5

2 When an organic acid, RCOOH, is neutralised by an alkali an exothermic reaction takes place. You
will determine the enthalpy change of neutralisation, ΔH, for the following reaction.

RCOOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) RCOONa(aq) + H2O(l)

In this equation R is an alkyl group.

FA 3 is a solution containing 120.1 g dm–3 of RCOOH.


FA 4 is aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH.


(a) Method

Experiment 1


●●  upport the cup in the 250 cm3 beaker.

S
●● Use the 25 cm3 measuring cylinder to transfer 25.0 cm3 of FA 3 into the cup.
●● Measure and record the temperature of this FA 3. Rinse the thermometer.
●● Place 25.0 cm3 of FA 4 into the 50 cm3 measuring cylinder.
●● Measure and record the temperature of the FA 4 in the measuring cylinder. Rinse the
thermometer.
●● Tip the FA 4 from the measuring cylinder into the cup. Stir, then measure and record the
highest temperature reached.
●● Calculate and record the average initial temperature of FA 3 and FA 4.
●● Calculate and record the difference between the average initial temperature and the
highest temperature reached.
●● Rinse and dry the cup for use in Experiment 2.

Experiment 2


●●  epeat Experiment 1 using 50.0 cm3 of FA 3 and FA 4. You will need to use the 25 cm3
R
measuring cylinder twice to measure the FA 3.
●● Calculate and record the average initial temperature of FA 3 and FA 4.
●● Calculate and record the difference between the average initial temperature and the
highest temperature reached.

[4]

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(b) Calculations

(i) Calculate the energy released in Experiment 1.

(Assume that 4.2 J of energy changes the temperature of 1.0 cm3 of solution by 1.0 °C.)

 energy released = .............................. J [1]

(ii) Calculate the number of moles of RCOOH used in Experiment 1. Assume that the relative
molecular mass, Mr, of RCOOH is 122.
Show your working.

 moles of RCOOH = .............................. mol [2]

(iii) 
Calculate the enthalpy change of neutralisation, ΔH, of RCOOH. Assume that the
sodium hydroxide is in excess.

 enthalpy change of neutralisation of RCOOH = ...... ............................. kJ mol–1

sign value [1]

(c) Each measuring cylinder can be read to an accuracy of ± 0.5 cm3.

Calculate the total maximum percentage error in the volumes of solution measured in each of
Experiments 1 and 2.

Experiment 1

 total maximum percentage error = .............................. %

Experiment 2

 total maximum percentage error = .............................. %

[2]

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(d) A student repeated both experiments in (a) using hydrochloric acid in place of RCOOH.

Suggest how the temperature rise when using HCl would compare to the temperature rise
recorded in (a). Assume all volumes and concentrations of solutions, in mol dm–3, are the same.

Explain your answer by considering the chemical bonds involved.

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................... [2]

 [Total: 12]

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Qualitative analysis

Where reagents are selected for use in a test, the name or correct formula of the element or compound
must be given.

At each stage of any test you are to record details of the following:

● colour changes seen

● the formation of any precipitate and its solubility in an excess of the reagent added
● the formation of any gas and its identification by a suitable test.

You should indicate clearly at what stage in a test a change occurs.

If any solution is warmed, a boiling tube must be used.

Rinse and reuse test-tubes and boiling tubes where possible.

No additional tests for ions present should be attempted.

3 (a) 
FB 9 contains one anion and one cation both of which are listed in the Qualitative Analysis
Notes.

(i) Heat a small spatula measure of FB 9 strongly in a hard-glass test-tube.

Allow the test-tube and contents to cool.
Record all your observations.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) Add a small spatula measure of FB 9 to a 3 cm depth of dilute sulfuric acid in a test‑tube.
Record all your observations.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(iii)
If necessary, pour off the solution obtained in (a)(ii) in order to separate it from any
remaining solid.
Divide this solution into two equal portions in boiling tubes.
Carry out the following tests and record your observations.

To the first boiling tube add aqueous sodium hydroxide.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

To the second boiling tube add aqueous ammonia.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
[2]

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(iv) Suggest the identity of FB 9.

FB 9 is ...................................................... . [1]

(b) 
FB 10 contains one anion and one cation.

(i) Carry out the following tests and record your observations in the table.

test observations
Test 1
To a 1 cm depth of aqueous
copper(II) nitrate in a boiling tube, add
an equal volume of FB 10, then

warm the mixture gently and carefully.

Then

add one piece of aluminium foil.

Test 2
Warm a 1 cm depth of FB 10 gently
in a boiling tube. Add one piece of
aluminium foil. Allow the reaction to
continue for one minute, then
decant the solution into a boiling tube
and add dilute hydrochloric acid until in
excess.

Test 3
To a 1 cm depth of aqueous
chromium(III) sulfate in a test‑tube, add
FB 10 dropwise.

[5]

(ii) Deduce the identity of the ions in FB 10.

If you were unable to deduce the identity of an ion, write ‘unknown’.

cation anion

 [1]

 [Total: 13]

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Qualitative analysis notes

1 Reactions of aqueous cations

reaction with
ion
NaOH(aq) NH3(aq)

aluminium, white ppt. white ppt.

Al 3+(aq) soluble in excess insoluble in excess

ammonium, no ppt.
–
NH4+(aq) ammonia produced on heating

barium, faint white ppt. is nearly always

no ppt.
Ba2+(aq) observed unless reagents are pure

calcium,
white ppt. with high [Ca2+(aq)] no ppt.
Ca2+(aq)

chromium(III), grey-green ppt. grey-green ppt.

Cr3+(aq) soluble in excess insoluble in excess

copper(II), pale blue ppt. pale blue ppt. soluble in excess

Cu2+(aq) insoluble in excess giving dark blue solution

green ppt. turning brown on contact green ppt. turning brown on contact
iron(II),
with air with air
Fe2+(aq)
insoluble in excess insoluble in excess

iron(III), red-brown ppt. red-brown ppt.

Fe3+(aq) insoluble in excess insoluble in excess

magnesium, white ppt. white ppt.

Mg2+(aq) insoluble in excess insoluble in excess

off-white ppt. rapidly turning brown off-white ppt. rapidly turning brown
manganese(II),
on contact with air on contact with air
Mn2+(aq)
insoluble in excess insoluble in excess

zinc, white ppt. white ppt.

Zn2+(aq) soluble in excess soluble in excess

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2 Reactions of anions

ion reaction

carbonate, CO2 liberated by dilute acids

CO3 2–

chloride, gives white ppt. with Ag+(aq) (soluble in NH3(aq))

Cl –(aq)

bromide, gives cream ppt. with Ag+(aq) (partially soluble in NH3(aq))

Br (aq)
–

iodide, gives yellow ppt. with Ag+(aq) (insoluble in NH3(aq))

I –(aq)

nitrate, NH3 liberated on heating with OH–(aq) and Al foil

NO3–(aq)

nitrite, NH3 liberated on heating with OH–(aq) and Al foil

NO2–(aq)

sulfate, gives white ppt. with Ba2+(aq) (insoluble in excess dilute strong acids)
SO42–(aq)

sulfite, gives white ppt. with Ba2+(aq) (soluble in excess dilute strong acids)
SO3 (aq)2–

3 Tests for gases

gas test and test result

ammonia, NH3 turns damp red litmus paper blue
carbon dioxide, CO2 gives a white ppt. with limewater (ppt. dissolves with excess CO2)
chlorine, Cl 2 bleaches damp litmus paper
hydrogen, H2 ‘pops’ with a lighted splint
oxygen, O2 relights a glowing splint

© UCLES 2021 9701/34/M/J/21

© UCLES 2021
The Periodic Table of Elements
Group
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 2

H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1.0 4.0
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
6.9 9.0 relative atomic mass 10.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 20.2
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
23.0 24.3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 27.0 28.1 31.0 32.1 35.5 39.9
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39.1 40.1 45.0 47.9 50.9 52.0 54.9 55.8 58.9 58.7 63.5 65.4 69.7 72.6 74.9 79.0 79.9 83.8
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
12

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
85.5 87.6 88.9 91.2 92.9 95.9 – 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3

9701/34/M/J/21
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
lanthanoids
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
132.9 137.3 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 – – –
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116
actinoids
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Fl Lv
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium flerovium livermorium
– – – – – – – – – – – – –

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
138.9 140.1 140.9 144.4 – 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.1 175.0
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
– 232.0 231.0 238.0 – – – – – – – – – – –

Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge