The ones we see today look like
they are carved from stone or made from clay and are colorless.
Lesson 6

Art Forms: Notable Sculptures
Nefertiti Bust, coated limestone

produced by Thutmose in 1345 BC.
Depiction of the Great Royal Wife of
the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten. This
is regarded as one of the most copied
works on ancient Egypt.
Lesson 6

Great Sphinx of Giza, 2575-
2465BCE: A limestone statue of
reclining sphinx. It depicts a
mythical creature with the
human body and a lion’s head.
73m long and 20m high.
Lesson 6

Khufu Statuette: Founded by Sir

Willian Matthew Flinders Petrie in
1903 at the Temple of
Khentyamentiu, Abydos in Upper
Egypt. The statue is a three-
dimensional depiction of Khufu.
Lesson 6

Block statue: A memorial statue

discovered in the Middle Kingdom of
Ancient Egypt. The statue was
designed that way to serve as a
guardian of temples gateway.
Lesson 6

Colossi of Memnon: Two

massive huge stone statues
representing greatness of
Pharaoh Amenhotep III and
it meant to protect the
temple from evil.
Lesson 6

Pharaoh Ramesses II: Weighed
20 tons statue was designed to
show him as a beneficent ruler, a
mighty warrior and a living god.
It was erected in the Ramesseum,
his mortuary temple, where the
believers of Ramesses would
continue for centuries.
Lesson 6

Seated statues of Rahotep and

Nofret: From the 4th dynasty the
statues were skillfully sculpted
confirming their high rank stature.
With glass inlaid eyes makes the
statue more realistic.
Lesson 6

Wrapped Osiris Statue: statues like

this were buried in tombs, wrapped
in cloth. It was thought the statues
helped the dead be reborn in the
next life, like the real deity Osiris.
Lesson 6

Art Forms:
3 Egyptian artists, whose skills are best
exemplified not only in statuary but
carving, relief and jewelry as well.
Their distinctive talent as craftsmen were
from their discipline and highly developed
aesthetic sense deserving to rank as an
outstanding art by any standards.
Lesson 6

Art Forms: Notable Carvings & Relief
The Narmer Palette: Also
known as Great Hierakonpolis
Palette which was created to
symbolize the unity of the
“Kingdoms of Two Lands,” the
Upper and Lower Egypt under
King Narmer. The palette
measured 64x42 cm.
Lesson 6

Art Forms: Notable Carvings
Tutankhamun’s ‘golden death mask’
is an ancient death mask produced
in the 18th century in ancient Egypt.
It was discovered by Howard Carter
in 1925. This is regarded as one of
the most famous Egyptian artworks
and almost admired and well-known
works of art around the world.
Lesson 6

Ceremonial gilded wooden shield:

found in the tomb of Tutankhamun.
Egyptian artists also used a variety
of woods in their work, including the
native acacia, tamarisk, and
sycamore fig as well as fir, cedar, and
other conifers imported from Syria.
Lesson 6

Ceremonial gilded wooden shield:

found in the tomb of Tutankhamun.
Egyptian artists also used a variety
of woods in their work, including the
native acacia, tamarisk, and
sycamore fig as well as fir, cedar, and
other conifers imported from Syria.
Lesson 6

Tutankhamun’s lunar pectoral: metal

casted, carved jewelry work was
quite sophisticated even in the Old
Kingdom, as demonstrated by some
highly creative pieces depicted
specially in tomb scenes.
Lesson 6

Sesostris III
Pectoral:Gold pectoral
with semiprecious
stones, Middle
Kingdom, 12th dynasty
(1991–1786 BCE).
Lesson 6

Art Forms:
4 Egyptian Architecture developed
since 3000 BC and characterized by post
and lintel construction, massive walls
covered with hieroglyphic and pictorial
carving, flat roofs, and structures except
for the Pyramids. Most houses were built
of clay or baked bricks.
Lesson 6

Art Forms: Architecture
Typical Egyptian Column

and Capitals at the
Temple of Horus at Edfu,
Constructed Between 237
and 57 B.C.
David Strydom/Getty Images
Lesson 6

The Egyptian Column can refer to a column from ancient
Egypt inspired by distinct Egyptian ideas. The earliest builders
carved columns from enormous blocks of limestone, sandstone,
and red granite.
Later, columns and capitals were constructed from stacks of
stone disks. Some Egyptian columns have polygon-shaped shafts
with as many as 16 sides while common columns are circular.
Lesson 6

One of the great ancient Egyptian architect

Imhotep, who lived over 4,000 years ago in 27th
century B.C., is credited with carving stone columns and
capitals to resemble bundled reeds and other plant forms.
The columns were placed close together so they could carry
the weight of the heavy stone roof beams.
Lesson 6

Common features of Egyptian columns include:
1) stone shafts carved to resemble tree trunks or bundled reeds or

plant stems, sometimes called papyrus columns; 2) lily, lotus, palm or
papyrus plant motifs on the capitals (tops); 3) bud-shaped or
campaniform ‘bell-shaped’ capitals; and 4) brightly painted carved
relief decorations.
Lesson 6

Egyptian
Column
Types
Lesson 6

Egyptian
Column
Details
Example
Lesson 6

Art Forms: Notable Architecture
The Great Pyramids of Giza:
located on the Giza plateau near the
modern city of Cairo, the pyramids was
built during the reign of the king Khufu
of the 4th Dynasty in the span of over
a 20-years. Khufu's vizier, Hemiunu the
pharaos physician was also the
architect of his Pyramid.
Lesson 6

• The oldest pyramid in the middle is for King Khufu, ‘Cheops’
in Greek, the second king of the 4th dynasty.
• The second tallest was built for King Khafre, ‘Chephren’ in
Greek was the fourth king in the same dynasty.
• The last pyramid to be built was that of Menkaure,
‘Mykerinus’ in Greek was the fifth king of the same dynasty.
Lesson 6

Columns of the Temple of Isis at
Philae show a distinct influence of
Greek and Roman occupation of Egypt.
The temple was built for the Egyptian
goddess Isis during the reign of the
Ptolemaic Kings in the centuries
before the birth of Christianity.
Lesson 6

Like the Temple at Edfu, the Temple at

Kom Ombo has similar architectural
influences and Egyptian gods. Kom Ombo is
a temple not only to Horus, the falcon, but
also to Sobek, the crocodile.
Lesson 6

Most significant to Western civilization is
the Temple of the
Ramesseum, 1250 B.C. The mighty
columns and colonnade are a remarkable
feat of engineering for being created
circa 1250 B.C., well-before the Greek
conquest of Alexander the Great.
Lesson 6

The Luxor Temple – is a temple complex

located in the city of Thebes, the ancient capital
of Egypt during the time of the New Kingdom.
Thebes is located in Upper Egypt, on the east
bank of the Nile River. Construction of the temple
was begun by the pharaoh Amenhotep III and
was completed by Tutankhamen.
Lesson 6

The first royal tombs before the pyramids were
called mastabas. Inside were rooms containing
jars, small objects, and offerings of food and drink.
The tombs were surrounded by a large number of
graves of women and men believed to be servants
of the kings who were sacrificed to serve pharaohs
in their afterlife.
Lesson 6

The Temple of Edfu is
dedicated to the worship of the
Egyptian god Horus, who was
frequently merged with the Greek
god Apollo. In fact, the city of Edfu
was renamed Apollonopolis Magna
during Greco-Roman rule in Egypt.
Lesson 6
Art Forms:
5 Egyptian form of writing. Hieroglyphics.
Hieroglyphs are written in rows or columns and can be read
from left to right or from right to left. You can distinguish the
direction in which the text is to be read because the human or
animal figures always face towards the beginning of the line.
Also the upper symbols are read before the lower.
Lesson 6

Art Forms: Writing
Hieroglyphics writing:
Hieroglyphic writing signs and symbols represented by
pictures of living beings or inanimate objects.
Hieroglyphic texts are found primarily on the walls of
temples and tombs, but they also appear on monuments,
memorials and gravestones, on statues, on coffins, and
on all sorts of vessels and implements.
Lesson 6

Art Forms: Writing
Hieroglyphic writing was used as much for secular
texts, historical inscriptions, songs, legal documents,
scientific documents, as for religious subject matter,
the likes of cult rituals, myths, hymns, grave
inscriptions of all kinds, and prayers.
Lesson 6

Art Forms: Writings
Rosetta Stone: A granodiorite stele discovered in 1799. The

Rosetta Stone is inscribed with the three versions of texts. The
top is in the hieroglyphic script, middle in the
demotic script while the bottom in the ancient coptic
Greek. The discovery of the stone holds the key to
understanding Egyptian hieroglyphs
Lesson 6

Art Forms:
The ‘Prayer to Thoth for Skill in Writing’ is a literary piece dated to
c. 1150 BCE from the latter period of the New Kingdom of Egypt
(1570-1069 BCE) in which a young scribe prays for inspiration to
Thoth, god of wisdom and writing.
The prayer was found among the works of ‘Papyrus Anastasi V’, a
papyrus scroll discovered at Thebes. The prayer is an interesting
glimpse into how the profession of the scribe was viewed by the
ancient Egyptians a noble occupation.
Lesson 6

Art Forms:
Hieroglyphs are written in rows or columns and can be
read from left to right or from right to left. You can
distinguish the direction in which the text is to be read
because the human or animal figures always face
towards the beginning of the line. Also the upper
symbols are read before the lower.
Lesson 6

Art Forms:
Decoding:
Lesson 6

Art Forms:
6 Egyptian funerary art was not simply memorial, but played an

active role in the afterlife of the departed. Most of the tomb art studied
from ancient Egypt comes from the commissions of kings and high-
ranking court officials. Egyptian philosophy of art refers to balanced
realism and stylization to present images of harmony, balance and
order, victory over chaos.
Lesson 6

Art Forms: Notable Funerary Art
Book of the Dead Wall
Painting: Containing
spells to help the dead
back to life after the
journey to the
underworld.
Lesson 6

Tomb Wall Painting:

Primarily should
contain images of the
king’s chosen deity and
success stories of his
life as a pharaoh.
Lesson 6

Egyptian Mummification
Wall Painting:
Mummifying the dead is
also a sacred ritual in
preparation to the
afterlife.
Lesson 6

Egyptian Deities, Wall
Painting: Images of
their gods in one
ensemble is one
important feature in
king’s tomb’s.
Lesson 6

Funeral Wall Painting: Aside

from honoring the dead, the
painting should contain the
ritual of the dead’s human
heart in the weighing scale.
Lesson 6

Egyptian concept of afterlife,

wall painting: A belief that
death is just an interruption
of life.
Lesson 6

The anthropoid coffin itself is typical of the ancient

Egyptian burial practices. The coffin echoes the shape of
the mummified body.
Decorated with an idealized representation of the owner's
face and with images of gods, goddesses, animals and
objects, as well as hieroglyphic writings, that would
identify him and help him attain a successful afterlife.
Lesson 6

Unlike anthropoid, sarcophagus were
rectangular boxes with flat lids. They were
painted and inscribed in hieroglyphs with four
important features: the deceased's name and
titles; a list of food offerings; a false door
through which the ‘ka’ could pass; and eyes
through which the deceased could see outside
the coffin.
Lesson 6

The Egyptian concept of the soul:
Ka, Ba and Akh.
Ka is the life force or spiritual double of

the person. The royal Ka symbolized a
pharaoh's right to rule, a universal force
that passed from one pharaoh to the next.
Lesson 6

Ka, Ba and Akh.
Ba is represented as a human-
headed bird that leaves the body
when a person dies. The face of Ba
was the exact likeness of that of the
deceased person.
Lesson 6

Ka, Ba and Akh.
Akh is the spirit of Ra, which encapsulates the

concept of light - the transfigured spirit of a person
that becomes one with light after death. The opposite
of Akh is Mut (dead), the state of a person who has
died but has not been transfigured into light.
Lesson 6

Art Forms: Gods and Deities
Isis
The gods and goddesses of Ancient Egypt
were an integral part of the people's
Osiris
everyday lives. It is not surprising then that Horus
there were over 2,000 deities in the Egyptian Amun
pantheon and five names stood up namely:
Ra
Lesson 6
Seshat
More powerful gods became state deities while others were
associated with a specific region for ritualistic duty or role. Examples
Qebhet
of little gods like The goddess Qebhet known deity who offered Thot
cool water to the souls of the dead as they awaited judgment in the
afterlife.
Seshat was the goddess of written words and specific

measurements overshadowed by Thoth, the better known god of
writing and patron of scribes.
Lesson 6

5 Well Known Egyptian Deities:
1 Isis was initially an obscure goddess who lacked her own dedicated
temples, but she grew in importance as the dynastic age progressed,
until she became one of the most important deities of ancient Egypt.
Her cult subsequently spread throughout the Roman Empire, and Isis
was worshipped from England to Afghanistan. She is still revered by
pagans today.
Lesson 6

2 Osiris The King of the Living. Considered the oldest child of the
earth god Zeb and the sky goddess Nut and the god of the afterlife.
Often portrayed with green skin, Osiris was also the god of vegetation
which indicated renewal and growth and was thought to be responsible
for the fertile flooding and vegetation around the banks of the Nile.
Lesson 6

3 Horus God of Vengeance Horus had a special position in ancient

Egypt. The child of Osiris and Isis, he avenged his father’s death and
ruled Egypt. His falcon-headed god with a crown of red and white was
worshiped as the god of sky, war, protection, and light.
The Eye of Horus or the Wedjat Eye was personified as the goddess
Wadjet and was popularly known as the Eye of the Ra. It symbolized
that everything was being watched from above.
Lesson 6

4 Amun (Amun-Ra) - God of the sun and air. One of the most
powerful and popular gods of ancient Egypt, patron of the city of Thebes,
where he was worshipped as part of the Theban Triad of Amun, Mut, and
Khonsu.
Supreme king of the gods in some periods, though originally a minor
fertility god. By the time of the New Kingdom he was considered the
most powerful god in Egypt
Lesson 6

5 Ra Re, also spelled Ra or Pra, in ancient Egyptian religion, god of

the sun and radiance. Creator god. He was believed to travel across the
sky in his solar bark and, during the night, to make his passage in
another bark through the underworld, where, in order to be born again
for the new day, he had to vanquish the evil serpent Apopis (Apepi).
Lesson 6

Other Gods and Deities
Mut: The Mother Goddess of Egyptian. Mut is a primal

deity who wears two crowns on her head, each
representing Upper and Lower Egypt.
Also titled “She who gives birth, but was herself not born
of any,” Mut is represented as a vulture in hieroglyphs.
She is variously integrated with other deities and is often
portrayed as a cat, cobra, cow and even a lioness.
Lesson 6

Anubis: The Divine Embalmer. He was known for mummifying the

dead and guiding their souls towards the afterlife. His skin was black,
symbolizing the dark Nile deposits which made the land so fertile.
With the head of a jackal and the body of a man, Anubis also stood for
renaissance and the staining of dead bodies after the embalming
process.
Lesson 6

Hathor: Goddess of Motherhood. Sometimes called the

Mistress of the West, Hathor welcomed the dead into the next
life. Born of Ra, she exemplified motherhood and feminine
love. She is the goddess of music and dance.
She is believed to provide a blessing as the helper of women during
pregnancy and childbirth. Affectionate, humble and kind to both the dead
and living, she was also known as the Lady of Heaven, Earth and the
Underworld.
Lesson 6

Sekhmet: Goddess of War and Healing. Leading and
protecting the pharaohs during war, the daughter of Ra, is
depicted as a lioness and is known for her fierce character.
She is also known as the Powerful One and is capable of
destroying the enemies of her allies.
She is depicted with a solar disk and uraeus, an Egyptian cobra, which
was associated with royalty and the divine. She assisted the goddess
Ma’at in the Judgement Hall of Osiris which also gained her the reputation
of arbitrator.
Lesson 6

Geb: God of Earth. Also described as the Father of Snakes,
Geb represented crops and healing. With a goose on his head,
this bearded god was believed to have caused earthquakes
whenever he laughed.
He was the son of Shu ‘the god of air’ and Tefnut ‘the goddess of
moisture’, and had an important role in the Book of the Dead as the one
who weighs the heart of the dead in the Judgment Hall of Osiris. The
ancient Egyptians believed that he retained the souls of the wicked.
Lesson 6
Ancient Egyptian art has survived for over 5000 years

and continues to fascinate people from all over the
world. An ancient premise has become a modern
reality: Its art became a path to world eternal
emulation and remembrance.
Lesson 6

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