Stress-strain relations

a) Uniaxial longitudinal Test

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒

𝜎1 = 𝐸1 𝜀1
𝜎
→ 𝜀1 = 1 …………… 1(a)
𝐸1

𝜀2
𝜈12 = −
𝜀1
𝜈
∴ 𝜀2 = − 12 𝜎1 ---------------1(b)
𝐸1

b) Uniaxial Transverse Test

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒

𝜎
𝜀2 = 2 ……………………2(a)
𝐸2
𝜀1
ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝜈21 = −
𝜀2
𝜈21
→ 𝜀1 = − 𝜎2 ………………………. 2(b)
𝐸2
 c) Shear Test
𝜏
𝛾12 = 12 …... (3)
𝐺12

By Principle of superposition: y

𝜎1 𝜈21
𝜀1 = − 𝜎2 ---- --- 4(a) C
𝐸1 𝐸2 D
𝜈12 𝜎2
𝜀2 = − 𝜎1 + --- --- 4(b)
𝐸1 𝐸2
𝜏12
𝛾12 = --- --- 4(c)
𝐺12 x
A B
The relation in equation 4 are the on
axis stress-strain relation for a unidirectional composite.
The expression can be written with the compliance matrix S;
1 𝜈21
− 0
𝜀1 𝐸1 𝐸2 𝜎1
𝜈12 1
[ 𝜀2 ] = − 𝐸 𝐸2
0 [ 𝜎2 ] --- --- (5)
1
𝛾12 1 𝜏12
[ 0 0 𝐺12 ]

The matrix in the middle is called compliance matrix denoted as S. All the
material constants of equation 5 are called Engineering constants.
 Use of engineering constants are not convenient for design of
composites. Then, these are replaced by components of compliance and
stiffness.
𝜀1 𝑆11 𝑆12 0 𝜎1
[ 𝜀2 ] = [𝑆21 𝑆22 0 ] [ 𝜎2 ] --- --- (6)
𝛾12 0 0 𝑆66 𝜏12
→ [𝜀] = [𝑆][𝜎]
Or, in tensor form: 𝜀𝑖 = 𝑆𝑖𝑗 𝜎𝑗 ; 𝑖 = 1, 2, 6; 𝑗 = 1, 2, 6
Stiffness Components:
From equation 1, 2 and 3; we get
𝜎1 = 𝑚 𝐸1 (𝜀1 + 𝜈21 𝜀2 ) --- --- (7)
1
𝜎2 = 𝑚 𝐸2 (𝜀2 + 𝜈12 𝜀1 ); … … (8) ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑚 =
1 − 𝜈12 𝜈21
𝜏12 = 𝐺12 𝛾12
𝜎1 𝑚𝐸1 𝑚𝐸1 𝜈21 0 𝜀1
[ 𝜎2 ] = [𝑚𝐸2 𝜈12 𝑚𝐸2 0 ] [ 𝜀2 ] --- --- (9)
𝜏12 0 0 𝐺12 𝛾12
Again replacing engineering constants with components of stiffness;
𝜎1 𝑄11 𝑄12 𝑄16 𝜀1
[ 𝜎2 ] = [𝑄21 𝑄22 𝑄26 ] [ 𝜀2 ] → [𝜎] = [𝑄][𝜀 ] … … (10)
𝜏12 𝑄61 𝑄62 𝑄66 𝛾12
In tensor form; 𝜎𝑖 = 𝑄𝑖𝑗 𝜀𝑗 ; ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖 = 1, 2, 6; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑗 = 1, 2, 6
𝑄𝑖𝑗 → 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝑄21 𝑄12 −1
𝑚 = [1 − ]
𝑄22 𝑄11
[𝜀] = [𝑆][𝜎] 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 6

→ [𝑆]−1 [𝜀] = [𝑆]−1 [𝑆][𝜎] = 𝐼 [𝜎] = [𝜎]

𝑆𝑜, [𝑆]−1 = [𝑄]

There is a direct relationship between stiffness and compliance matrix, one is

the inverse of the other.