Step-Up Chopper

Scientech 2719

Product Tutorials
Ver. 1.1

Designed & Manufactured in India by-

An ISO 9001:2008 company
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
94, Electronic Complex, Pardesipura, Indore - 452 010 India,
+ 91-731 4211100, : info@scientech.bz , : www.ScientechWorld.com
Scientech 2719
Step-Up Chopper
Scientech 2719
Table of Contents
1. Safety Instructions 3
2. Introduction 4
3. Features 5
4. Technical Specifications 6
5. Theory 7
6. Experiments
· Experiment 1 16
Study of SCR firing circuit
· Experiment 2 18
Study of Step-Up Chopper with resistive load
· Experiment 3 22
Study of Step-Up Chopper with resistive – inductive load

7. Data Sheets 26
8. Warranty 29
9. List of Accessories 29

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Scientech 2719
Safety Instructions
Read the following safety instructions carefully before operating the product.
To avoid any personal injury, or damage to the product, or any products connected to
it;
Do not operate the instrument if you suspect any damage within.
The instrument should be serviced by qualified personnel only.
For your Safety:
Use proper Mains cord : Use only the mains cord designed for this product.
Ensure that the mains cord is suitable for your
country.
Ground the Instrument : This product is grounded through the protective earth
conductor of the mains cord. To avoid electric shock
the grounding conductor must be connected to the
earth ground. Before making connections to the input
terminals, ensure that the instrument is properly
grounded.

Observe Terminal Ratings : To avoid fire or shock hazards, observe all ratings and
marks on the instrument.

Use only the proper Fuse : Use the fuse type and rating specified for this product.

Use in proper Atmosphere : Please refer to operating conditions given in the

manual.
1. Do not operate in wet / damp conditions.
2. Do not operate in an explosive atmosphere.
3. Keep the product dust free, clean and dry.

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Scientech 2719
Introduction

Scientech 2719 is a learning platform which is very useful for Students to understand
the concept of thyristor firing method & working of DC to DC conversion on various
load configurations.
Platform is provided with inbuilt DC power supply & exhaustive learning material.

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Features

· In built DC Power Supply

· On board firing circuit
· Test points provided to check the outputs at different blocks
· Easy to operate and understand
· Sockets provided to make different connections

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Technical Specifications

On board firing circuit : Triangular wave comparator firing scheme

Frequency variation : 27 Hz to 5 KHz (approx.)
PWM variation : 0 - 50%
Interconnections : 2 mm sockets
SCR assembly : SCR TYN 616, 600 V, 16A
Test points : 5 nos
Mains Supply : 220V/110V; 50 Hz / 60Hz
Dimensions (mm) : W 420 x D 255 x H 100
Weight : 1 Kg. (approximately)
Operating Conditions : 0-400 C, 80% RH
Product Tutorial : Online (Theory, procedure, reference results, etc),

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Theory
Introduction:
The electrical engineering field is generally divided into three areas of specialization:
1. Electronics
2. Power
3. Control
Electronics essentially deals with the study of semiconductor devices and circuits for
the processing of information at lower power levels. In this rapidly developing
scenario, electronics is the most important branch of engineering. The Power area
deals with both the rotating and static equipment for the generation, transmission,
distribution & utilization of vast quantities of electrical power. The transmission &
distribution system is a very vital link between generation & utilization of electrical
power in a country.Power Electronics deals with the use of electronics for the control
& conversion of large amount of electrical power. The design of Power Electronic
equipment involves interaction between the source and the load, & utilizes small
signal electronic control circuits as well as power semiconductor devices. Therefore,
Power Electronics depends upon all other areas of electrical engineering. The major
components of the power electronic circuits are the thyristors. Therefore power
electronics relates to thyristor circuitry, its design & role in the control of power flow
in the system. Thyristor is a fast switching semiconductor & its function is to
modulate the power in AC & DC systems. The Power Electronics Circuits are also
called Thyristorized Power Converters.These controllers are generally classified into
the following five broad categories:
1. Phase controlled rectifiers
2. Inverters
3. Choppers
4. Cycloconverters
5. AC regulators
Introduction to SCR:
A Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) is a 4-layered PNPN switching device, having
three junctions J1, J2 and J3. It has three external terminals, namely, the Anode (A),
Cathode (K), & Gate (G). The anode & cathode are connected to the main power
circuit. The gate terminal carries a low level gate current in the direction from gate to
cathode. Normally the gate is provided nearer to the cathode. This is known as
cathode gate. The internal structure and the symbol of the SCR are shown in
following figure.

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Scientech 2719

Structure of the SCR

Symbol of the SCR

Theory of Operation: When the P layer is made positive with respect to the N Layer,
the two outer junctions, J1 & J3 are forward biased but the middle Junction J2 becomes
reverse biased. Thus due to the presence of the depletion layer, the junction J2 does
not allow any current to flow through the device. Only the leakage current due to the
drift in mobile charges, flows through the device which is insufficient to make the
device conducting. As the depletion layer is made of immobile charges, therefore no
current flows through the device. In other words, the SCR will be in non conducting
state still it is in forward biased. This state is known as ‘Forward Blocking State’ or
‘Off State’ of the device.When the N layer is made positive with respect to the P
Layer, the two outer junctions, J1 & J3 are reverse biased. Only the leakage current
due to the drift in mobile charges, flows through the device which is insufficient to
make the device conducting. This state is known as ‘Reverse Blocking State’ or ‘Off’
State of the device. As we know that width of depletion layer is inversely proportional
to the voltage therefore the width of depletion layer at the junction J2 decreases with
the increase in anode to cathode voltage. If the voltage between the anode & cathode
is kept increasing, a stage comes when the depletion layer at J2 vanishes. The reverse
biased junction J2 will breakdown due to the large voltage gradient across its
depletion layer. This phenomenon is known as ‘Avalanche Breakdown’. Since the
other junctions, J1 & J3 are already forward biased, there will be a free carrier
movement across all the three junctions resulting in a large amount of current flowing
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Scientech 2719
through the device from anode to cathode. Due to the flow of this forward current, the
device starts conducting and it is then said to be in ‘Conducting State’ or ‘On State’.
Overview of Choppers:
Many industrial applications require a variable DC voltage source; therefore it is
necessary to convert fixed voltage into a variable voltage. This variable voltage can be
obtained either from AC supply voltage or from a fixed DC voltage. A variable DC
output voltage can be obtained either by an AC link choppers or a DC chopper.
In AC link chopper, a fixed DC input is first converted into an AC by an inverter then
the output of the inverter is stepped-up or stepped-down by a transformer which is
then converted back by an uncontrolled rectifier. However in DC chopper direct DC-
to-DC conversion is done. Thus, a chopper can be used as a stepped-down or stepped-
up DC input voltage. If we compare both the choppers AC link & DC choppers,
design of DC chopper is efficient, smaller in size, & low in cost because of the single
stage conversion. Therefore, it is widely used in regulated Switched Mode Power
Supplies.
Control Strategies:
As it is clear that, the average value of output voltage, Eo can be controlled by
periodic opening & closing of the switches. The two ways of control strategies for
operating the switches are employed in DC Choppers, they are:
1. Time-Ratio Control (TRC)
2. Current Limit Control
Time-Ratio Control (TRC):
In the Time-Ratio Control, the value of Ton/T is varied which is affected in two ways.
They are constant frequency and variable frequency operations.
Constant Frequency System: In this type of control strategy, the on time Ton is
varied but the chopping frequency f is kept constant. This control strategy is also
called ‘Pulse Width Modulation Control’. The following figure shows the pulse width
modulation. From figure it is clear that the chopping period T is constant. The output
voltage Eo can be varied by varying the on time Ton.

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Figure 1
Variable Frequency System:
In this type of control strategy, the chopping frequency f is varied and either-On time
Ton is kept constant or off time Toff is kept constant. This type of control is also called
as Frequency Modulation Control. The following figure shows the principle of
frequency modulation. From the figure 2(a) it is clear that the chopping period T is
varied but On-time Ton is kept constant. The output voltage waveforms are shown for
two different duty cycles.

Figure 2 (a)

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From the figure 2 (b) it is clear that the chopping period T is varied but on time Ton is
kept constant.

Figure 2 (b)

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Frequency modulation control strategy has the following major disadvantages as
compared to Pulse-Width Modulation Control.
(I) The chopping frequency has to be varied over a wide range for the control of
output voltage. In Frequency Modulation, Filter design for such wide frequency
variation is therefore quite difficult.
(II) For the control of duty cycle, frequency variation would be wide. As, there is a
possibility of interference with signaling & telephone lines in frequency
modulation technique.
(III) The large ‘Off’ time in Frequency Modulation technique may result in the
discontinuities in the load current, which is undesirable.
Thus, the constant frequency system (PWM) is the preferred scheme for chopper
drives.
Current Limit Control:
In current limit control strategy, the chopper is switched ‘On’ & ‘Off’ so that the
current in the load is maintained between two limits. When the current exceeds the
upper limit, the chopper is off. During off period, the load current falls & decreases
exponentially. When it reaches the lower limit, the chopper is switched ‘On’. Current
limit control is possible either with constant frequency or with constant Ton. The
current limit control is used only when the load has energy storage elements. The
reference values are the load current or load voltage. The following figure shows the
principle of current limit control.

Figure 3
Since the chopper operates between prescribed current limits, discontinuity cannot
occur. The difference between Iomax & Iomin, decides the switching frequency. The
ripple in the load current can be reduced if the difference between the Iomax & Iomin
limits is the largest. This in turn increases chopper frequency thereby increasing the
switching losses.

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Introduction to the Triangular Firing Scheme:
Following block diagram illustrates the triangular firing scheme.

Triangular Wave Firing Scheme

Figure 4

From the above figure it is clear that the square wave is generated by using square
wave generator. Basically a square wave generator is nothing but a comparator whose
inverting input is at 0V and non-inverting terminal with a voltage from positive
feedback results in square wave. Now this square wave is converted into the triangular
wave by an integrator. This triangular wave is compared with some reference voltage
which results into the generation of pulse width modulated wave with variable duty
cycle from 0-50% & variable frequency from 27 Hz to 5 KHz.
Step-Up Chopper:
The chopper configuration of figure is capable of giving a maximum voltage that is
slightly smaller than the input DC voltage (i.e, E0<Edc).Therefore, the chopper
configuration of figure is called as Step-Up Chopper. However, the chopper can also
be used to produce higher voltage at the load than the input voltage (i.e., E0>Edc). This
is called as Step-Up Chopper and is illustrated in figure.

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Scientech 2719

Step –Up Chopper

Figure 5
When the chopper is “On”, the inductor L is connected to the supply Edc, and inductor
stores energy during on-period, Ton.
When the chopper is “Off”, the inductor current is forced to flow through the diode
and load for a period Toff. As the current tends to decrease, polarity of the emf induced
in the inductor L is reversed to that of shown in figure and as a result voltage across
the load E0 becomes
Eo = Edc + Ldis\dt
i.e., the inductor voltage adds to the source voltage to force the inductor current into
the load. In this manner, the energy stored in the inductor is released to the load. Here,
higher value of inductance L is preferred for getting lesser ripple in the output.
During the time Ton, when the chopper is “On”, the energy input to the inductor from
the source is given by
Wi = Edc ´ Is ´ Ton
Equation is based on the assumption that the source current is free from ripples.
Now, during the time Toff, when chopper is “Off”, energy released by the inductor to
the load is given by
Wi = (E0 - Edc) ´ Is ´ Toff
Considering the system to be lossless, and, in the steady-state, these two energies will
be equal.
Edc ´ Is ´ Ton = (E0 - Edc) ´ Is ´ Toff
or
E0 = Edc (Ton + Toff / Toff)
or
E0 = Edc (T / T - Ton)
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Scientech 2719
or
E0 = Edc [1 / (T/T – Ton /T)]

But, Ton / T = α

E0 = Edc / (1 - α) Where
Ton = ‘On’ time of the chopper.
Toff = ‘Off’ time of the chopper.
T (Ton+Toff) = Chopping period
If α =Ton/T be the duty cycle

Thus the load voltage can be controlled by varying the duty cycle of the chopper.

For α = 0, E0 = Edc; and α = 1, E0 = ∞.

Hence, for variation of a duty cycle α in the range 0 < α < 1, the output voltage E0
will vary in the range Edc < E0 < ∞.

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Scientech 2719
Experiment 1
Objective:
Study of SCR Firing Circuit.
Equipments Needed:
1. Oscilloscope-Scientech 803/831, or equivalent
2. BNC to Test Probe
Connection Diagram:

Firing Circuit

Figure 6

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Procedure:
Make sure that there is no connection on the board initially.
1. Rotate the frequency control potentiometer gradually in the clockwise direction.
2. Similarly, rotate the PWM control potentiometer also in the clockwise direction.
3. Switch ‘On’ the power supply.
4. Observe the square wave output between Test Points TP1 & TP2.
5. Observe the triangular wave output at Test Points TP3 with respect to the
ground.
6. Vary the frequency control potentiometer and observe the variation in
frequency.
7. Observe the reference voltage (Vref) at Test Points TP4 with respect to ground.
8. Vary the PWM control potentiometer & observe the change in voltage either on
the multimeter or on the oscilloscope by putting it into the DC Mode.
9. Observe the PWM signal at Firing pulse with respect to the ground.
10. Set the frequency control potentiometer to some value, then vary the PWM
control potentiometer & observe the PWM signal.
11. Record the maximum & minimum frequency and pulse width in the observation
table.
Observation Table:
S. No Minimum Maximum Minimum Pulse Maximum
Frequency Frequency Width Pulse Width
(Hz) (Hz) (%) (%)
1

Conclusion: By changing the frequency control potentiometer, the frequency of the

PWM signal changes from minimum to maximum i.e. from 27 Hz to 5 KHz & by
changing the PWM control potentiometer the pulse width varies from 0-50%.

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Scientech 2719
Experiment 2
Objective:
Study of Step-Up Chopper with resistive load.
Equipments Needed:
1. Scientech Oscilloscope 801/831
2. Multimeter: Scientech 4011 Handheld
3. Scientech 2719 Step-Up Chopper
4. Patch Cords & Operating manual
5. BNC to Test Probe

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Connection diagram:

Figure 7

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Scientech 2719
Procedure:
Make sure that there is no connection on the board initially.
1. Connect the power supply +24V & ground at their indicated positions.
2. Connect the firing pulse from the SCR firing circuit to the gate of the SCR.
3. Connect the resistive load at its indicated position.
4. Switch ‘On’ the power supply.
5. Set the frequency control potentiometer at 1 KHz.
6. Vary the PWM control potentiometer & observe the output waveform across the
load.
7. Record the output voltage across the load by varying the PWM control
potentiometer.
8. Verify the output DC voltage with the theoretical value.
9. Switch ‘Off’ the power supply.
10. Disconnect all the connections from the board & switch ‘On’ the instrument.
11. Set the frequency control potentiometer at 500 Hz & repeat the experiment from
step 5 onwards.
Observation Table:

S. Frequency PWM Measured Theoretical

No. (Hz) (%) Output Output % error
Voltage (V) Voltage (V)
1

Conclusion: By changing the PWM Control Potentiometer from minimum to

maximum, the output DC voltage across the load increases.
Calculation:
The output DC voltage E0 is given by the following equation:

E0 = Edc / (1 - α)
Where
Edc = input DC voltage
α = Ton/T be the duty cycle

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Scientech 2719
Experiment 3
Objective:
Study of Step-Up Chopper with RL load.
Equipments Needed:
1. Scientech Oscilloscope 801/831
2. Multimeter: Scientech 4011 Handheld
3. Scientech 2719 Step-Up Chopper
4. Patch Cords & Operating manual
5. BNC to Test Probe

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Scientech 2719
Connection Diagram:

Figure 8

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Procedure:
Make sure that there is no connection on the board initially.
1. Connect the power supply +24V & ground at their indicated positions.
2. Connect the firing pulse from the SCR firing circuit to the gate of the SCR.
3. Connect the RL load at its indicated position.
4. Switch ‘On’ the power supply.
5. Set the frequency control potentiometer at 1 KHz.
6. Vary the PWM control potentiometer & observe the output waveform across the
load.
7. Record the output voltage across the load by varying the PWM control
potentiometer.
8. Verify the output DC voltage with the theoretical value.
9. Switch off the power supply.
10. Disconnect all the connections from the board & switch ‘On’ the instrument.
11. Set the frequency control potentiometer at 500 Hz & repeat the experiment from
step 5 onwards.
Observation Table:
S. No Frequency PWM Measured Theoretical
(Hz) (%) Output Voltage Output Voltage % error
(V) (V)
1

Conclusion: By changing the PWM Control Potentiometer from minimum to

maximum, the output DC voltage across the load increases.
Calculation:
The output DC voltage EO is given by the following equation:
E0 = Edc / (1 - α)
Where
Edc = input DC voltage
α = Ton/T be the duty cycle

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Data Sheets

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Warranty
1. We guarantee this product against all manufacturing defects for 24 months from
the date of sale by us or through our dealers.
2. The guarantee will become void, if
a. The product is not operated as per the instruction given in the Learning
Material.
b. The agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed.
c. The customer resells the instrument to another party.
d. Any attempt is made to service and modify the instrument.
3. The non-working of the product is to be communicated to us immediately giving
full details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically mentioning the
type, serial number of the product and date of purchase etc.
4. The repair work will be carried out, provided the product is dispatched securely
packed and insured. The transportation charges shall be borne by the customer.
Hope you enjoyed the Scientech Experience.

List of Accessories
1. Mains Cord ................................................................................................ 1 No.
2. 2 mm Patch Cord (Red) 16” ....................................................................... 1 No.
3. 2 mm Patch Cord (Black) 16” .................................................................... 1 No.
4. 2 mm Patch Cords (Blue) 16” ................................................................... 8 Nos.
5. Product Tutorial (CD)................................................................................ 1 No.

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Scientech 2719
List of other Trainers available from us are:
Model Name
PE01 UJT Characteristics
PE02 MOSFET Characteristics
PE03 SCR Characteristics
PE04 TRIAC Characteristics
PE05 DIAC Characteristics
PE06 IGBT Characteristics
PE07 PUT Characteristics
PE10 SCR Triggering (R, RC Full wave, RC Half wave)
PE11 SCR Triggering (UJT)
PE12 SCR Triggering (IC555)
PE13 SCR Triggering (IC74121)
PE14 Ramp and Pedestal Triggering
PE15 SCR Triggering (IC741)
PE16 SCR Triggering (PUT)
PE21 Ramp Comparator Firing Circuit
PE22 Three Phase Firing Circuit
PE23 PWM Circuit
PE24 Cycloconverter Firing Circuit
PE25 Ramp Pedestal Firing Circuit
PE26 Cosine Firing Circuit
PE27 Microcontroller Base Firing Circuit
PE40 SCR Lamp Flasher
PE41 SCR Alarm Circuit
PE42 Series Inverter
PE43 UJT Relaxation Oscillator
PE44 Single Phase PWM Inverter
Scientech 2700 High Voltage Power Electronic Lab
Scientech 2701 IGBT Characteristics
Scientech 2702 SCR Triggering (R, RC Half wave, RC Full wave)
Scientech 2703 SCR Triggering Techniques
Scientech 2704 Triggering of SCR using 74121 IC
Scientech 2705 SCR Lamp Flasher
Scientech 2706 SCR Alarm Circuit
Scientech 2707 Series Inverter
Scientech 2708 Single Phase Controlled Rectifier (with Ramp Comparator Firing
Scheme)
Scientech 2709 Single Phase Controlled Rectifier (Cosine Firing Scheme)
Scientech 2710 Single Phase Converter Firing Techniques (by TCA 785IC and
Triangular Comparator)
Scientech 2711 Lamp Dimmer
Scientech 2712 Electronics Power Lab
Scientech 2713 Single Phase Cyclo-Converter
Scientech 2714 Speed Control of Universal Motor using SCR
Scientech 2715 Speed Control of AC Motor using TRIAC
Scientech 2716 Microcontroller Based Firing Circuit for Controlled Rectifier

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Scientech 2719
Scientech 2717 SCR Commutation Circuits
Scientech 2718 Bedford & Parallel Inverter
Scientech 2719 Step-Up Chopper
Scientech 2720 Single Phase Bridge Inverter
Scientech 2722 Step-Down Chopper
Scientech 2723 AC Chopper
Scientech 2724 Step-Down Chopper (MOSFET,IGBT, Transistor & SCR Based)
Scientech 2725 Step-Up Chopper (MOSFET, IGBT, Transistor & SCR Based)
Scientech 2726 Buck Converter
Scientech 2727 Boost Converter
Scientech 2728 Flyback Converter
Scientech 2729 Flyback Converter
Scientech 2730 Buck Boost Converter

and many more….……

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