MODULE 1:

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF GLOBALIZATION

“Diversification and globalization are the keys to the future.”
Fujio Mitarai

Specific Lesson Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:
1. identify the extent of globalization;
2. define globalization;
3. differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization; and
4. identify the underlying philosophies of the varying definitions of globalization.

DISCUSSION:

GLOBALIZATION

 Globalization is a process of expanding various sociocultural and socio-ecological

processes from national to international and transcultural levels (Al-Rodhan, 2006).
 Process of world shrinkage of distance, getting shorter, things moving closer.
(Thomas Larsson).
 Intensification of worldwide social relations that link distant localities so that local
happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away. (Giddens)
 Refers both to the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness
of the world as a whole. (Robertson)
 It is the process of interaction and integration between people, companies, and
governments worldwide.

THE TASK OF DEFINING GLOBALIZATION

 Broad and Inclusive

 Globalization means the onset of the boardless world. It can include a variety of
issues that deal with overcoming traditional boundaries. Describes the
opportunity by which the people or factors behind a particular development in a
country benefit as well.

 Narrow and Exclusive

 The characteristics of the globalization trend include the internationalizing of
production, the new international division of labor, new migratory movements
 from south to North, the new competitive environment that accelerates the
process, and the internationalizing of states into agencies of the globalizing
world.
METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION

 Solid
 refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult the movement of things. Solid can
either be natural or artificial.

Examples:
 Landforms and bodies of water
 Artificial barrier great wall of China and Berlin wall

 Liquid
 As a state of matter takes the shape of its container.
 Liquidity refers to the increasing ease of movement of people, things,
information, and places. Today’s liquid phenomena change quickly, and their
spatial and temporal aspects continuously fluctuate. This means that space and
time are crucial elements of globalization

Examples:
 In global finance, changes in the stock market are a matter of seconds.
 Videos uploaded on youtube or Facebook are unstoppable once they become
viral.
 The forces made political boundaries more permeable to the flow of people and
things.

 Flow
 Movement of people, things, places, and information brought about by the
growing” porosity” of global limitations. In the global financial system, national
borders are porous. This means that a financial crisis in a given country can bring
ramifications to other regions of the world.

Examples:
 Foreign cuisines are being patronized and consumed by the Filipinos.
 Poor illegal migrants flooding many parts of the world
 The virtual flow of legal and illegal information includes blogs and child
pornography.

EXTENT OF GLOBALIZATION
 Global Connectedness Index (GCI)
 one of the recent indicators of global connections
 a measurement of flows and interconnections of a country to other global players
through exchanges in trade, capital, people, and information (Altman et al., 2018)
 Based on the Global Connectedness Index 2018 report (Altman et al., 2018), the
world’s level of connectedness in terms of international trade, capital,
information, and people is at its peak in 2017.
o Netherlands – world’s most globally connected country
o Europe – most highly globally connected continent
o Economies in Southeast Asia like Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore, and
Vietnam have exceeded expectations for global connectivity, particularly
in trade flow.

GLOBALIZATION THEORIES
 Homogeneity
 refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic
factors, and political orientations of societies expand to create standard
practices, same economies, and similar forms of governments.
o Homogeneity in culture – linked to cultural imperialism, this means a given
culture influences other cultures.
o Homogeneity in the economy – there is a recognition of the spread of
neoliberalism, capitalism, and the market economy in the world.
o Homogeneity in politics – the similar emerging models of governance in the
world.

 Media imperialism
 undermines the existence of alternative global media originating from developing
countries.
Examples:
 Bollywood movies and gadgets

 Mcdonaldization
 the process by which the principles of fast-food restaurants dominate western
societies. It involves the global spread of sound systems such as efficiency,
calculability, predictability, and control.
o Efficiency – social norms for both workers and consumers
o Calculability – emphasis on speed in prep and consumption
o Predictability – products, settings, employee and customer behavior the same
globally
 o Control – comes from technologies, resulting in a less customized experience
for the consumer.

 Heterogeneity
 Pertains to the creation of various cultural practices, new economies, and
political groups because of the interaction of elements from different societies in
the world.
 Refers to the differences because of either lasting differences or the hybrids or
combinations of cultures produced through the different transplanetary
processes.

 Glocalization
 The interpenetration of the global and the local to produce unique outcomes in
different geographic areas.

DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL CULTURE

 Cultural Differentialism
 It emphasizes that cultures are essentially different and are only superficially
affected by global flows.
 Defines culture as a bound entity with a specific geological location. Diverse
cultures have distinctions that allow observers to identify a specific component of
culture from another.

Examples:
 French culture or Chinese culture is distinct from another.
 Each country has its own language, values, norms symbol.

 Cultural Hybridization
 Emphasizes the integration of local and global cultures.
 Mixing cultures leads to unique combinations of those cultures that are not
reducible to global or local cultures.
 Defined the development of new cultural forms out of existing ones through a
period of contact and interaction.

Examples:
 Language and Music

 Cultural Convergence
 The approach stresses homogeneity introduced by globalization. Cultures are
deemed to be radically altered by strong flows, while cultural imperialism
 happens when one culture imposes itself on and tends to destroy at least parts of
another culture.
o Deterritorialization means it is more challenging to tie culture to a specific
geographic point of origin.
 When cultures are subject to many same global flows and tend to grow more
alike.

SOCIOECONOMIC CHANGES IN GLOBALIZATION

 Scholte (2005) identifies macro-structural changes in a globalized society such:

 product and services integration through commodity value chains;
 emerging institutional arrangements;
 pluralistic identity; and
 growth of supra-territorial relations.
 Also, he identifies four fundamental shifts in society:
1. growth of trans- and supra-territorial connectivity
2. the shift from capitalism to hyper-capitalism focused on the production
3. a move from nationalism toward identifying pluralism and hybridity
4. from rationalism toward knowledge reflexivity

FACTORS DRIVING GLOBALIZATION

 Reduction of trade barriers

 In 1947, richer countries banded together to reduce taxes on imports or tariffs under
the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was later transformed
to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1994 (Koopman & Hancock, 2019).

 Modern Technology Developments

 These developments facilitated faster communication and access to data or
information (Husain, 2011).
 This further promoted the development of an information society (Castells, 2000).

OTHER CAUSES OF GLOBALIZATION

1. Improved communication
2. Freetrade agreement
3. Improved transportation
4. Promotes global banking
5. Improved product
6. Increase mobility of labor
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

1. Changed food supply

2. Division of labor
3. Less job security
4. Damage to the environment
5. Terrorism
6. Disease outbreak
7. Competition of technology

THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION

 Globalization has played a tremendous role in providing a context for the current
revival and the resurgence of religion.
 According to Scholte (2005), the accelerated globalization of recent times has
enabled co-religionists across the planet to have greater direct contact with one
another.

ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION

 Hardwired is connected to four aspects of globalization: trade, missionary,
work, adventures, and conquest.
 Cycle – long-term cyclical process, suspected that soon will disappear and
reappear.
 Epoch – these are called “waves,” and each has its own origin.
 The following are the sequential occurrence of the epochs:
1. Globalization of religion (fourth to seventh centuries)
2. European colonial conquests(late fifteenth century)
3. Intra-European wars (late eighteenth to the early nineteenth century to 1918)
4. The heyday of European imperialism(mid-nineteenth century to 1918)
5. Post-world War II period
6. Post-cold war period
 Events – explain not only the origin but also the history of globalization

Examples:
 Birth of Jesus Christ
 Christopher Columbus’s discovery of America in 1942.

ASSESSMENT TASK 1

Prepare a 500-word essay on how you view globalization – “My

Perspectives on Globalization.” The essay should highlight how you define
globalization, what are its contributions to social and economic
development, and what are the limitations of globalization as it is currently
implemented. You should back up your main arguments with references.
To be submitted tomorrow 9:00 in the morning.