Balancing Chemical Equations

Stoichiometry is the process of calculating the quantities of reactants and products and relating them to
each other. Applying the law of conservation of mass, the total amount of reactants is expected to be
equal to the total amount of the reactants.

From ancient times, fire has fascinated people due to its many uses. Fire provides heat which is needed in
daily activities such as cooking, burning things or combustion, and keeping warm. Early scientists such as
George Ernst Stahl and Priestly studied fire and the changes it brings to materials such as changes in
mass. In some of their experiments, the mass of the material increased after a reaction while in others, it
decreased. Stahl, Priestly, and many others believed that it is because of the release of a substance called
phlogiston. They then came up with the Phlogiston Theory, the earliest theory of burning. Through his
experiments however, Antoine Lavoisier discovered that instead of releasing phlogiston, a material
actually burns up as it reacts with oxygen, the element in the air which enables combustion or burning.
This became the basis for his theory of Oxidation which illustrates that the amount of material before and
after a chemical reaction remains the same, though the chemical composition may change.

•To balance the equation, atoms are added where it is lacking in the equation.
•Adjust the unbalanced equation to show the balanced equation by changing the coefficients (which
stand for the number of moles).
Unbalanced equation: H2 + Cl2→→ HCI
Balanced equation: H2 + Cl2 → 2 HCI

Unbalanced equation: N2 + H2 → NH3

Element NUMBER OF ATOMS
Reactant Side Product Side
N 2 1
H 2 3
Balanced equation: N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
Element NUMBER OF ATOMS
Reactant Side Product Side
N 2 2
H 6 6

Factors Affecting Rate of Chemical Reaction

•Collision theory explains why different reactions occur at different rates. It also suggests ways to
change the rate of a reaction. Collision theory states that for a chemical reaction to occur, the reacting
particles must collide with one another. The rate of the reaction depends on the frequency of collisions.
The more often reactant molecules collide, the faster the reaction rate. For collisions to be successful,
reacting particles should possess a minimum kinetic energy known as activation energy to start a
chemical reaction and must be in the proper orientation when they collide. The frequency of effective
collisions between reactant particles affects the rate of a reaction. An increase in the frequency of
effective collisions increases the rate of reaction.

Chemical reactions do not occur at the same time. There are factors that affect the rate of chemical
reactions, which include:
1. concentration of reactants
2. particle size or surface area of the reactants,
3. temperature at which the reaction occurs and
4. presence of catalyst.

Take note:
 When a solid reactant is broken up into smaller pieces, its total surface area is increased.
 There are more surfaces exposed for other reactant particles to collide into. The collisions between
the reactant particles become more frequent.
 This causes an increase in the frequency of effective collisions. Thus, the rate of reaction increases.

*The rate of chemical reaction is inversely proportional to the size of particles of the reactant. If the
particles are small, there is a larger surface area. Thus, the reaction will occur faster.
Effect of Temperature on the Reaction Rate

A chemical reaction can be made to proceed more quickly or slowly by increasing or decreasing the
temperature of the reactants. Temperature is the property of matter which reflects the quantity of energy
of motion of the component particles. It is a comparative measure of how hot or cold a material is. When
the temperature is increased, the reactant particles gain energy, move faster and collide with each other
more often. At higher temperatures, more particles possess energy equal to or greater than the activation
energy, resulting in a higher frequency of effective collisions. Thus, the rate of reaction is higher.

*Take note yung temperature ng reactant e directly proportional kaya pag mataas yung temperature
ganun din kabilis yung rate ng reaction kapag.

Effect of a Catalyst on Reaction Rate

A catalyst provides an alternative route for the reaction, with a lower activation energy. This means that
the particle collisions need less energy for a reaction to occur, increasing the rate of reaction. A catalyst
lowers the activation energy to speed up chemical reaction During the ripening stage, the starch is
converted to sugar through the aid of Ethylene, a plant hormone produced by banana as it ripens.
Ethylene fuels the production of the enzyme amylase to convert banana starch to sugar and the
production of the enzyme pectinase which breaks down pectin, a component of the cell wall.

*Yung Catalyst e chemical siya na binabago yung rate ng chemical reaction pero sa huli hindi niya parin
nababago yung reaction

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