Scientech 2708

Single Phase Controlled
Rectifier with Ramp

Comparator Firing Scheme
Scientech 2708
Product Tutorial
Ver 1.1
Designed & Manufactured in India by-

An ISO 9001:2008 company
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
94, Electronic Complex, Pardesipura, Indore - 452 010 India,
+ 91-731 4211100, : info@scientech.bz , : www.ScientechWorld.com
Scientech 2708
Single Phase Controlled Rectifier with
Ramp Comparator Firing Scheme
Scientech 2708
Table of Contents
1. Safety Instructions 3
2. Introduction 4
3. Features 5
4. Technical Specifications 5
5. Theory 6
6. Experiments
· Experiment 1 14
Study of Ramp comparator firing circuit for single phase
controlled rectifier
· Experiment 2 20
Study of single phase half wave controlled rectifier with resistive load
· Experiment 3 25
Study of single phase full wave controlled rectifier
(mid point configuration) with resistive load
· Experiment 4 30
Study of single phase semiconverter (half controlled bridge rectifier
common cathode configuration) with resistive load
· Experiment 5 34
common anode configuration) with resistive load
· Experiment 6 39
asymmetrical configuration) with resistive load
· Experiment 7 44
Study of single phase fully controlled bridge rectifier with resistive load
7. Data Sheet 49
8. Warranty 51
9. List of Accessories 51
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Scientech 2708
Safety Instructions
Read the following safety instructions carefully before operating the product.
To avoid any personal injury, or damage to the product, or any products connected to
it;
Do not operate the instrument if you suspect any damage within.
The instrument should be serviced by qualified personnel only.
For your Safety:
Use proper Mains cord : Use only the mains cord designed for this product.
Ensure that the mains cord is suitable for your
country.
Ground the Instrument : This product is grounded through the protective earth
conductor of the mains cord. To avoid electric shock
the grounding conductor must be connected to the
earth ground. Before making connections to the input
terminals, ensure that the instrument is properly
grounded.
Observe Terminal Ratings : To avoid fire or shock hazards, observe all ratings and
marks on the instrument.
Use only the proper Fuse : Use the fuse type and rating specified for this product.
Use in proper Atmosphere : Please refer to operating conditions given in the

manual.
1. Do not operate in wet / damp conditions.
2. Do not operate in an explosive atmosphere.
3. Keep the product dust free, clean and dry.
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Scientech 2708
Introduction
Scientech 2708 is a platform which helps Students to understand the various concepts
of Ramp comparator firing scheme for Single phase controlled rectifier. 2708 is also
useful for Students to understand the various rectifier configurations like half wave,
full wave, bridge, symmetrical & asymmetrical configurations. This platform is
provided with the in built AC & DC power supplies, sockets for making different
interconnections in the circuit and exhaustive learning material.
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Scientech 2708
Features
· In built Power Supply
· Easy to operate and understand
· Firing circuits on single board
· Gradual firing angle control 0 -180 º (approx.)
· Test points to observe output of different blocks
· On board AC sources of 15 V and 18 V
· More than six experiments can be performed on single board
· On board pulse transformer
· On board 4 nos. SCR Assembly and 3 nos. Diode Assembly
· 2mm socket provided to make different connections
Technical Specifications
On board ac source : 0 V - 15 V, 18 V - 0 V - 18 V
On board firing circuits : Ramp comparator firing scheme
Interconnections : 2 mm sockets
SCR assembly : 4 SCRs 2P4M, 400 V/ 2 A
Power Supply : 220V/110V, 50 Hz / 60 Hz
Test points : 8 nos
Interconnection : 2 mm socket (Gold plated)
Dimensions (mm) : W 420 x D 255 x H 100
Weight : 2 Kg. (approximately)
Operating Conditions : 0-400 C, 80% RH
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Scientech 2708
Theory
Earlier, DC power was obtained from motor – generator sets or AC power was
converted to DC power by means of mercury – arc rectifiers or thyratrons. The advent
of thyristors has changed the art of AC to DC conversion. Presently, Phase –
controlled AC to DC converters employing thyristors are extensively used for
changing constant AC input voltage to controlled DC output voltage. In industry
where there is a provision for modernization, mercury-arc rectifiers and thyratrons are
being replaced by thyristors.
In phase-controlled rectifiers, a thyristor is turned off as AC supply voltage reverse
biases it, provided anode current has fallen to level below the holding current. The
turning–‘Off’, or commutation, of a thyristor by supply voltage itself is called natural
commutation. As phase controlled rectifiers need no commutation circuitry, these are
simple, less expensive and are therefore widely used in industries where controlled
DC power is required.
Principle of phase control:
The simplest form of controlled rectifier circuits consist of a single thyristor feeding
DC power to a resistive load R. The source voltage is Vs = Vm sin ωt. An SCR can
conduct only when anode voltage is positive and a gating is applied. As such, a
thyristor blocks the flow of load current Io until it is triggered. At some delay angle α,
a positive gate signal applied between gate and cathode turns on the SCR,
Immediately, full supply voltage is applied to the load as Vo. At the instant of delay
angle α, Vo rises from zero to Vm sin α as shown in figure. For resistive load, current
Io is in phase with Vo. Firing angle of thyristor is measured from the instant, it would
start conducting if it were replaced by diode. If thyristor is replaced by diode, it would
begin conduction at ωt=0,2π, 4π etc.; firing angle is therefore measured from these
instants. A firing angle may thus be defined, as the angle between the instant thyristor
would conduct if it were a diode and the instant it is triggered. It is also defined as the
angle measured from the instant that gives the largest average output voltage to the
instant it is triggered.
Once the SCR is on , load current flows, until it is turned-off by reversal of voltage at
ωt=π, 3π, 5π etc. load current falls to zero and soon after the supply voltage reverse
biases the SCR , the device is therefore turn off. By varying the firing angle α, the
phase relationship between the start of the load current and the supply voltage can be
controlled.
Phase controlled rectifier:
There are two types of rectifier;
1. Half wave rectifier
2. Full wave rectifier
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Half wave controlled rectifier:
Single-phase half wave controlled rectifier means that the single SCR is used to
convert the AC to DC. During the positive half cycle of the input voltage, thyristor T1
is forward biased and current flows through the load when the thyristor is fired, at ωt
= α. The thyristor conducts only when the anode is positive with respect to cathode
and a positive gate signal is applied, otherwise, it remains in the forward blocking
state and blocks the flow of the load current.
Figure 1
In the negative half cycle, i.e., at ωt = π, the thyristor is in the reverse biased condition
and no current flows through the load. Thus, varying the firing angle at which the
thyristor starts conducting in positive half controls the average DC output voltage –
cycle. The waveforms of the above circuit are shown in figure. The output load
voltage and current is positive, i.e., they are one quadrant; it is called a half –wave
semi converter.
The average DC output voltage across load is given by
Vdc = Em (1+cos α) / 2π ……………..(1)
And
Vdc (max) = Em / π
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Scientech 2708
Average current is given by
Idc = Em (1+cos α) / 2πR ……………..(2)
And, the DC output power is
Pdc = Vdc X Idc …………….(3)
Full wave rectifier:
There are two types of full rectifier;
1. Mid-point configuration
2. Bridge configuration
Mid-point full wave rectifier:
The circuit diagram of a single-phase full-wave converter using center-tapped
transformer is shown in figure. When terminal ‘P’ of the transformer is positive w.r.t.
to terminal ‘Q’ in the positive half cycle of the supply, and if thyristor T1 is fired at ωt
= α, current flows from terminal ‘P’ through thyristor T1, the load resistance R and
back to the center-tap of the transformer. This current continues to flow up to 180˚and
when the input voltage changes its polarity, the thyristor T1 goes from the ON-state to
the off-state. In the negative half-cycle, when terminal ‘Q’ is positive w.r.t. Terminal
‘P’, if thyristor T2 is fired at ωt = (π +α), current flows through the thyristor T2, the
load resistance and back to the center-tap of the transformer. This current continues to
flow up to 2π when the thyristor T2 turns off. Thus, there are two current pulses of the
same direction across the load in one complete cycle. Since thyristor T1 and T2 are
forward biased during the positive and negative half cycles respectively.
Figure 2
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The average DC voltage across load is
Vdc = Em (1+cos α) / π ……………………..(4)
The average load current is
Idc = Em (1+cos α) / πR ……………………..(5)
Therefore, the DC output power is
Pdc = Vdc X Idc
Bridge type full wave rectifier:
There are two types of bridge configuration full wave rectifier:
1. Fully controlled bridge rectifier
2. Half controlled bridge rectifier
Fully controlled bridge rectifier:
A single-phase fully controlled bridge circuit consists of four thyristor as shown in
figure, with a resistive load. During the positive half cycle when terminal ‘P’ is
positive w.r.t.‘Q’, thyristors T1and T2 are in the forward blocking state and when
these thyristors fire simultaneously at ωt = α, the load is connected to the input
through T1 and T2. During negative half cycle i.e., after ωt = π, thyristor T3 and T4
are in the forward blocking state, and simultaneous firing of these thyristors reverse
biases the previously conducting thyristors T1 and T2. These reverse biased thyristors
turn off due to line or natural commutation and the load current transfers from T1and
T2 to T3 and T4. The voltage and current waveforms are shown in figure.
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Scientech 2708
Figure 3
The average DC voltage across load is
Vdc = Em (1+cos α) / π ………………(6)
The average load current is
Idc = Em (1+cos α) / πR ………….…..(7)
Therefore, the DC output power is
Pdc = Vdc X Idc
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Half controlled bridge rectifier:
In this configuration two thyristors are replaced by power diodes and can be
connected in either arm of the bridge. Depending on the connections, these are further
classified as
1. Symmetrical
2. Asymmetrical
Symmetrical configuration is in two types
1. Common cathode
2. Common anode
Out of these configurations, the common cathode symmetrical configuration is the
most commonly used configuration, because a single trigger can be used to fire both
thyristors without any electrical isolation.
During the positive half cycle, when ‘P’is more positive w.r.t. ‘Q’ and when thyristor
T1 is triggered, the load currents flows through T1 and the diode D2 in the circuit
shown in figure During the negative half – cycle, when ‘Q’ is more positive w.r.t. ‘P’,
the thyristor T2 and the diode D1 constitute the load current. The waveforms of the
voltage and current in relation to the input voltage are shown in figure.
Figure 4
Where, figure (a) is common cathode, (b) is common anode and (c) is asymmetrical
configuration
Average DC voltage across load is
Vdc = Em (1+ cos α) / π …………………….(8)
And average current is
Idc = Em (1+ cos α) / πR ……………………(9)
Average power is
Pdc = Vdc X Idc
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Scientech 2708
Single phase converter firing circuit:
For the single phase rectifier we use the ramp comparator-firing scheme.
A general block diagram for gate trigger circuit for single-phase converter is shown in
figure. The gating circuit consists of synchronizing transformer, diode rectifier; zero
crossing detectors, firing angle delay block, pulse transformer and power circuit.
Figure 5
Synchronizing mid-point transformer steps down the supply voltage suitable for zero
crossing detectors and for delivering DC supply Vcc to gate trigger circuit. The zero
crossing detector converts AC synchronizing input voltage into ramp voltage and
synchronizes this ramp voltage with the zero crossing of the ac supply voltage as
shown in figure. In the firing –angle delay block, the constant amplitude ramp voltage
is compared with control voltage Ec. When rising ramp voltage equals control voltage
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Ec, a pulse signal of controlled duration is generated as shown in figure These signals
are indicated as Vi for thyristors 1 and 2 and Vj for thyristors 3 and 4 for the power
circuit. If Ec is lowered, firing angle is decreased and in case Ec rose, firing angle
increased. This shows the firing angle is directly proportional to the control signal.
Figure 6
Firing angle in time is
α = (180 X T) / 10ms ..….…………(10)
So, T = (α X 10ms) / 180 ……………...(11)
Where, time T in ms
And , VRMS = VM / √2 …..………….(12)
Then, VM = √2 X VRMS .….………….(13)
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Scientech 2708
Experiment 1
Objective:
Study of Ramp comparator firing circuit for single phase controlled rectifier
Equipments Needed:
1. Power Electronics board, Scientech 2708
2. Oscilloscope Scientech 803/831, or equivalent
3. 2 mm patch cords.
4. Multimeter
Circuit diagram:
The basic firing circuit block diagram is shown in the figure 7 given below:
Figure 7
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Scientech 2708
Procedure:
· Make sure that there should not be any connections by patch cord on the board.
1. Rotate the firing angle control potentiometer in fully clockwise direction.
2. Connect BNC to Test Probe cable at CH1 of oscilloscope and switch on the
oscilloscope.
3. Switch ‘On’ the power.
4. Observe the sine wave ac signal between 15V and 0V point at AC source
section and note readings, amplitude of sine wave and time period.
Sinewave waveform at point 15V w.r.t 0V

5. Connect the multimeter in ac mode at 15V and 0V point at AC source section
and note ac voltage reading.
6. Observe the sine wave ac signal at 18V point w.r.t. 0V point at AC source
section and note readings, amplitude of sine wave and time period.
Sinewave waveform at point 18V w.r.t. 0V

7. Connect the multimeter in ac mode at 18V point w.r.t 0V point at AC source
section and note ac voltage reading.
8. Observe the sine wave ac signal at another 18V point w.r.t. 0V point at AC
source section and note reading, amplitude of sine wave and time period.
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Scientech 2708
Sinewave waveform at another 18V w.r.t. 0V

9. Connect the multimeter in ac mode at another 18V point w.r.t. 0V point at AC
source section and note ac voltage reading.
10. Observe the sine wave signal at both 18V point w.r.t. 0V at CH1 and CH2
channel of oscilloscope.
Sinewave waveform at both 18V point w.r.t 0V

11. Observe the output of Zero crossing detector 1 at point 1 with respect to ground
square wave obtained and note readings, amplitude of square wave and time
period.
Output of Zero crossing detector 1at point 1 w.r.t. ground
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12. Observe the output of Zero crossing detector 2 at point 2 with respect to ground
square wave obtained and note readings, amplitude of square wave and time
period.
Output of Zero crossing detector 2 at point 2 w.r.t. ground

13. Observe the output waveforms of both zero crossing detectors between point
‘1’and point ‘2’ with respect to ground at CH1 and CH2 channel of
oscilloscope.
Output waveform at Zero crossing Detector 1and 2 w.r.t. ground

14. Observe the output waveforms of ramp generator at point ‘3’with respect to
ground triangular wave (ramp waveform) obtained and note readings, amplitude
of ramp waveform and time period.
Waveform at point 3 w.r.t. ground
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15. Observe the output waveforms of ramp comparator and pulse generator at point
4 and at point 5 with respect to ground square wave obtained at CH1 and CH2
channel of oscilloscope, vary the firing angle control potentiometer and observe
the pulse width variation in square wave waveform.
16. Pulse 1 waveform at point 4 and pulse 2 waveform at point 5 both pulses are
180 º shifted to each other.
Output waveform at point 4 and point 5 w.r.t. ground

17. Connect the pulse1 and pulse 2 to the input of pulse transformer section by
2mm patch cord.
18. Observe the gate pulse at G1 with respect to K1 and vary the firing angle control
potentiometer and observe the variation in gate pulse.
Gate Pulse waveform
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Scientech 2708
Observation Table:
S. Input ZCD 1 ZCD 2 Ramp Pulse 1 Pulse 2

No Signal Output Output Output Output Output
Amp. Time Amp Time Amp. Time Amp Time Amp Tim Amp Time
. . . e .
1.
Sample Result Table:
S. Input ZCD 1 ZCD 2 Ramp Pulse 1 Pulse 2

No Signal Output Output Output Output Output
Am Time Amp Time Amp. Time Amp Time Amp Tim Amp Time
p. . . . e .
1. 30V 20ms 10V 20ms 10V 20ms 10V 10ms 10V 20m 10V 20m
s s
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Scientech 2708
Experiment 2
Objective:
Study of single phase half wave controlled rectifier with resistive load.
Equipments Needed:
4. Multimeter.
Circuit diagram:
The circuit diagram of basic single phase half wave controlled rectifier circuit
diagram is shown in the below figure 8
Figure 8
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Scientech 2708
Procedure:
· Make sure that there should not be any connections by patch cord on the
board
1. Rotate the firing angle control potentiometer in full clockwise direction.
3. Measure the ac voltage (Vrms) by multimeter between point 0V-15V and
calculate Em by Em =1.414 X Vrms.
4. Switch ‘Off’ the power.
5. Use SCR1 from SCR assembly and to construct single phase half wave
controlled rectifier configuration using 2mm patch cord..
6. Connect 15V point from AC source section to anode of SCR1.
7. Connect the one terminal of load resistor (point 6) to cathode terminal of SCR1
and other terminal of load resistor (point 7) is connect to 0V terminal of 15V
supply at ac source section.
8. Connect gate pulse G1 at gate (G) of SCR1 and connect K1 at cathode of SCR1
from ramp comparator firing circuit.
9. Verify the connection before switch on the power.
11. Connect the oscilloscope and voltmeter across the load.
12. Vary the firing angle control potentiometer and set on 0º, 18º, 36º, 54º, 72º, 90º,
108º, 126º and 162º firing angles using equation (11).
13. Observe the output waveforms and note the readings of voltage across load on
different firing angle.
14. Calculate the load current IDC and load power PDC from measured load voltage
Vo.
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Firing Angle Calculation:
AC voltage value Em =1.414 X Vrms.

Here Vrms is 15V and 18V reading on multimeter
Firing angle α = (180 X T) / 10ms
Output DC voltage Vdc = Em (1+ cos α) /2 π
Output DC Power Pdc = Vdc X Idc
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Output Waveform of Half Wave Controlled Rectifier

Observation Table:
S.No Em in Time Firing cosα Measured Calculated Measured Load Output

. (Volt) Period angle in Output Output Load Resistor Power at
T in (º) RMS DC DC Voltage Current in (kΩ) Load in
(ms) Voltage in (Volt) in (mA) (watt)
in (Volt) Vdc= Em P= V x I
(1+cos α) / 2π
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
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Sample Result Table: Here Vrms voltage is 16.5V ac voltage

(1+cos α) / 2π
1 23.34 0 0º 1 6.9 7.43 6.9 1K 0.047
2 23.34 1 18 º 0.951 6.8 7.23 6.8 1K 0.046
3 23.34 2 36 º 0.809 6.5 6.71 6.5 1K 0.042
4 23.34 3 54 º 0.587 6 5.88 6 1K 0.036
5 23.34 4 72 º 0.309 4.5 4.85 4.5 1K 0.020
6 23.34 5 90 º 0 3.3 3.71 3.3 1K 0.010
7 23.34 6 108 º -0.309 2.95 2.56 2.95 1K 0.008
8 23.34 7 126 º -0.587 1.4 1.53 1.4 1K 0.0019
9 23.34 8 144 º -0.809 0.7 0.70 0.7 1K 0.00049
10 23.34 9 162 º -0.951 0.18 0.18 0.18 1K 0.000032
11 23.34 10 180 º -1 0 0 0 1K 0
Conclusion: By varying the firing angle control potentiometer from ramp comparator
firing circuit, output voltage across the load terminal and their waveform changes
simultaneously.
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Experiment 3
Objective:
Study of single phase full wave controlled rectifier (mid-point configuration) with
resistive load.
Equipments Needed:
4. Multimeter.
Circuit diagram:
The circuit diagram of basic single phase full wave controlled rectifier (mid- point
configuration) circuit diagram is shown in the below figure 9
Figure 9
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Scientech 2708
Procedure:
board
3. Measure the ac voltage (Vrms) by multimeter between point 0V-18V and
5. Use SCR1 and SCR2 from SCR assembly and construct single phase full wave
controlled rectifier configuration using 2mm patch cord.
6. Connect 18V point from AC source section to anode of SCR1.
7. Connect another 18V point from AC source section to anode of SCR2.
8. Connect cathode of SCR1 to cathode of SCR2
9. Connect the one terminal of load resistor (point 6) to common cathode terminal
of SCR1 and SCR2 and other terminal of load resistor (point 7) is connect to 0V
terminal of 18V supply at ac source section.
17. Calculate the load current IDC and power PDC from measured load voltage Vo.
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Output DC voltage Vdc = Em (1+ cos α) /π
Output Waveform of Mid-point Full Wave Rectifier
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Observation Table:

(1+cos α) / π
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
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Sample Result Table: Here Vrms ac voltage is 20V ac

(1+cos α) / π
1 28.28 0 0º 1 17.78 18.01 17.78 1K 0.316
2 28.28 1 18 º 0.951 17.50 17.57 17.50 1K 0.306
3 28.28 2 36 º 0.809 16.30 16.29 16.30 1K 0.265
4 28.28 3 54 º 0.587 14.30 14.29 14.30 1K 0.204
5 28.28 4 72 º 0.309 11.50 11.78 11.50 1K 0.132
6 28.28 5 90 º 0 8.90 9.006 8.90 1K 0.079
7 28.28 6 108 º -0.309 6.10 6.22 6.10 1K 0.037
8 28.28 7 126 º -0.587 3.62 3.71 3.62 1K 0.0131
9 28.28 8 144 º -0.809 1.42 1.72 1.42 1K 0.0020
10 28.28 9 162 º -0.951 0.40 0.44 0.40 1K 0.00016
11 28.28 10 180 º -1 0 0 0 1K 0
simultaneously.
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Experiment 4
Objective:
Study of single phase semiconverter (half controlled bridge rectifier common cathode
configuration) with resistive load
Equipments Needed:
4. Multimeter.
Circuit diagram:
The circuit diagram of basic single phase semiconverter (half controlled bridge
rectifier common cathode configuration) circuit diagram is shown in figure 10
Figure 10
Procedure:
3. Measure the ac voltage (Vrms) by voltmeter between point 0V-15V and
5. Use SCR1 and SCR2 from SCR assembly and use diode D1 and diode D2 from
Diode assembly and to construct single phase semiconverter (common cathode)
configuration using 2mm patch cord.
6. Connect cathode of SCR1 to cathode of SCR2 and connect anode of diode D1 to
anode of diode D2.
7. Connect cathode of diode D1 to anode of SCR1 and cathode of diode D2 to
anode of SCR2.
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8. Connect the one terminal of load resistor (point 6) to common cathode terminal
of SCR1 and SCR2 and other terminal of load resistor (point 7) is connect to
common anode terminal of diode D1 and D2.
11. Connect 15V point from AC source section to anode of SCR1 or cathode of
diode D1 and connect 0V point of 15V supply from AC source section to anode
of SCR2 or cathode of diode D2.
different firing angles.
17. Calculate the load current IDC and load power PDC from measured load voltage
Vo.

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Output DC voltage Vdc = Em (1+ cos α) / π

Output Waveform of Half Controlled Bridge Rectifier
Observation Table :
(1+cos α) / π
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
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Sample Result Table : Here Vrms ac voltage is 15.80V ac

(1+cos α) / π
1 22.34 0 0º 1 13.0 14.2 13.0 1K 0.169
2 22.34 1 18 º 0.951 12.86 13.85 12.86 1K 0.165
3 22.34 2 36 º 0.809 12.31 12.84 12.31 1K 0.151
4 22.34 3 54 º 0.587 11.20 11.26 11.20 1K 0.125
5 22.34 4 72 º 0.309 9.25 9.29 9.25 1K 0.085
6 22.34 5 90 º 0 7.1 7.1 7.1 1K 0.050
7 22.34 6 108 º -0.309 4.9 4.90 4.9 1K 0.024
8 22.34 7 126 º -0.587 2.9 2.93 2.9 1K 0.0084
9 22.34 8 144 º -0.809 1.3 1.35 1.3 1K 0.00169
10 22.34 9 162 º -0.951 0.34 0.34 0.34 1K 0.000115
11 22.34 10 180 º -1 0 0 0 1K 0
simultaneously.
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Experiment 5
Objective:
Study of single phase semiconverter (half controlled bridge rectifier common anode
Equipments Needed:
4. Multimeter.
Circuit diagram:
rectifier common anode configuration) circuit diagram is shown in the below figure
11
Figure 11
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Procedure:
· Make sure that there should not be any connections by patch cord on the board
2. Switch ON the power.
5. Use diode D1 and diode D2 from Diode assembly and use SCR1 and SCR2
from SCR assembly and to construct single phase semiconverter (common
anode) configuration using 2mm patch cord.
6. Connect cathode of diode D1 to cathode of diode D2 and connect anode of
SCR1 to anode of SCR2.
7. Connect anode of diode D1 to cathode of SCR1 and anode of diode D2 to
cathode of SCR2.
8. Connect one terminal of load resistor (point 6) to common cathode terminal of
diode D1 and D2 and other terminal of load resistor (point 7) is connect to
common anode terminal of SCR1 and SCR2.
11. Connect 15V point from AC source section to anode of diode D1 or cathode of
SCR1 and connect 0V point of 15V supply from AC source section to anode of
diode D2 or cathode of SCR2.
15. Vary the firing control potentiometer and set on 0º, 18º, 36º, 54º, 72º, 90º, 108º,
126º and 162º firing angles using equation (11).
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Output DC voltage Vdc = Em (1+ cos α) /π
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Output waveform of Half Controlled Bridge Rectifier
Observation Table:

(1+cos α) / π
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
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Sample Result Table: Here Vrms voltage is 15.80V ac

(1+cos α) / π
1 22.34 0 0º 1 13.0 14.2 13.0 1K 0.169
2 22.34 1 18 º 0.951 12.86 13.85 12.86 1K 0.165
3 22.34 2 36 º 0.809 12.31 12.84 12.31 1K 0.151
4 22.34 3 54 º 0.587 11.20 11.26 11.20 1K 0.125
5 22.34 4 72 º 0.309 9.25 9.29 9.25 1K 0.085
6 22.34 5 90 º 0 7.1 7.1 7.1 1K 0.050
7 22.34 6 108 º -0.309 4.9 4.90 4.9 1K 0.024
8 22.34 7 126 º -0.587 2.9 2.93 2.9 1K 0.0084
9 22.34 8 144 º -0.809 1.3 1.35 1.3 1K 0.00169
10 22.34 9 162 º -0.951 0.34 0.34 0.34 1K 0.000115
11 22.34 10 180 º -1 0 0 0 1K 0
simultaneously.
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Experiment 6
Objective:
Study of single phase semiconverter (half controlled bridge rectifier asymmetrical
Equipments Needed:
4. Multimeter.
Circuit diagram:
rectifier asymmetrical configuration) circuit diagram is shown below in the figure 12
Figure 12
39
Scientech 2708
Procedure:
board
5. Use SCR1 and SCR2 from SCR assembly and use diode D1 and diode D2 from
Diode assembly and to construct single phase semiconverter (asymmetrical)
configuration using 2mm patch cord.
6. Connect cathode of SCR2 to anode of SCR1 and connect cathode of diode D2 to
anode of diode D1.
7. Connect cathode of SCR1 to cathode of diode D1 and connect anode of SCR2 to
anode of diode D2.
SCR1 and diode D1 and other terminal of load resistor (point 7) is connect to
common anode terminal of SCR2 and diode D2.
diode D1 or cathode of diode D2.
different firing angles.
40
Scientech 2708

Output waveform of Half Controlled Bridge Rectifier
41
Scientech 2708
Observation Table:

(1+cos α) / π
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
42
Scientech 2708
Sample Result Table:

(1+cos α) / π
1 22.34 0 0º 1 13.0 14.2 13.0 1K 0.169
2 22.34 1 18 º 0.951 12.86 13.85 12.86 1K 0.165
3 22.34 2 36 º 0.809 12.31 12.84 12.31 1K 0.151
4 22.34 3 54 º 0.587 11.20 11.26 11.20 1K 0.125
5 22.34 4 72 º 0.309 9.25 9.29 9.25 1K 0.085
6 22.34 5 90 º 0 7.1 7.1 7.1 1K 0.050
7 22.34 6 108 º -0.309 4.9 4.90 4.9 1K 0.024
8 22.34 7 126 º -0.587 2.9 2.93 2.9 1K 0.0084
9 22.34 8 144 º -0.809 1.3 1.35 1.3 1K 0.00169
10 22.34 9 162 º -0.951 0.34 0.34 0.34 1K 0.000115
11 22.34 10 180 º -1 0 0 0 1K 0
simultaneously.
43
Scientech 2708
Experiment 7
Objective:
Study of single phase fully controlled bridge rectifier with resistive load
Equipments Needed:
4. Multimeter.
Circuit diagram:
The circuit diagram of basic single phase fully controlled bridge rectifier circuit
diagram is shown below in the figure 13
Figure 13
44
Scientech 2708
Procedure:
3. Measure the AC voltage (Vrms) by voltmeter between point 0V-15V and
5. Use SCR1, SCR2, SCR3 and SCR4 from SCR assembly and to construct single
phase fully controlled bridge rectifier configuration using 2mm patch cord.
6. Connect cathode of SCR1 to cathode of SCR2 and connect anode of SCR3 to
anode of SCR4.
7. Connect cathode of SCR3 to anode of SCR1 and connect cathode of SCR4 to
anode of SCR2.
SCR1 and SCR2 and other terminal of load resistor (point 7) is connect to
common anode terminal of SCR3 and SCR4.
9. Connect gate pulse G1at gate (G) of SCR1 and connect K1 at cathode of SCR1
SCR2 or cathode of SCR4.
17. Vary the firing control pot and set on 0º, 18º, 36º, 54º, 72º, 90º, 108º, 126º and
162º firing angles using equation (11).
45
Scientech 2708

Output waveform of Bridge Controlled Rectifier

46
Scientech 2708
Observation Table:

(1+cos α) / π
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
47
Scientech 2708
Sample Result Table: Here Vrms voltage is 15.80V ac

(1+cos α) / π
1 22.34 0 0º 1 13.0 14.2 13.0 1K 0.169
2 22.34 1 18 º 0.951 12.86 13.85 12.86 1K 0.165
3 22.34 2 36 º 0.809 12.31 12.84 12.31 1K 0.151
4 22.34 3 54 º 0.587 11.20 11.26 11.20 1K 0.125
5 22.34 4 72 º 0.309 9.25 9.29 9.25 1K 0.085
6 22.34 5 90 º 0 7.1 7.1 7.1 1K 0.050
7 22.34 6 108 º -0.309 4.9 4.90 4.9 1K 0.024
8 22.34 7 126 º -0.587 2.9 2.93 2.9 1K 0.0084
9 22.34 8 144 º -0.809 1.3 1.35 1.3 1K 0.00169
10 22.34 9 162 º -0.951 0.34 0.34 0.34 1K 0.000115
11 22.34 10 180 º -1 0 0 0 1K 0
simultaneously.
48
Scientech 2708
Data Sheets
49
Scientech 2708
50
Scientech 2708
Warranty
1. We guarantee this product against all manufacturing defects for 24 months from
the date of sale by us or through our dealers.
2. The guarantee will become void, if
a. The product is not operated as per the instruction given in the Learning
Material.
b. The agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed.
c. The customer resells the instrument to another party.
d. Any attempt is made to service and modify the instrument.
3. The non-working of the product is to be communicated to us immediately giving
full details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically mentioning the
type, serial number of the product and date of purchase etc.
4. The repair work will be carried out, provided the product is dispatched securely
packed and insured. The transportation charges shall be borne by the customer.
Hope you enjoyed the Scientech Experience.
List of Accessories
1. 2mm Patch Cord 16” ............................................................................. 18 Nos.
2. Mains Cord ................................................................................................ 1 No.
3. Product Tutorial (CD)................................................................................. 1 No.
51
Scientech 2708
List of other Trainers available from us are:
Model Name
PE01 UJT Characteristics
PE02 MOSFET Characteristics
PE03 SCR Characteristics
PE04 TRIAC Characteristics
PE05 DIAC Characteristics
PE06 IGBT Characteristics
PE07 PUT Characteristics
PE10 SCR Triggering (R, RC Full wave, RC Half wave)
PE11 SCR Triggering (UJT)
PE12 SCR Triggering (IC555)
PE14 Ramp and Pedestal Triggering
PE16 SCR Triggering (PUT)
PE21 Ramp Comparator Firing Circuit
PE22 Three Phase Firing Circuit
PE23 PWM Circuit
PE24 Cycloconverter Firing Circuit
PE25 Ramp Pedestal Firing Circuit
PE26 Cosine Firing Circuit
PE27 Microcontroller Based Firing Circuit
PE40 SCR Lamp Flasher
PE41 SCR Alarm Circuit
PE42 Series Inverter
PE43 UJT Relaxation Oscillator
PE44 Single Phase PWM Inverter
Scientech 2700 High Voltage Power Electronic Lab
Scientech 2701 IGBT Characteristics
Scientech 2702 SCR Triggering (R, RC Half wave, RC Full wave)
Scientech 2703 SCR Triggering Techniques
Scientech 2704 Triggering of SCR using 74121 IC
Scientech 2705 SCR Lamp Flasher
Scientech 2706 SCR Alarm Circuit
Scientech 2707 Series Inverter
Scientech 2708 Single Phase Controlled Rectifier (with Ramp Comparator Firing
Scheme)
Scientech 2709 Single Phase Controlled Rectifier (Cosine Firing Scheme)
Scientech 2710 Single Phase Converter Firing Techniques (by TCA 785IC and
Triangular Comparator)
Scientech 2711 Lamp Dimmer
Scientech 2712 Power Electronics Lab
Scientech 2713 Single Phase Cycloconverter
Scientech 2714 Speed Control of Universal Motor using SCR
Scientech 2715 Speed Control of AC Motor using TRIAC
Scientech 2716 Microcontroller Based Firing Circuit for Controlled Rectifier
52
Scientech 2708
Scientech 2717 SCR Commutation Circuits
Scientech 2718 Bedford & Parallel Inverter
Scientech 2719 Step-Up Chopper
Scientech 2720 Single Phase Bridge Inverter
Scientech 2722 Step-Down Chopper
Scientech 2723 AC Chopper
Scientech 2724 Step-Down Chopper (MOSFET,IGBT, Transistor & SCR Based)
Scientech 2725 Step-Up Chopper (MOSFET, IGBT, Transistor & SCR Based)
Scientech 2726 Buck Converter
Scientech 2727 Boost Converter
Scientech 2728 Flyback Converter
Scientech 2729 Buck-Boost Converter
Scientech 2730 Forward Converter
and many more….……
53

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Single Phase Controlled

Rectifier with Ramp

Designed & Manufactured in India by-

Use in proper Atmosphere : Please refer to operating conditions given in the

Sinewave waveform at point 15V w.r.t 0V

Sinewave waveform at point 18V w.r.t. 0V

Sinewave waveform at another 18V w.r.t. 0V

Sinewave waveform at both 18V point w.r.t 0V

Output of Zero crossing detector 1at point 1 w.r.t. ground

Output of Zero crossing detector 2 at point 2 w.r.t. ground

Output waveform at Zero crossing Detector 1and 2 w.r.t. ground

Waveform at point 3 w.r.t. ground

Output waveform at point 4 and point 5 w.r.t. ground

Gate Pulse waveform

S. Input ZCD 1 ZCD 2 Ramp Pulse 1 Pulse 2

Sample Result Table:

S. Input ZCD 1 ZCD 2 Ramp Pulse 1 Pulse 2

AC voltage value Em =1.414 X Vrms.

Firing angle α = (180 X T) / 10ms

Output DC voltage Vdc = Em (1+ cos α) /2 π

Output DC Power Pdc = Vdc X Idc

Output Waveform of Half Wave Controlled Rectifier

S.No Em in Time Firing cosα Measured Calculated Measured Load Output

S.No Em in Time Firing cosα Measured Calculated Measured Load Output

AC voltage value Em =1.414 X Vrms.

Firing angle α = (180 X T) / 10ms

Output DC Power Pdc = Vdc X Idc

Output Waveform of Mid-point Full Wave Rectifier

S.No Em in Time Firing cosα Measured Calculated Measured Load Output

S.No Em in Time Firing cosα Measured Calculated Measured Load Output

AC voltage value Em =1.414 X Vrms.

Output DC voltage Vdc = Em (1+ cos α) / π

Output Waveform of Half Controlled Bridge Rectifier

S.No Em in Time Firing cosα Measured Calculated Measured Load Output

AC voltage value Em =1.414 X Vrms.

Firing angle α = (180 X T) / 10ms

Output DC voltage Vdc = Em (1+ cos α) /π

Output DC Power Pdc = Vdc X Idc

Output waveform of Half Controlled Bridge Rectifier

S.No Em in Time Firing cosα Measured Calculated Measured Load Output

S.No Em in Time Firing cosα Measured Calculated Measured Load Output

AC voltage value Em =1.414 X Vrms.

Output waveform of Half Controlled Bridge Rectifier

S.No Em in Time Firing cosα Measured Calculated Measured Load Output

S.No Em in Time Firing cosα Measured Calculated Measured Load Output

AC voltage value Em =1.414 X Vrms.

Output waveform of Bridge Controlled Rectifier

S.No Em in Time Firing cosα Measured Calculated Measured Load Output

S.No Em in Time Firing cosα Measured Calculated Measured Load Output

and many more….……

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