EXPT-01

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:

Familiarization and testing of different electronic components (Active & Passive).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl. No. NAME SPECIFICATI QUANTI
ON TY
1 Fixed Resistors - 5
2 Semiconductor Diode - 1
3 Bipolar Junction Transistor(BJT) - 1
4 Electrolyte Capacitor - 1
5 Potentiometer - 1
6 Integrated Circuit (IC) - 1
7 Light Emitting Diode (LED) - 1

8 Digital Multimeter - 1
9 Breadboard - 1

THEORY:
Experiment involves testing of various electronic components and devices and knowing
about their behavior.
Resistor Colour Code:
PROCEDURES
1. Testing Of Fixed Resistor
The theoretical value of resistance and tolerance is found by proper numbering of color
bands present on them.
1. Beginning from color band which is nearer to the external lead and that color must not
be gold or silver.
2. The second band is the second digit.
3. The third band is the number of zeros following the second digit, or the
multiplier.
4. Fourth band indicates the tolerance and it is gold/silver.
5. For practical measurement of resistance value keep the multimeter knob at the higher
resistance position and if the display of the multimeter is showing point values only then
change the multimeter knob to its nearer low range position until you are not getting a
real value.
6. Percentage of error can be calculated using formula,
7. Percentage of error
2. Testing Of Potentiometer
1. The terminals of the potentiometer are marked 1, 2, and 3 as shown in fig. terminal
1 and 3 are fixed whereas terminal 2 is variable.
2. Touch two probes of multimeter to terminals 1&2, 2&3 and 1&3 respectively and note
down the readings.
3. Vary the knob, take four to five readings.
4. If the resistance between fixed terminals i.e. 1 and 3 are same to that of sum of
resistances between 1 & 2 and 2 & 3. Then it is working, otherwise faulty.

3. Testing of Capacitor
You can use your multimeter as an ohmmeter to test the capacitor.
1. Discharge the capacitor by shortening its leads. That is-use a wire and connect the leads
of the capacitor together. This will discharge it.
2. Put your multimeter in the high ranges 10K-1M
3. Connect multimeter to capacitor leads (observe the polarity if electrolytic). As soon as
the leads make contact, the meter will swing near zero. It will then move slowly toward
infinity. Finally the meter would come to be infinite ohms because the capacitor is being
charged by the battery of the multimeter.
4. If the capacitor is bad, it will go to zero ohms and remain there. This is called a
shortened capacitor
5. In the case of an open capacitor there will be no ohmmeter indication.
6. Some capacitors have a low dielectric leakage. You will know this if the ohmmeter
comes to rest at a point lower than infinite. Test a known good capacitor of the same
type to be sure.

4. Testing of Semiconductor Diode

Using the multimeter, the Voltage across the diode is measured.
1. Keep multimeter in diode range (diode symbol is given).
2. Touch positive probe of multimeter to anode of diode and negative probe to cathode.
(Forward bias)
3. It will show some value between 0.5v to 0.7v (low Voltage ).
4. By altering connection (Reverse bias) it will show infinite Voltage (1. On multimeter
display)
5. Then diode is ok, otherwise faulty.

5. Testing of Semiconductor Transistor

1. First identify the leads of the transistor i.e. emitter, base and collector.
2. Using the multimeter,Voltage across the transistor leads are measured i.e. base-emitter
and base-collector in both forward and reverse condition.
3. If in forward condition both the junction Voltage are low and in reverse condition both the
junction Voltage are high then the transistor is ok. Otherwise it is faulty.

6. Testing of Integrated Circuit

Starting from the depression mark or notch, the pins are counted till the end anticlockwise.

7. Testing of LED (Light Emitting Diode)

1. It has two leads. Small one is cathode & large one is anode.
2. Keep multimeter knob on resistance range (near Diode symbol).
3. Forward bias the LED. It will glow.
4. In reverse bias it will not glow. Then it is ok
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:
1) Resistor
SL. NO. COLOR BAND THEORITICAL PRACTICAL PERCENTAGE
VALUE VALUE OF
ERROR

2) Diode
SL. NO. SPECIFICATION FORWARD REVERSE REMARK
BIAS BIAS
VOLTAGE VOLTAGE

3) Transistor
SL. NO. SPECIFICA FORWARD BIAS REVERSE REMARK
TION VOLTAGE BIAS
VOLTAGE
VBE VBC VBE VBC

4) Capacitor
SPECIFICATION CHARGING DISCHARGING REMARK
CONDITION CONDITION

5) Potentiometer
SL. NO. SPECIFICATI R12 R23 R12+R23 R13 REMARK
ON
6) IC
SPECIFICATION TOTAL PIN NO.

7) LED
FORWARD BIAS REVERSE BIAS COLOR REMARK

CONCLUSION:
*****Write in your own language what you learn from this experiment. *****