Collage Of Natural And Computational Scince

Department Of Geology
Contents
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................2
2.Statements of the problem.....................................................................................................................3
Study Area...............................................................................................................................................4
3. Octbjeive of the research........................................................................................................................5
4. Methodology and materials................................................................................................................5
5. Literature review.....................................................................................................................................6
6. Expected out come..................................................................................................................................7
7. Organization of the proposed research...................................................................................................7
References...............................................................................................................................................8

1
 Abstract
This study focused on delineating the groundwater potential and recharge area for Kaffa Zone
There are six main influencing factors

(rainfall, slope, land use/cover, lineaments, drainage density, and Lithology) selected for
groundwater recharge

zone mapping. The thematic maps were scanned, geo-referenced, and classified as suitable for
groundwater using

ArcGIS 10.4. The methods to assess the potential zone were using weight overlay analysis and
hierarchy of

analytical process algorithm. The result obtained the potential of ground water were discussed
recharge zones into

four major categories: very good, good, and moderate and low. This can help for better
planning and management

the potential resource of groundwater. The results analyzed the groundwater potential that
were subdivided in to

low, moderate, high, and very high groundwater potentials areas that cover 1664.1,7682.9,
958.27, and 192.78 km2

respectively . The prediction accuracy was checked based on the borehole yield observed and
predicted data of

respective locations within the selected area. The prediction accuracy obtained (68.42%)
reflects that the present

study's method was produced significantly reliable and precise results.

Keywords: delineation, groundwater potential, overlay, thematic map

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 1 . INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY

Groundwater is an invisible resource, both the dynamic of the resource base and the services. It
is poorly understood resource, yet one that is critical to a wide variety of social, economic and
environmental services. Declining water levels represents direct threat to the sustainability of
the environment, domestic, agricultural, and industrial, uses dependent on groundwater
quantity. In addition, as demands grow and the limits of sustainable extraction become evident,
competition between agricultural and other users is increasing rapidly (Abyou, 2008). Each user
extracts as much groundwater as possible in order to capture benefits for themselves before
the resource is exhausted. The net result can be a spiral of growing demands and decreasing
availability (Getachew, 2004).

Surface waters such as lakes, rivers, wetlands, and ground water provide many diverse goods
and services to human society. Hence, the issues of water availability, access and quantity are
of fundamental importance to development, poverty reduction and ecosystem sustainability
(Hartwick and Olewiler, 1998; Aylward, et al.,2010).The quantity of water available to water
users from a given watershed depends on the distribution of vegetation, the underlying geology
and the way watershed resources are used (Gete, 2010).my work focus on Defining mechanism
of recharge for the groundwater potential identification of the major water bearing formation,
identify the geology and hydrogeology of the study area. More over focus on identify recharge
and discharge areas of the study area.

2.Statements of the problem

The rapid population growth, water consumption and the rapid spatial extension of the town
and industries have been increased in the study area. In addition to this, the area is highly
degraded and siltation also leads to shortage of the water supply service in in kulfo river
associated areas. Shortage of water related to limited geological and hydro geological
investigations of the study area. In addition, climate change impacts on the limited water
resources in semi-arid regions can be significant.

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 Study Area
Kaffa zone is found in South Western Regional

State, The Zone which was located 738km to the

south regional state and 460km apart from Addis

Ababa. The zone had geographically, between7ᴼ 00̓

11.32" to 7ᴼ 59̓ 54.65" N latitude and 350 59 ̓ 48.72"

to 380 00' 3.15" E longitude with an average elevation

of 1714 meters above sea level. Based on figures

from Ethiopia's central statistical agency in 2007EC

(Figure 1), the Kaffa zone has an estimated total

population of 874,716, of whom 431,778 are male,

and 442,938 are female.

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 3. Octbjeive of the research
3.1 General Objective

The major objective of the proposed research is groundwater potential investigation in the
study areas with scale of 1:50 000.

3.2 Specific Objectives

Defining mechanism of recharge for the groundwater potential.

Identification of the major water bearing formations.

To know and identify the geology, hydrometeorology and hydrogeology of the study area.

To identify recharge and discharge areas of the study area.

4. Methodology and materials

Data Collection: the field work will conduct to carry out the following activities: Collect
primary data from field observation and secondary data from literature review of previous
works like hydro meteorological data from meteorological agency

Data analysis and interpretations of existing field data, through use of existing maps such as
geological and topographic maps, etc. The analysis and interpretation is supported by different
Software and methods applicable in hydrogeology used for image interpretation, GIS
Application.

Data Presentation: the analyzed data will be present using tables, graphs, photos and charts.

To accomplish the above objectives, the following materials will use GPS, 1:50,000 scale
topographical map, various computer software like Arc-GIS software, Microsoft wares.

In the study area the ground water potential is determined by water balance computation using
the data of the following hydrological components such as; precipitation, evapotraspiration,
runoff, base flow, infiltration, soil moisture ground water inflow and outflow on annual basis.

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 5. Literature review
Water is the most essential things for human survival and it is non substitutable resource for
life quality and subsistence. Water occurs in the earth crust as surface water and groundwater.
Surface water bodies are highly vulnerable to contamination; whereas groundwater resources
are reliable, consistent, safe, and more importantly accessible to people due to its several
inherent qualities. It has become an important and dependable source of water supplies in all
climatic regions including both urban and rural areas of developed and developing countries
(Nata, 2006).

Ethiopia is considered to be the water tower of the Horn of Africa. This potential is not fully
utilized and translated into development because of many factors including limited financial
resources, technical challenges, and lack of good governance in the water sector. (Belete
Berhanu, et. al, 2014).

Ethiopian highlands are not only sources of livelihood from agriculture but they also provide
watershed services such as sources of fresh water to millions of people. However, increased
pressure on land use of the highlands has resulted in watershed degradation in the highlands.
Remedial actions have been proposed to tackle the problems of degradation on agricultural
lands; to tackle problems of siltation of reservoirs downstream; and to guarantee stable water
regime in streams (Yohannes and Herweg, 2000 ; Carlsson, et al.,2005; Bewket, 2007; Gete,
2010).

Always, the occurrence of groundwater is mainly influenced by the geophysical and climatic
conditions of the area. The difficulty in obtaining productive aquifers is a peculiar feature of
Ethiopia, which is characterized by the wide heterogeneity of geology, topography, and
environmental conditions (Alemayew 2006). Actually, the geology of the country provides
usable groundwater and provides good transmission usable groundwater and provides good
transmission of rainfall to recharge aquifers, which produce springs and feed perennial rivers. In
many parts of the country, groundwater is an important source of domestic and industrial
water use especially in rural areas and towns. However, the occurrence of groundwater is not
uniform because it depends on various environmental and geological factors (Alemayehu,
2006). Geologically, the country can be characterized with generalized classifications, such as
18% of the Precambrian basement, 25% of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks,
40%of the Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks, and 17% of the Quaternary sediments and
volcanic rocks (MoWR, 2009).

Ethiopia has abundant surface water resources that can be used for different purposes. There
are 12 major river basins among which 7 of which are trans-boundary. The total annual runoff

6
from these basins is estimated at about 111 billion cubic meter (Ministry of Water Resources,
2001). The major rivers carry water and sediments and drain mainly to the arid regions of
neighboring countries. There are also 11 major lakes with a total area of 750.000 ha (Ministry of
Water Resources, 2001). Even though water resource of Ethiopia is very large, very little of it
has been developed for agriculture, hydropower, Industry, Water supply, and other purposes.
To date only about 290,000 ha (about 4 %) of the potential irrigable land has been developed.
Based on available information the potential irrigable land in the country is about 3.7 million ha
(Ministry of Water Resources, 2002). Arbaminch area has extensive Groundwater resources. To
utilize groundwater properly and keep them sustainably understanding of the geology,
hydrogeology, and water quality is extremely important. In order to solve the problems that
face in and around the study area careful geological, hydro-chemical and hydro geological
investigation is needed

6. Expected out come

Delineation of recharge and discharge area where it is source for important to examine
groundwater potential zones. .

Producing Hydro geological map of 1:50,000 scale which is important for future use of the
groundwater potential for different purposes.

Assessment of groundwater potential in study area

7. Organization of the proposed research

The proposed research will be constitutes eight chapters, such as: chapter one: introduction,
chapter two: literature review, chapter three: general over view of the study area, chapter four:
hydrometeorology, chapter five: hydrogeology, chapter six: interpretation, chapter seven:
conclusion and recommendation

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 References
Abyou, 2008. Hydrological Balance of Lake Tana, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia,

Alemayehu T. 2006, Groundwater occurrence in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa University Press, Addis
Ababa, p.1–105

Berhanu B., Seleshi Y. and Mellese A., 2014, Surface water and Groundwater Resources of
Ethiopia: Potentials and Challenges of Water Resources Development, Ethiopian Institute
ofWater Resources (EIWR), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 115p.

Bewket W., 2007, Soil and water conservation intervention with conventional technologies in
northwestern highlands of Ethiopia: Acceptance and adoption by farmers. Journal of Land
Policy, v24, 404-416p.

Carlsson F, Köhlin G, Mekonen A., 2005, Contingent valuation of plantation in Ethiopia: A look in
to value elicitation format and intra household resource allocation decision. Ethiopian
Economic Association, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Ethiopian
Economy, 21-36p.

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Central Statistical Authority report (1994 and 2007),
Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.

Gete Z. 2010, A study on mountain externalities in Ethiopia: FAO, Sustainable Agriculture and
Rural Development, Mountain Policy Project Final Report. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

GTWSSSO 2012: Gondar Town Water Supply and Sanitation Service Office Annual Report.
Gondar, Ethiopia.

Hartwick JM, Olewiler ND, 1998, The economics of natural resource Use.2nd Edition, published
by Addison-Wesley,.

Ministry of Water Resources, 2001, Initial national communication of Ethiopia to the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).A report submit the conference
of parties of the UNFCCC under the GEF support Climate Change EnablingActivities Project of
Ethiopia. Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.

MoWR ,2002, Water Sector Development Program (WSDP): Main report volume II, Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia.

MoWR, 2009, Water information and knowledge management project: strengthening water
quality data generation and management. Draft Final Report.

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Nata, 2006, Dependable source of water supplies in all climatic regions including both urban
and rural areas of developed and developing countries Addis Abeba , Ethiopia.

Yohannes G, Herweg K., 2000, Indigenous knowledge to participatory technology development.

Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern.