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UWM Olsztyn Acta Neophilologica, XIV (1), 2012 ISSN 1509-1619
UWM Olsztyn Acta Neophilologica, XIV (1), 2012 ISSN 1509-1619
Ⱥɧɚɬɨɥɢɣ Ʌɢɩɨɜ
ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɊȺɇ
ɋɅɈȼɈ ȼ ɎɂɅɈɋɈɎɋɄɈ-ɅɂɇȽȼɂɋɌɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ
ɄɈɇɐȿɉɐɂɂ AɅȿɄɋȺɇȾɊȺ ɉɈɌȿȻɇɂ
Key words: philosophical, the linguistic theory of language by Alexander Potebnia, language as an
activity, value of thought and language, Kharkiv psychological school of literary
criticism
1 ɋɦ. ɧɚɩɪ. Ⱥ.Ɇ. Ʉɨɪɲɭɧɨɜ, ȼ.ȼ. Ɇɚɧɬɚɬɨɜ, Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɜɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ,
Ɇocɤɜa 1974.
32 Ⱥɧɚɬɨɥɢɣ Ʌɢɩɨɜ
ɧɵɟ ɟɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɵ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɭɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɫɜɟɬ ɜ 1860–1890-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ
ɞɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɋɨɥɨɜɶɟɜɚ, Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ
ɢɥɢ Ȼɟɪɞɹɟɜɚ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɸ, ɢɥɢ, ɬɨɱɧɟɟ – ɩɟɪɟɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɬɪɭ-
ɞɨɜ ɜ 90-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɭɠɟ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ, ɷɬɨɬ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɟɞ ɢ ɩɨɧɵɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɟɤɢɦ
„ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɦ ɧɟɡɧɚɤɨɦɰɟɦ”, ɩɪɨɞɥɟɜɚɹ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɜ 20-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɢ ɛɵɬɭɸ-
ɳɟɟ, ɤ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɩɨ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɨɟ
ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɉɨɬɟɛɧɢ ɤɚɤ ɹɤɨɛɵ „ɧɟɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ” ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, „ɧɟɞɨ-
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ” ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ „ɧɟ ɩɪɟɭɜɟɥɢ-
ɱɢɜɚɬɶ” ɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ.
ɇɢ ɜ ɤɨɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɟ ɭɦɚɥɹɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚ-
ɬɭɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬ Ɍɵɧɹɧɨɜɚ, ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ. ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ
ɹɡɵɤɨɜɟɞɨɜ ɢ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɨɜ, ɨɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚ, „ɪɟɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ”
ɢ ɞɪ. ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɬɚɤ ɧɚ-
ɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɯɚɪɶɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɹɜɥɹɸ-
ɳɢɦ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɞɧɹɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɢɦ
ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɨɛɳɟ-
ɧɢɹɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ Ɉɜɫɹɧɢɤɨ-Ʉɭɥɢɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ
ɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɉɨɬɟɛɧɢ3, ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɩ-
ɰɢɟɣ ɹɡɵɤɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɚ Ⱥɤɫɚɤɨɜɚ, Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ Ʌɨɫɟɜ ɜ „ɉɪɟɞɢɫɥɨɜɢɢ” ɤ ɫɜɨɟɣ
ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɥ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɵɦɢ.
ɉɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ, ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɬɢɪɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɹɯ ɤ Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɢɦɟɧɢ Ʌɨɫɟɜ ɩɢɲɟɬ:
ɇɚɲɚ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɢɤɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɝɥɨɦɟɪɚ-
ɬɭ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɞɟɣ
7
Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɉɨɬɟɛɧɹ, ɋɥɨɜɨ ɢ ɦɢɮ, Ɇocɤɜa 1989, c. 40.
ɋɥɨɜɨ ɜ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨ-ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ Aɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɉɨɬɟɛɧɢ 37
10 Ibidem, c. 116. ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɛ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɉɨɬɟɛɧɢ ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɉɨɬɟɛɧɹ, ɂɡ ɡɚɩɢɫɨɤ ɩɨ
ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɏɚɪɶɤɨɜ 1905, ɫ. 147–149.
ɋɥɨɜɨ ɜ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨ-ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ Aɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɉɨɬɟɛɧɢ 39
13 Ibidem, c. 153.
14 Ibidem, c. 126.
ɋɥɨɜɨ ɜ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨ-ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ Aɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɉɨɬɟɛɧɢ 41
15 Ibidem, c. 135.
42 Ⱥɧɚɬɨɥɢɣ Ʌɢɩɨɜ
16 Ibidem, c. 153.
ɋɥɨɜɨ ɜ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨ-ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ Aɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɉɨɬɟɛɧɢ 43
17 ɋɦ. ȼ.ȼ. ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɱɟɧɢɣ, Ɇocɤɜa 1978, c. 44;
ɇ.ȼ. Ɉɫɶɦɚɤɨɜ, ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ. Ⱦ.ɇ. Ɉɜɫɹɧɢɤɨ-
-Ʉɭɥɢɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, Ɇocɤɜa 1984, c. 27; Ⱥ.Ɏ. Ʌɨɫɟɜ, Ɏɨɪɦɚ. ɋɬɢɥɶ. ȼɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, c. 191.
44 Ⱥɧɚɬɨɥɢɣ Ʌɢɩɨɜ
22 ɋɦ. Ɇ.Ɇ. Ȼɚɯɬɢɧ, Ɋɚɛɨɬɵ 1920-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ, Ʉɢɟɜ 1994, c. 36; idem, ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ
Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, Ʉɢɟɜ 1994, c. 294.
23 ɋɦ. idem, ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɪɟɱɟɜɵɯ ɠɚɧɪɨɜ, ɜ: idem, ɗɫɬɟɬɢɤɚ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ, Ɇocɤɜa
1979, c. 124.
48 Ⱥɧɚɬɨɥɢɣ Ʌɢɩɨɜ
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ
Summary
The article examines the linguistic, philosophical and psychological aspects of language
as activity, problem of the relation of thought and speech, the psychological structure
of words, the concept of “inner form” the words contained in the writings of the famous
Ukrainian philosopher and linguist Alexander Potebnia (1835–1891).