three CLINICAL APPLICATION: DISORDERS

OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

disease in the Skeletal System
OsteoPorosis
Cause: Growing older, hormonal fluctuations (particularly after
menopause),
insufficient intake of calcium, and inactivity lead to decreased bone density.
Signs and symptoms: include height loss, bent posture, back pain, and
fractures, particularly in the hip, wrist, and spine.
Diagnosis: X-rays, blood tests to assess vitamin D and calcium levels, and
bone density scans (DEXA).
Treatment: includes weight-bearing activities, calcium and vitamin D
supplements, drugs termed bisphosphonates that stop bone loss, and
lifestyle changes.
Reference: National Osteoporosis Foundation

osteoathritis
Cause: Wear and tear on joints over time, leading to
breakdown of cartilage.
Signs and Symptoms: Joint pain, stiffness, swelling,
reduced range of motion, bone spurs.
Diagnosis: Physical examination, X-rays, MRI, joint fluid analysis.
Treatment: Pain medications, physical therapy, lifestyle changes,
joint injections, surgery in severe cases.
Reference: Mayo Clinic

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

Cause: Autoimmune disease, which causes inflammation
in the joints by attacking them with the immune system.
Signs and symptoms: include joint pain, stiffness, edema,
fatigue, and joint abnormalities.
Diagnosis: physical examination, MRI and X-ray imaging studies, blood
testing for inflammatory markers. Treatment: includes physical therapy,
medications to lessen inflammation and reduce joint deterioration, and
changes in lifestyle.
Reference:Arthritis Foundation
three CLINICAL APPLICATION: DISORDERS
OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
disease in the Muscular System
Muscular Dystrophy
Cause: Genetic alterations that impact the synthesis of muscle proteins,
resulting in the progressive weakening and degeneration of muscles.
Signs and symptoms include breathing issues, walking challenges,
muscle atrophy, and progressive muscle weakening.
Diagnosis: Blood tests, electromyography (EMG), muscle biopsy, and
genetic analysis.
Treatment: Includes physical therapy, symptom-management
drugs, technological aids, and, in particular
circumstances, gene therapy.
Reference: Muscular Dystrophy Association

Fibromyalgia
Cause: Unidentified, but thought to be related to anomalies
in the central nervous system's processing of pain.
Signs and symptoms: include fatigue, insomnia, cognitive
difficulties, and widespread musculoskeletal pain.
Diagnosis: Blood evaluation, tender point examination,
symptoms, and rule out other illnesses.
Treatment: options include pain and symptom medications, physical
activity, stress reduction methods, and lifestyle adjustments.
Reference: American College of Rheumatology

Myasthenia gravis
Cause: Autoimmune disease, which causes inflammation
in the joints by attacking them with the immune system.
Signs and symptoms: include joint pain, stiffness, edema,
fatigue, and joint abnormalities.
Diagnosis: physical examination, MRI and X-ray imaging studies, blood
testing for inflammatory markers. Treatment: includes physical therapy,
medications to lessen inflammation and reduce joint deterioration, and
changes in lifestyle.
Reference: Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America