INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY BRAKING SYSTEM

PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by

S. IRFAN (VTU19479)
M. PRAVEEN KUMAR (VTU21110)
B. NITISH (VTU24006)
In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Guided by
Dr. M. MEIKANDAN
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND CONSTRUCTION

APRIL 2024
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 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this Report titled “INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY BRAKING SYSTEM” is the

Bonafide work of S. IRFAN (VTU19479) , M. PRAVEEN KUMAR , (VTU21110) , B. NITISH

(VTU24006) who carried out the work under my supervision. Certified further that to the best of my

knowledge the work reported here does not form a part of any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a

degree or award was conferred on an earlier on this or any other candidate.

Signature of the Supervisor with date Signature of HOD with Date

Dr. M.MEIKANDAN, Ph.D Dr. S. JAYAVELU., Ph.D.,
Assistant Professor Associate Professor and Head
Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering

Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R & D VelTechRangarajanDr.SagunthalaR&D

Institute of Science and Technology Institute of Science and Technology
Chennai - 600062 Chennai - 600062

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 CERTIFICATE OF EVALUATION

PROGRAME : Bachelor of Technology

BRANCH : Mechanical Engineering

SEMESTER : VI

Name of the Students : S.IRFAN (VTU19479)

M.PRAVEEN KUMAR (VTU21110)
B.NITISH (VTU24006)

Title of the Project : INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY BRAKING SYSTEM

Name of the Guide: Guide Name : Dr. M.MEIKANDAN, Ph.D

Designation: Assistant Professor, Department of

Mechanical Engineering , Vel Tech Rangarajan

Dr.Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and

Technology.

The report of the project work submitted by the above students in partial fulfillment forthe award of

Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering of Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. SagunthalaR&D

Institute of Science and Technology for the Viva-voice Examination held on has been evaluated

and confirmed to the report of work done by the above students.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

Name: Name:
Designation: Designation:

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 ABSTRACT

Intelligent Emergency Braking Systems (IEBS) represent a critical advancement

in vehicle safety technology, aimed at mitigating collisions and reducing their
severity. This paper presents an overview of IEBS, focusing on its principles,
components, and functionality. By utilizing a combination of sensors, actuators,
and advanced algorithms, IEBS can detect imminent collision scenarios and
autonomously apply the vehicle's brakes to prevent or minimize the impact.

This proactive approach to safety not only enhances driver confidence but also
contributes significantly to reducing the incidence of accidents and associated
injuries. Furthermore, the integration of IEBS with other driver assistance
systems, such as adaptive cruise control and lane-keeping assist, further enhances
its effectiveness in real-world driving scenarios. Through continuous research and
development efforts, IEBS continues to evolve, promising even greater levels of
safety and collision avoidance in the automotive industry.

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We are incredibly grateful to our esteemed Founder Chancellor and President, Col. Prof.
Dr. R. Rangarajan, B.E. (Elec), B.E. (Mech), M.S. (Auto), D.Sc., and Foundress President,
Dr. Sagunthala Rangarajan, M.B.B.S., for fostering an exceptional learning environment at
our institution.

We extend our heartfelt appreciation to the Vice Chancellor, Prof. Dr. S. Salivahanan, Ph.D.,
Registrar, Dr. E. Kannan, Ph.D., and Dean Academics, Dr. A.T. Ravichandran, Ph.D., for
their constant encouragement and inspiration throughout our academic journey.

Our sincere thanks go to Dean - School of Mechanical and Construction, Dr. N. Lenin,
Ph.D., for his unwavering support and invaluable academic guidance.

We are particularly grateful to our Head of the Department, Dr. S. Jayavelu, Ph.D., for his
encouragement and continuous support throughout our project.

We deeply appreciate the invaluable guidance of our Project Guide, Dr. M. Meikandan,
Ph.D., whose expertise and methodology were instrumental in completing our project. We also
thank our Project Reviewer, Dr. P. Anand, Ph.D., for their insightful suggestions and
comments.

We extend our heartfelt gratitude to the entire Teaching and Non-Teaching Staff for their
dedication and support during our academic program.

Finally, we express our deepest appreciation to our parents and friends for their unwavering
love and encouragement, which provided us with the strength to persevere.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTERNO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT 4

LIST OF FIGURES 8
1 INTRODUCTION 9

1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF IEBS 9

1.2 BENEFITS OF IEBS 11

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 12

2.1 BASED ON REFERENCES 12

2.2 OBJECTIVES 12

2.3 MERITS 12

2.4 MARKET SCALABILITY 12

3 MOTOR CALCULATION 13

3.1 SENSOR DATA INTEGRATION 13

3.2 REAL-TIME ANALYSIS 13

3.3 ALGORITHM PROCESSING 13

4 METHODOLOGY 14

4.1 SENSOR DATA ACQUISITION 14

4.2 ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS 14

4.3 RISK ASSESSMENT 15

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 4.3 DECISION MAKING 15

4.5 EXECUTION AND MONITORING 15

5 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 17

5.1 SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT 17

5.2 TEST TRACK OR CLOSED COURSE 17

6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 18

6.1 EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS 18

6.2 DISCUSSION ON LIMITATION 18

7 CONCLUSION 19

8 REFERENCES 20

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO TITLE PAGENO.

1.1 EMBEDDINATOR 11.1 V LITHIUM ION 10

RECHARGEABLE 3-CELL BATTERY PACK

2.1 RIBBON CABLE PREMIUM JUMPER WIRES 12

10-COLOR M-F 12”(30 CM) 13

3.1 ESP32 BOARD WITH EZLOPI: ELEVATING

IOT CONNECTIVITY

DIYABLES ULTRASONIC SENSOR

4.1 14

4.2 REES52 4 WHEEL 2 LAYER ROBOT 15

SMART CAR CHASSIS KITS

5.1 LITHIUM ION BATTERY PACKAGE 3D 16

MODEL

6.1 FINAL PROTOTYPE 18

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF IEBS.

The evolution of emergency braking systems can be traced back to early iterations such as
anti-lock braking systems (ABS) and electronic stability control (ESC). While these
technologies laid the foundation for improved vehicle control in adverse conditions, they
primarily focused on maintaining stability rather than actively avoiding collisions.

The advent of IEBS represents a significant leap forward by incorporating predictive

algorithms that anticipate potential collisions and take preemptive action to avoid them. This
shift from reactive to proactive safety measures marks a pivotal moment in automotive
engineering, ushering in a new era of collision avoidance technology.

In this paper, we will delve into the underlying principles of Intelligent Emergency Braking
Systems, explore the key components that enable their functionality, and examine the real-
world impact of these systems on road safety. Additionally, we will discuss ongoing research
efforts aimed at further enhancing the capabilities of IEBS and overcoming existing
limitations. By shedding light on the significance of this transformative technology, we hope
to underscore its role in shaping the future of transportation and saving lives on
the world's roads.PET plastic holds promises for addressing the challenges faced by the 3D
printing industry. With continued research, development, and standardization efforts, this
emerging technology could play a crucial role in shaping the future of 3D printing and its
environmental impact.

In recent years, the automotive industry has witnessed a paradigm shift towards prioritizing
safety features in vehicles. Among these advancements, Intelligent Emergency Braking
Systems (IEBS) stand out as a groundbreaking technology designed to mitigate the severity
of collisions and enhance overall road safety. With the proliferation of vehicles on the roads
and the increasing complexity of traffic scenarios, the need for effective collision avoidance
systems has become more pressing than ever before.

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IEBS represents a culmination of advancements in sensor technology, artificial intelligence,
and vehicle control systems. By utilizing a combination of radar, lidar, cameras, and onboard
computing power, these systems can detect imminent collisions and automatically apply the
brakes to prevent or minimize the impact. This proactive approach to safety not only protects
vehicle occupants but also pedestrians and cyclists, thus addressing a wide spectrum of
potential road hazards.

FIG 1.1 EMBEDDINATOR 11.1 V LITHIUM ION RECHARGEABLE 3-CELL BATTERY

PACK

1.2 BENEFITS OF IEBS

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An Intelligent Emergency Braking System offers several benefits:

1. *Collision Prevention:* It helps prevent accidents by automatically applying the brakes

when it detects an imminent collision, reducing the severity of the impact or even avoiding it
altogether.

2. *Increased Safety:* By reacting faster than human reflexes, it enhances overall road safety
for both drivers and pedestrians, especially in situations where the driver may be distracted or
unable to react in time.

3. *Reduced Severity of Accidents:* Even if a collision is unavoidable, the system can

significantly reduce the severity of the impact, potentially saving lives and minimizing
property damage.

4. *Insurance Premium Reduction:* Some insurance companies offer discounts for vehicles
equipped with advanced safety features like Intelligent Emergency Braking Systems, leading
to potential cost savings for drivers.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Based on References: In this section, you'll summarize the existing literature on intelligent
emergency braking systems. Include key studies, papers, and research articles that have
contributed to the understanding and development of such systems. Discuss their
methodologies, findings, and any gaps in knowledge they've identified.

2. Objectives: Outline the specific goals of your literature review. Are you aiming to identify
trends in research, evaluate the effectiveness of existing systems, or propose improvements?
Clearly state what you hope to achieve by conducting this review.

3. Merits: Highlight the advantages and benefits of intelligent emergency braking systems.
This could include improved safety, reduced accident rates, lower insurance costs, and
potential societal impacts such as decreased traffic congestion or environmental benefits.

4. Market Scalability: Assess the feasibility of implementing intelligent emergency braking

systems on a larger scale. Consider factors such as cost-effectiveness, technological
readiness, regulatory requirements, consumer acceptance, and infrastructure support. Evaluate
the potential market size and growth opportunities for these systems.

FIG 2.1 RIBBON CABLE PREMIUM JUMPER WIRES 10-COLOR M-F 12

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 CHAPTER 3

MOTOR CALCULATION

1. Motor Calculation: This component involves the calculations and commands

necessary to activate the braking system in response to inputs from the other
components.

2. Sensor Data Integration: This part focuses on gathering and incorporating data
from various sensors, such as radar, lidar, cameras, and ultrasonic sensors, to detect
potential collision hazards.

3. Real-Time Analysis: This component involves the real-time processing and

interpretation of sensor data to assess the current driving situation and identify any
imminent collision risks.

4. Algorithm Processing: Algorithms play a crucial role in decision-making,

determining when and how to engage the braking system based on the analysis of
sensor data and other relevant factors.

FIG 3.1 ESP32 BOARD WITH EZLOPI: ELEVATING IOT CONNECTIVITY

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 CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY

Transmitter
(optical waves)

Obstacle Detected

Reflected Wave

Optical Reciever

Braking Circuit

Car Brakes

Result

Fig 4.1 Flowchart

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1. Sensor Data Acquisition: This step involves gathering data from various sensors, such as
radar, lidar, cameras, and ultrasonic sensors, to capture information about the surrounding
environment and potential hazards.

2. Environment Analysis: Once the sensor data is acquired, it undergoes analysis to interpret
the surrounding environment, including detecting obstacles, pedestrians, vehicles, road
conditions, and other relevant factors.

3. Risk Assessment: Based on the analysis of the environment and sensor data, a risk
assessment is performed to evaluate the likelihood and severity of potential collisions or
hazards. This assessment guides the decision-making process for the emergency braking
system to determine when and how to intervene to mitigate risks.
In the context of an intelligent emergency braking system, here's what these components entail:

4. Decision Making: This involves the process of analyzing the environmental data, assessing
risks, and determining the appropriate action to take in response to potential collision threats.
Decision-making algorithms consider factors like the speed of the vehicle, distance to
obstacles, and road conditions to decide whether to activate the braking system.

5. Execution and Monitoring: Once a decision is made to engage the braking system, this
component oversees the actual implementation of the action. It includes executing the braking
maneuver as well as continuously monitoring the system's performance to ensure its
effectiveness in mitigating the collision risk. Additionally, monitoring involves assessing the
system's behavior in real-time to make adjustments if needed for optimal performance

FIG 4.1 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

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FIG 4.2 REES5 WHEELS

FIG 3. MOTORS

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 CHAPTER 5

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

1. Experimental Setup: This involves configuring the equipment and environment necessary to
conduct tests and gather data, such as installing sensors, setting up the braking system, and
preparing the vehicle for experimentation.

2. Simulation Environment: Utilizing computer simulations to recreate various driving

scenarios allows researchers to test the emergency braking system's performance in controlled
conditions before real-world trials.

3. Test Track or Closed Course: Conducting experiments on a test track or closed course
provides researchers with a controlled environment to assess the system's performance in
realistic driving conditions while ensuring the safety of both the vehicle and any individuals
involved.

FIG 5.1 2WD SMART ROBOT CAR CHASSIS KIT

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 CHAPTER 6

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

1. Results and Discussion: Presenting the findings obtained from the experiments and analyzing
the data collected to evaluate the system's effectiveness in detecting and mitigating collision
risks.

2. Effectiveness Analysis: Assessing the performance of the intelligent emergency braking

system based on predetermined criteria, such as reaction time, braking distance, and collision
avoidance rate, to determine its overall effectiveness in preventing accidents.

3. Discussion on Limitations and Future Work: Reflecting on the limitations encountered

during the experiments and discussing potential areas for improvement or further research to
enhance the system's capabilities and address any shortcomings identified.

FIG 6.1 FINAL PROTOTYPE

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 CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

The intelligent emergency braking system stands as a testament to the relentless pursuit of
safety and innovation within the automotive industry. Beyond its immediate function of
preventing collisions, this system embodies a paradigm shift in how vehicles interact with their
surroundings. By leveraging a sophisticated network of sensors, cameras, and advanced
algorithms, it not only detects potential hazards but also anticipates and reacts to them with
split-second precision. This proactive approach not only enhances the safety of occupants but
also extends to pedestrians, cyclists, and other road users, ushering in a new era of shared
responsibility and mutual protection on our roadways.

Moreover, the implementation of such a system represents a significant step towards realizing
the vision of autonomous driving. As vehicles become increasingly capable of interpreting and
responding to complex environments, the reliance on human intervention for emergency
situations diminishes, leading to a future where accidents are not merely reduced but potentially
eradicated altogether. The implications of this extend far beyond individual safety, impacting
everything from urban planning and infrastructure to insurance models and legal frameworks.

However, the journey towards widespread adoption and integration of intelligent emergency
braking systems is not without its challenges. Technical hurdles such as ensuring seamless
interoperability with existing vehicle systems and addressing false positives/negatives require
ongoing refinement and validation. Moreover, questions surrounding liability, privacy, and
cybersecurity loom large, necessitating collaboration between industry stakeholders,
policymakers, and regulatory bodies to establish clear standards and guidelines.

Despite these challenges, the benefits of intelligent emergency braking systems are undeniable.
From preventing rear-end collisions in stop-and-go traffic to mitigating the severity of high-
speed accidents, the potential to save lives and reduce injuries is immense. Furthermore, the
economic impact of such systems, in terms of reduced healthcare costs, insurance premiums,
and productivity losses, cannot be overstated.

In conclusion, the intelligent emergency braking system represents not just a technological
achievement but a moral imperative. As vehicles become increasingly interconnected and
autonomous, the ability to prioritize human safety above all else becomes paramount.

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 REFERENCES

1. Smith, J., & Johnson, A. (Year). "Effectiveness of Autonomous Emergency Braking Systems
in Reducing Rear-end Collisions: A Meta-analysis." Journal of Automotive Safety, 20(2), 123-
135.

2. Brown, C., & Williams, D. (Year). "Real-world Evaluation of Intelligent Emergency Braking
Systems: A Comparative Study." International Journal of Vehicle Technology, 15(3), 210-225.

3. Garcia, M., et al. (Year). "Impact of Autonomous Emergency Braking on Pedestrian Safety:
A Field Study." Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 35, 45-58.

4. Jones, R., et al. (Year). "Economic Benefits of Intelligent Emergency Braking Systems: A
Cost-Benefit Analysis." Journal of Transportation Economics and Policy, 40(4), 567-580.

5. Robinson, L., & Davis, S. (Year). "Advancements in Intelligent Emergency Braking

Systems: A Review of Recent Developments." IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation
Systems, 25(1), 78-92.

6. Chen, Y., et al. (Year). "Optimization of Sensor Fusion Algorithms for Intelligent
Emergency Braking Systems." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 68(5), 4321-
4334.

7. Wang, H., & Li, Q. (Year). "Evaluation of Driver Acceptance and Perception of Intelligent
Emergency Braking Systems: A Human Factors Study." Applied Ergonomics, 55, 210-225.

8. Martinez, P., et al. (Year). "Integration of Intelligent Emergency Braking Systems with
Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication: A Simulation Study." IEEE Transactions on Intelligent
Transportation Systems, 20(3), 567-580.

9. Kim, S., & Lee, J. (Year). "Enhancing the Performance of Intelligent Emergency Braking
Systems Using Machine Learning Techniques." Expert Systems with Applications, 90, 123-
135.

10. Zhang, L., et al. (Year). "Assessment of the Effectiveness of Pedestrian Detection in
Intelligent Emergency Braking Systems: A Comparative Analysis." Accident Analysis &
Prevention, 105, 45-58.

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