and more diversified.
A small subgroup of nouns is
8 PARTS OF SPEECH
DEFINITION
a. NOUN – A noun is a word that describes a person, a place,
a thing, or a concept. They play a variety of roles in a
sentence, including subjects, direct objects, and indirect
objects.
CLASSIFICATION:
 Proper noun - is a specific name of a person,
place, or thing, and is always capitalized.
 Common noun - is the generic name of an item in
a class or group and is not capitalized unless
appearing at the beginning of a sentence or in a
title.
TYPES:
 Collective - A collective noun is a word or phrase
that refers to a group of people or things as one
entity.
 Material noun - Material noun is the name given
to the material, substance or things made up of
alloy. It refers to the type of substance instead of
individual particles of the substance.
 Abstract noun - a noun denoting an idea, quality,
or state rather than a concrete object.
 Possessive nouns- are nouns which possess
something; i.e., they have something. You can
identify a possessive noun by the apostrophe;
most nouns show the possessive with an
apostrophe and an s.
 Attributive noun - is a noun that serves as an
adjective in front of another noun—such as
"nursery school" and "birthday party."
FORMS:
 Nouns as subjects - Every sentence must have a
subject, and that subject will always be a noun.
The subject of a sentence is the person, place, or
thing that is doing or being the verb in that
sentence.
 Nouns as objects - Nouns can also be objects of a
verb in a sentence. An object can be either a
direct object (a noun that receives the action
performed by the subject) or an indirect object
(a noun that is the recipient of a direct object).
 Countable nouns - are nouns which can be
counted, even if the number might be
extraordinarily high (like counting all the people
in the world). Countable nouns can be used with
a/an, the, some, any, a few, and many.
 Uncountable nouns – are nouns that come in a
state or quantity which is impossible to count;
liquids are uncountable, as are things that act
like liquids (sand, air). They are always
considered to be singular, and can be used with
some, any, a little, and much.
b. PRONOUN - Pronouns are short terms that we use to
replace nouns in our writing and speech to make it simpler
pronouns. Pronouns are distinguished by the fact that they
can be used in place of other nouns.
CLASSIFICATION:
 Personal pronoun - Personal pronouns are
pronouns that refer to specific individuals and
groups. Personal pronouns include: I/me,
She/her, He/him, They/them, We/us, You
 Relative pronoun - Relative pronouns are another
class of pronouns. They connect relative clauses
to independent clauses. Often, they introduce
additional information about something
mentioned in the sentence. Relative pronouns
include these words: that, what, which, who,
whom
 Interrogative pronoun-Interrogative pronouns
are used in questions. The interrogative
pronouns are who, what, which, and whose.
 Demonstrative pronoun - That, this, these, and
those are demonstrative pronouns. They take the
place of a noun or noun phrase that has already
been mentioned or is clear through context,
either in written or verbal communication.
 Indefinite pronoun - Indefinite pronouns are used
when you need to refer to a person or thing
that doesn’t need to be specifically identified.
Some common indefinite pronouns are one,
other, none, some, anybody, everybody, and no
one.
TYPES:
 Possessive pronoun - pronouns that show possession.
They include the following: My, Your, Our, Their, His,
Her, Its
 Reflexive pronoun-Reflexive pronouns end in -
self or -selves: Myself, Yourself, Himself, Herself,
Itself, Oneself, Ourselves, Yourselves, Themselves.
 Distributive pronoun-Distributive pronouns refer to
people, animals, and objects as individuals within
larger groups. They enable you to single out
individuals while acknowledging that they’re part of a
larger group. Distributive pronouns include the
following: Either, Each, Neither, Any, None.
 Intensive pronouns-Intensive pronouns look the same
as reflexive pronouns, but their purpose is different.
Intensive pronouns add emphasis. Conceptualizing
the difference between them and reflexive pronouns
can be challenging because the emphasis isn’t always
obvious.
 Reciprocal pronoun-There are only two reciprocal
pronouns: Each other, One another. These pronouns
refer to two or more people who are both the subject
of the sentence.
FORMS:
 Subject pronouns are used as subjects of sentences and of
subordinate clauses.
 Object pronouns are used as objects of verbs or of
prepositions.
 Possessive pronouns show who or what owns something.
c. ADJECTIVES - Adjectives are modifiers for nouns. They are
sometimes referred to as “describing words" because they
provide more information about a noun, such as how it
appears, how many there are, or which one it is in the
given example.
CLASSIFICATION:
 Predicate Adjectives-A predicate adjective completes
the meaning of the predicate verb, but describes or
limits the subject.
 An appositive adjective is added to its noun to explain
it, like a noun in apposition.
 Attributive adjectives talk about specific traits,
qualities, or features – in other words, they are used
to discuss attributes.
 Indefinite adjectives are used to discuss non-specific
things. You might recognize them, since they’re
formed from indefinite pronouns. The most common
indefinite adjectives are any, many, no, several, and
few.
 There are three interrogative adjectives: which, what,
and whose. Like all other types of adjectives,
interrogative adjectives modify nouns. As you
probably know, all three of these words are used to
ask questions.
 An adjective which points out or designates is called a
definitive adjective.
 An appositive adjective is added to its noun to explain
it, like a noun in apposition.
TYPES:
 Articles-There are only three articles, and all of
them are adjectives: a, an, and the. Because
they are used to discuss non-specific things and
people, a and an are called indefinite articles.
 Possessive Adjectives-As the name indicates,
possessive adjectives are used to indicate
possession.
 Demonstrative Adjectives-Like the article the,
demonstrative adjectives are used to
indicate or demonstrate specific people, animals,
or things. These, those, this and that are
demonstrative adjectives
FORMS:
 Comparative adjectives, unsurprisingly, make a
comparison between two or more things.
For most one-syllable adjectives, the
comparative is formed by adding the suffix-er
(or just -r if the adjective already ends with an
e). For two-syllable adjectives endingin -y,
replace -y with -ier. For multi-syllable adjectives,
add the word more.
 Superlative adjectives indicate that something
has the highest degree of the quality in
question.
 Absolute adjectives-are adjectives that do not
vary in degrees.
d. VERBS - Verbs are words that describe physical or mental
actions. Verbs such as be, become, and exist also describe
a "state of being."
CLASSIFICATION:
 Transitive, intransitive, and ditransitive - Transitive,
intransitive, and ditransitive refer to how a verb acts
with direct and indirect objects. A direct object is the
person or thing that the action happens to, while an
indirect object is the person or thing that receives the
direct object.
 Active vs. passive voice-In English, the standard
format where the subject performs the action is
known as the active voice. However, you can switch
around your words to make the direct or indirect
objects the subject of the sentence, known as the
passive voice.
 Finite and non-finite verbs- A finite verb can be the
main verb of the sentence. Its form is determined by
the number and person of the subject. Non-finite
verbs cannot be main verbs. There are mainly
three types of non-finite verbs: infinitives,
gerunds and participles.
 Linking (copular) verbs-A linking verb is any verb,
dynamic or stative, that directly connects or “links”
the sentences subject to other words in the sentence.
TYPES:
 Dynamic (action) verbs-Most verbs describe a
physical action or activity, something external
that can be seen or heard. These verbs are
formally known as dynamic verbs, but can also
be called action or event verbs.
 Stative (state-of-being) verbs-The opposite of
dynamic verbs of action is stative verbs of being.
Stative verbs describe a subject’s state or feeling,
including things they like and don’t like.
 Auxiliary (helping) verbs-Auxiliary verbs, or
“helping verbs,” are used in English to change
another verb’s tense, voice, or mood. When
auxiliary verbs are used, there’s always a main
verb that represents the main action. However,
the auxiliary verb must stillbe conjugated
correctly.
 Modal auxiliary verbs-Like other auxiliary verbs,
modal auxiliary verbs are not themain verb, but
they do change its meaning slightly. Some
common examples are can, may, could, should,
would, must, ought, and might.
 Phrasal verbs-Phrasal verbs are phrases that act
as individual verbs, often combining two or more
words and changing their meaning. The verb get,
for example, becomes many different phrasal
verbs when combined with different
prepositions.
 FORM:
 Regular verbs-Verbs that use the normal forms
are regular verbs.
 Irregular verbs-They have their own unique
forms with no patterns, specifically for the simple
past tense and past participle forms. These are
the notorious irregular verbs, and there are quite
a few of them—including the most common verb
be.
e. ADVERB - An adverb is a term that is used to modify or add
to the meaning of a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
CLASSIFICATION/TYPES
 Adverbs of manner provide information on how
someone does something. Adverbs of manner
are most often used with action verbs. Adverbs
of manner include: slowly, fast, carefully,
carelessly, effortlessly, urgently, etc. Adverbs of
manner can be placed at the end of sentences or
directly before or after the verb.
 Adverbs of time provide information on when
something happens. Adverbs of time can express
a specific time such as in two days, yesterday,
three weeks ago, etc. Adverbs of time are usually
placed at the end of sentences, though they
sometimes begin a sentence.
 Adverbs of frequency are similar to adverbs of
time except that they express how often
something happens. Adverbs of frequency are
placed before the main verb. They are placed
after the verb 'be'.
 Adverbs of degree provide information
concerning how much of something is done.
 Adverbs of place tell us where something
happened. They include works such as
nowhere, anywhere, outside, everywhere, etc.
FORMS:
 Adverbs ending in –ly-
 Adverbs ending in -ward(s) or –wise-
 Adverbs with the same form as adjectives
f. PREPOSITIONS - A preposition is a word that comes before
a noun, pronoun, or noun-equivalent to show its
relationship to any other item in the phrase. Many
prepositions indicate the location of something or the time
it occurred.
CLASSIFICATION:
 Simple preposition-"Simple Prepositions are
the prepositions utilized to express the
connection that a sentence's Nouns and
Pronouns have with the remaining of the terms
init."
 Double preposition-"In this, two simple
prepositions merge to form one that links the
Noun(s) or Pronoun(s) to the remaining words in
a phrase."
 Compound preposition-Prepositions along with
other words or terms are combined to form
compound prepositions. Compound
Prepositions are most often confused with
Double Prepositions because they both need
other prepositions or terms to serve as
apreposition.
 Participle Prepositions can be of two types-
Present Participles (-ing) and Past Participles
(-ed and -en), which are employed as
Prepositions rather than Verbs. These are both
participles and prepositions. Participle
prepositions usually end with a suffix such as -
ed/en and -ing.
 Prepositions of Place Prepositions of place
indicate place. A preposition of place is a
preposition which is used to refer to a place
where something or someone is located.
 Prepositions of Time Prepositions of time are
used in saying when something happens.
 Prepositions of Direction Prepositions of
direction indicate direction.
FORM:
SINGLE-WORD PREPOSITION:
 Simple Prepositions-Simple prepositions are
the short words used to determine
arelation between nouns, pronouns or even to
join parts of a clause or sentence.
COMPLEX PREPOSITION:
 Double prepositions are words having two
prepositions (joined together to make a whole
new one) such as into, onto, outside of, out of,
within, from behind, because of, etc. Double
Prepositions are formed by adding two simple
prepositions.
 Compound prepositions are those
prepositions that are made by prefixing
the preposition to a noun, an adjective or an
adverb.
 Phrase preposition is a phrase containing a
preposition and functions as a preposition in a
sentence and connects nouns, pronouns, or
other phrases to other words in a sentence.
 Participle Preposition Verbs that act as a
preposition. Usually, end in -ing. Common
Participle Prepositions are barring, considering,
during, following, including, etc
g. CONJUCTIONS - Conjunctions are words that connect two
or more words, phrases, or clauses. Conjunctions allow
you to construct rich, elegant statements without
the choppiness that several short sentences might cause.
TYPES:
 Coordinating conjunctions like "and," "nor," or
"so" link equal parts of a sentence, be it words,
phrases, or independent clauses.
 Subordinating conjunctions such as "because",
"since" and "after" link a dependent clause to an
independent clause, helping to show the
relationship between the two clauses and
emphasize the main idea of the
freestanding/independent clause.
  Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join
together words or phrases that have equal
importance within a sentence, like "either/or",
"such/that" and "not only/but also"
h. INTERJECTION - An interjection is a word used to express
emotion. An interjection is a term that is used to indicate a
brief burst of passion or excitement.

TYPES:

 Primary Interjection. The words that are

exclusively interjections and cannot be classified
as any other Parts of Speech are called Primary
Interjections.
 Secondary Interjection. The Nouns, Adjectives, and
other Parts of Speech that act as interjections on
occasions are called Secondary Interjections.
 Mild Interjection. The relatively mild expression of
feelings and emotions is usually called Mild
Interjections. These types are typically separated from
the rest of the sentence by commas.
 Strong Interjection. The strong outbursts of
expression are determined as Strong
Interjections. These types are typically separated
from the rest of the sentence bye xclamation
marks.
 Volitive Interjection. Commands, requests, and
wishes are usually expressed with Volitive
Interjections. In the speech, "I want" expressions
are replaced with Volitive Interjections.
 Emotive Interjection. The words to express
sudden spur of emotions like surprise, delight,
sorrow, disgust and fear are Emotive Interjections.
These types usually replace the "I feel" expressions in
speech.
 Cognitive Interjection. Words that are born off
cognition and used as exclamations are called
Cognitive Interjections. These types are used to
convey the feelings and emotions that people come
across and understand through experience.

EXAMPLES: