DAC 12503

MECHANIC OF MATERIALS
Diploma Study Center
University Tun Hussein Onn
SEM 2 20202021

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 2.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS STRAIN AS FACTOR OF SAFETY
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Yield Stress Ultimate Stress Elongation

Material
(MPa) (MPa) (%)

Concrete (Compression) - 10 - 70 -

Steel 280 - 1600 340 - 1900 3 - 40

Stone; Granite (Compression) - 70 - 280 -

Wood; Ash (Bending) 40 - 70 50 - 100 -

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 2.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS STRAIN AS FACTOR OF SAFETY
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Yield Point (σ ): a critical point, after the yield point, the specimen
undergoes a large deformation with a relatively small increase
in the applied load.

Ultimate Stress (σ ): the maximum stress developed in a material

before rupture.

Breaking Stress (σ ): stress at rupture.

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 2.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS STRAIN AS FACTOR OF SAFETY
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Ultimate Stress (σ

Yield Point (σ)

Breaking Stress (σ )

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

UNIT 2.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS AND STRAIN AS
SAFETY FACTOR
DESIGN:
Design of structural member or component will
take consideration of either LIMIT ON STRESS
OR LIMIT ON STRAIN

Depanding on type or use of structure, design

might specify YIELD STRENGTH OR
ULTIMATE STRENGTH AS UPPER LIMIT.

Depanding on type or use of structure, design

might also specify maximum STRAIN that the
structure can achieve.

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

UNIT 2.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS AND STRAIN AS
SAFETY FACTOR
COMPARE
To achieve a safe design, engineer must ensure that the
APPLIED STRESS does not exceed the material TRUE
STRESS CAPACITY

APPLIED STRESS VS ACTUAL MATERIALS STRESS CAPACITY

APPLIED STRAIN VS MATERIALS STRAIN CAPACITY

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

UNIT 2.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS AND STRAIN AS
SAFETY FACTOR

COMPARE
To achieve a safe design, engineer must ensure that the
APPLIED STRESS does not exceed the material TRUE
STRESS CAPACITY

APPLIED (ACTUAL) STRESS

OBTAIN FROM CALCULATION
σ = P/A
τ= V/A

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

UNIT 2.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS AND STRAIN AS
SAFETY FACTOR

COMPARE
To achieve a safe design, engineer must ensure that the
APPLIED STRESS does not exceed the material TRUE
STRESS CAPACITY

ACTUAL MATERIALS STRESS CAPACITY

OBTAIN FROM STRESS STRAIN CURVE

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

UNIT 2.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS AND STRAIN AS
SAFETY FACTOR

COMPARISON

IF ACTUAL STRESS < MATERIAL STRESS CAPACITY

- THE DESIGN IS OK

IF ACTUAL STRESS > MATERIAL STRESS CAPACITY

NOT OK
MATERIAL WILL FAIL

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 2.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS AND STRAIN AS
SAFETY FACTOR

SIMPLE ILLUSTRATION

30 kN
10 mm x 10 mm x 100 mm

STEEL ROD WITH STRENGTH

CAPACITY OF:
YIELD STRENGTH = 280 MPa
ULTIMATE STRENGTH = 340 MPa

IS THE DESIGN OK IF
MAXIMUM STRESS USE
IS YIELD STRESS ?

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 2.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS AND STRAIN AS
SAFETY FACTOR
SIMPLE ILLUSTRATION

30 kN
10 mm x 10 mm x 100 mm

STEEL ROD WITH STRENGTH

CAPACITY OF:
YIELD STRENGTH = 280 MPa
ULTIMATE STRENGTH = 340 MPa

σ = P/A = 300 MPa

ACTUAL STRESS (300MPa) > MATERIAL YIELD STRESS
CAPACITY (280 Mpa)
NOT OK
MATERIAL WILL FAIL
MJK CeDS DAC 12503
 UNIT 2.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS AND STRAIN AS
SAFETY FACTOR

SIMPLE ILLUSTRATION

30 kN
10 mm x 10 mm x 100 mm

STEEL ROD WITH STRENGTH

CAPACITY OF:
YIELD STRENGTH = 280 MPa
ULTIMATE STRENGTH = 340 MPa

IS THE DESIGN OK IF
MAXIMUM STRESS USE
IS ULTIMATE STRESS ?

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 2.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS AND STRAIN AS
SAFETY FACTOR

SIMPLE ILLUSTRATION

30 kN
10 mm x 10 mm x 100 mm

STEEL ROD WITH STRENGTH

CAPACITY OF:
YIELD STRENGTH = 280 MPa
ULTIMATE STRENGTH = 340 MPa

σ = P/A = 300 MPa

ACTUAL STRESS (300MPa) < MATERIAL ULTIMATE
STRESS CAPACITY (340 Mpa)
OK
MATERIAL WILL NOT FAIL
MJK CeDS DAC 12503
UNIT 2.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS AND STRAIN AS
SAFETY FACTOR

FACTOR OF SAFETY

IN ACTUAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE, THE VALUE OF

ACTUAL APPLIED STRESS IS NOT TAKEN EXACTLY AT
YIELD STRESS OR ULTIMATE,
BUT RATHER SOME VALUE LOWER TO MAKE SURE
SAFETY IS ACHIEVE.
THE LOWERING FACTOR IS CALLED SAFETY FACTOR.

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 2.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS AND STRAIN AS
SAFETY FACTOR

FACTOR OF SAFETY

F.S. = Ffail / Fallow 30 kN

= σfail / σallow 10 mm x 10 mm x 100 mm

STEEL ROD WITH STRENGTH

CAPACITY OF:
ULTIMATE STRENGTH = 340 MPa

IS THE DESIGN OK IF
MAXIMUM STRESS USE
IS ULTIMATE STRESS ?

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

UNIT 2.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS AND STRAIN AS
SAFETY FACTOR
FACTOR OF SAFETY

F.S. = Ffail / Fallow

= σfail / σallow
σ = P/A = 300 MPa
F.S. = σfail / σallow

=
340/300
= 1.13

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

UNIT 2.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS AND STRAIN AS
SAFETY FACTOR

FACTOR OF SAFETY

IF F.S. = 2
What is the allowable stress for steel having yield stress 280
Mpa?

2 = 280 Mpa / σallow

σallow = 280 Mpa/2

σallow = 140 Mpa

MJK CeDS DAC 12503
 UNIT 2.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS AND STRAIN AS
SAFETY FACTOR

FACTOR OF SAFETY

EXAMPLE
30 kN

? mm x ? mm x 100 mm

STEEL
YIELD STRENGTH = 280 MPa
If F.S is 2, what would be the suitable cross sectional for yield ?

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 2.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS AND STRAIN AS
SAFETY FACTOR
FACTOR OF SAFETY

EXAMPLE
F.S. = σfail / σallow
2 = 280 / σallow
σallow = 280 /2
σallow = 140 Mpa
STEEL
YIELD STRENGTH = 280 MPa
If F.S is 2, what would be the suitable cross sectional for yield ?

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 2.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS AND STRAIN AS
SAFETY FACTOR
FACTOR OF SAFETY

EXAMPLE
P/A= 140 Mpa
30kN/A= 140 Mpa
A=30kN/140 Mpa
A= ?

If F.S is 2, what would be the suitable cross sectional for yield ?

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 2.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS AND STRAIN AS
SAFETY FACTOR
FACTOR OF SAFETY
EXAMPLE
F.S. = σfail / σallow P?
2 = 280 / σallow
σallow = 280 /2
σallow = 140 Mpa
STEEL
YIELD STRENGTH = 280 MPa
If F.S is 2, what would be the suitable LOAD if cross section in
maintain at 10mm x 10 mm for yield ?
MJK CeDS DAC 12503
UNIT 2.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS AND STRAIN AS
SAFETY FACTOR

FACTOR OF SAFETY

STRAIN

EXCESSIVE STRAIN ALSO IS

UNDESIREABLE ALTHOUGH THE
MATERIAL HAVE NOT FAIL

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

UNIT 2.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS AND STRAIN AS
SAFETY FACTOR

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

UNIT 2.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS AND STRAIN AS
SAFETY FACTOR

Axially Loaded Members - Applications:

Design

Design Considerations:
- Stress
- deformation

Factor of Safety n:

Allowable stress:

Allowable load:

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

Allowable stress - to design simple
connections and determine weather the
material fails or safe, taking into
consideration the computed stresses and the
natural strength.
• To ensure safety, the allowable stress MUST
BE LESS than the load the member can fully
support.
• Allowable stress can be obtained by factor of
safety (FS).
Ffail - experimental testing of
the material
Fallow - allowable load applied

In practice, FS is chosen > 1 in order to avoid any potential for failure

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

To analyze or design a simple connection or a
mechanical element, assumption regarding the
behavior of the material is made.

Based on the equation: and

In particular, if a member is subjected to a normal

force at a section, its required area at the section is
determined from:

Or if the section is subjected to a shear force, then:

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

The rigid bar AB is supported by
steel rod AC having a diameter
of 20mm and an aluminium
block having a cross-sectional
area of 1800mm2. the 18mm
diameter pins at A and C are
subjected to a single shear. If the
failure stress for the steel and
aluminium is (σst)fail = 680MPa
and (σal)fail = 70MPa
respectively and failure shear
stress for each pin is τfail =
900MPa. Determine the largest
load P that can be applied to
the bar.
(FS = 2)

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

3 unknown from the FBD. Hence apply equation of
equilibrium.

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

Rod AC

Substitute the value of FAC in

eq. (1)

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Block
B

Substitute the value of FB in eq.

(2)

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Pin A or C

Substitute the value of FAC in

eq. (1)

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

P = 171kN
Hence, what’s the maximum P
P = 168kN
that can be applied to the AB
P = 183kN
bar??

P = 168kN coz it develops the allowable

normal stress in the aluminium block and to
the structure itself.

MJK CeDS DAC 12503

 UNIT 2.3 ALLOWABLE STRESS AND STRAIN AS
SAFETY FACTOR

EXERCISE:
A circular bar made of steel is subject to the loading system indicated in the
figure. The maximum elastic deformation has to be limited to 10 mm. And the
factor of safety, based on slip failure, is to be 1.8. Determine the minimum
diameter of the bar required to support the loads.

MJK CeDS DAC 12503