Main Report 7th Sem

SOLAR POWERED WATER PURIFIER –A Solution for Energy and Water Crisis 2023-24
CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The decreasing availability of water has necessitated in the search for fresh sources of
drinking water. The available water in many areas in the country is brackish, saline or
impure. Salinity is a major problem in the coastal areas of Kutch and Gujarat. In our
country pure drinking water is a major problem in tribal/rural area. There are many
processes available for purification of drinking water like Chlorine tablets, Pot
chlorination of wells, Slow and rapid sand filters, Fluoride removal, Reverse osmosis
plants, etc. In this project, I am making a water purifier which works on solar energy.
The basic principle behind this project is reverse osmosis.
We are using solar energy which is a renewable source, abundant and cheap. In case of
power failures, this purifier will continue to work as solar energy can be stored. Here, I
use microcontroller 8051 which prevents the water from over flowing. This purifier can
be used in remote and rural areas where there is no electricity. It can also be used in
places affected by natural disasters. It also reduces the salt content in sea water. It
provides pollution free operation.
1.2 NECESSITY AND NEED FOR PURIFICATION OF WATER
1.2.1 NECESSITY OF WATER PURIFICATION
 Water purification can help remove harmful containment.
 It improve the taste, smell and visual appearance of your drinking water.
 It reduces the amount of chlorine, soil residue, and organic and inorganic
substances.
Dept of NIEIT,Mysure Page 1

1.2.2 NEED OF PURIFYING THE WATER
 Helps to Keep the Environment Safe and Clean.
 Helps to Prevent the Various Cancer Causing Risks.
 You Can Ensure to Have Great Water Quality. It Deeply Removes

the Chlorine from The Water and Makes It Healthy for A Drink.
Once You Have the Water Purifiers at Your Home You Can Save
Money On Water Expenses. Filter Water Also Contributes the Air
Quality.

CHAPTER 2
2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY
1) Manjunatha B.B,Chandrashekar H. L , and Vijayendra H. C (2023) concluded

that solar-powered water Purification system for rural areas It Utilizes a PV panel
for solar energy conversion and water treatment it results with elimination of
bacteria and viruses From Water Cost-effective and providing safe drinking water
in rural communities.
2) Khan S , Khan A , Ali I, Shahzad A, and Khan H. M (2021) Concluded that it as

Limited efficency against certain parasites and viruses.UV light can only
eliminate the micro-organisms present in the water but does not remove any other
contaminants from the water heavy metals salts Chlorine and it Not suitable for
decentralized applications due to power requirements.
3) Akther N, Shamsuddin S.A, Abdullah M. M.A.B, Hasan S.W, Ismail A.F, and
Abdullah L.C (2021) Concluded that Susceptible to fouling by various
contaminants.Requires pre-treatment to prevent membrane damage.High energy
consumption due to necessary operating pressure.Limited removal of dissolved
contaminants like salts and minerals.Lower water recovery rate compared to
other filtration techniques.
4) Nidal Hilal, Hanane Al-Zoubi, Nawaz Darwish, Andrew W. Mohammad,

Mohammad Abu Arabi, and Mohammad A. Darwish (2022) Concluded that RO
method removes a wider range of contaminants compared to other methods.It can
remove dissolved salts, minerals, and organic compounds in water and produces
high quality purified water with low levels of total dissolved soilds.This water is
suitable for drinking, cooking, and medical purposes.

CHAPTER 3
3.1 METHODOLOGY
3.1.1SOLAR ENERGY
Solar energy can be a major source of power. Its potential is 178 billion MW which
is about 20,000 times the world’s demand. But it cannot be developed on large scale.
Sun’s energy can be utilized as thermal and photovoltaic. The solar power where sun
hits atmosphere is 1017 watts, whereas the solar power on earth’s surface is 1016 watts.
The total world–wide power demand of all needs of civilization is 1013 watts.
Therefore, the sun gives us 1000 times more power than we need. The energy radiated
by the sun on a bright sunny day is approximately 1kw/m2, which may be used in
driving the prime movers for the purpose of generation of electrical energy. Some
applications of solar energy are solar water heater, solarcookers, Solarfurnaces, Solar
ponds, solar energy collectors, solar energy storage etc.
3.1.2 SOLAR PANEL
In this project, solar energy is being collected by using a solar panel. The collected solar
energy is being stored in the battery. In case of rural and remote areas and the areas
affected but natural disasters where electricity is a big problem, this stored energy can
be used for the purification of water. The charge controller used here controls the
required amount of solar energy to be stored in the battery.

3.1.3 REVERSE OSMOSIS
When two solutions of different concentrations are separated by a semipermeable

membrane, solvent (water) flows from a region of lower concentration to higher
concentration. This process is called osmosis. This driving force in this called osmotic
pressure. If a hydrostatic pressure in excess of osmotic pressure is applied on the higher
concentration side, the solvent flow is reversed i.e., solvent flows from higher
concentration to lower concentration. This process is called reverse osmosis. Thus, in
the process of reverse osmosis pure water is separated from salt water.
Fig 3.1 Reverse Osmosis

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Water tank
Controller Lead acid Sediment RO

Solar panel RO Pump Pre carbon
Module battery filter Membrane
Healthy
Waste water Float sensor
water
12V Converter Microcontroller

Atmega 328 TDS Sensor
module
LCD Display
Fig 3.2: Block diagram of Solar Powered water purifier

3.2.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE
The solar radiations are collected by solar panel. This energy is then stored in a battery
through a charge controller. The charge controller prevents the battery from getting
overcharge. The battery is connected to the purification unit through an electromagnetic
relay. The battery is also connected to a voltage regulator. The voltage regulator
converts 24V to +5V, which is required by the microcontroller.The purification unit
consists of high pressure motor, reverse osmosis system and the water tank. The high
pressure creates the necessary pressure required to carry out reverse osmosis.The
microcontroller 8051 keeps impure water tank control switch microcontroller 8051
interface unit relay battery charge controller high pressure motor solar panel pure water
tank r.o system. Voltage regulator issue a watch to the level of water in the water tank
and prevents it from over flow. Through this process I obtain the purified water in the
water tank.

Chapter 4
4. HARDWARE IMPLIMENTATION
4.1:SOLAR PANEL
Fig 4.1: SOLAR PANEL

Solar panels used in solar water purification systems are a key component responsible
for converting sunlight into electricity. Here's how solar panels are utilized in such
systems:
 Power Generation: Solar panels consist of photovoltaic cells that convert
sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. In a solar water
purification system, solar panels generate electricity to power various
components such as pumps, sensors, controllers, and other electrical devices
involved in the purification process.
 Energy Storage: Solar panels charge batteries or energy storage systems during
periods of sunlight. These stored energy reserves can then be used to power the
water purification system during periods of low or no sunlight, ensuring
continuous operation regardless of weather conditions.
 Sizing and Configuration: Solar panels are sized and configured based on the
energy requirements of the water purification system, as well as factors such as
sunlight availability, system location, and desired system autonomy. The number,
type, and orientation of solar panels are carefully chosen to optimize energy
generation and system performance.
 Solar Tracking: In some cases, solar tracking systems may be employed to
maximize solar panel efficiency by orienting them towards the sun throughout
the day. Solar tracking systems adjust the tilt and orientation of the solar panels
to capture the maximum amount of sunlight, increasing energy generation and
overall system efficiency.
 Remote Monitoring and Control: Solar panels may be equipped with
monitoring and control systems that allow for remote monitoring of energy
generation, system performance, and battery status. Remote monitoring enables
operators to optimize system operation, troubleshoot issues, and perform
maintenance tasks from a distance.
 Durability and Reliability: Solar panels used in solar water purification systems
are designed to withstand harsh environmental conditions such as extreme
temperatures, humidity, and exposure to sunlight. They are built to be durable
and reliable, ensuring long-term performance in challenging outdoor
environments.
 Environmental Sustainability: Solar panels offer a clean and environmentally
friendly energy solution, producing electricity without emitting greenhouse gases
or other pollutants. By harnessing solar energy for water purification, these
systems contribute to environmental sustainability and reduce reliance on fossil
fuels.
Overall, solar panels are essential components of solar water purification systems,
providing a renewable and sustainable energy source for powering the purification
process and ensuring access to clean water in off-grid or remote locations.

4.2 : RO PUMP
Fig 4.2:RO PUMP
In a solar water purification system, a Reverse Osmosis (RO) pump is a crucial

component responsible for pressurizing the feed water and driving it through the RO
membrane to separate impurities from the water. Here's how an RO pump is typically
utilized in such systems:
 Pressurization of Feed Water: RO membranes require a certain level of
pressure to effectively remove contaminants from the water. The RO pump
pressurizes the feed water from a source such as a well, a storage tank, or a
reservoir, ensuring that it meets the pressure requirements for optimal filtration.
 Forcing Water Through the RO Membrane: The high pressure generated by
the RO pump forces the water through the semipermeable RO membrane. This
membrane allows water molecules to pass through while blocking contaminants
such as dissolved salts, heavy metals, and other impurities, resulting in purified
water on one side of the membrane and concentrated waste on the other side.
 Maintaining Constant Pressure: The output pressure of the RO pump needs to
be regulated to maintain optimal conditions for filtration. Pressure regulators or
control valves may be used in conjunction with the pump to ensure a consistent
pressure level across the membrane, which is crucial for maintaining filtration
efficiency and prolonging membrane lifespan.
 Powering with Solar Energy: In a solar water purification system, the RO pump
can be powered by solar energy. Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity,
which can then be used to power the pump directly or charge batteries for
continuous operation, even during periods of low sunlight.
 Efficiency Considerations: Selecting an efficient RO pump is important for
solar-powered systems to maximize energy utilization. Low-power consumption
pumps or pumps with variable speed drives can help optimize energy usage and
make the system more sustainable.
 Integration with Control Systems: The operation of the RO pump may be
controlled and monitored by a control system or microcontroller. This allows for
automated operation based on factors such as water demand, solar energy
availability, and system conditions, ensuring efficient and reliable operation of
the purification system.
 Maintenance and Replacement: Regular maintenance, including inspection,
cleaning, and replacement of pump components as needed, is essential to ensure
the proper functioning of the RO pump and the overall efficiency of the water
purification system.
Overall, an RO pump is a critical component of a solar water purification system,
providing the necessary pressure to drive water through the RO membrane and produce
clean, purified water for various applications, including drinking, cooking, and
sanitation.
4.3:MICROCONTROLLER-ATMEGA 328
FIG 4.3:MICROCONTROLLER-ATMEGA 328

Using the Atmega328 microcontroller in a solar water purification system can offer
several advantages. The Atmega328 is a popular microcontroller, commonly found in
Arduino boards, and is well-suited for various embedded systems applications due to its
low power consumption, ease of programming, and rich set of peripherals.
 Control and Monitoring: The Atmega328 can be used to control various aspects
of the water purification process, such as managing pumps, valves, and sensors.
For example, it can control the flow rate of water through the purification system,
monitor water quality parameters like pH or turbidity, and adjust purification
parameters accordingly.
 Data Logging: The microcontroller can log data from sensors over time,
allowing for performance monitoring and analysis of the purification system.
This data can be stored in non-volatile memory or transmitted wirelessly to a
central monitoring station.
 User Interface: The Atmega328 can interface with user input devices such as
buttons, keypads, or touchscreens, as well as output devices like displays or
LEDs. This allows for the implementation of user interfaces for system
configuration, status monitoring, and diagnostics.
 Power Management: Solar power is integral to this system, and the Atmega328
can efficiently manage power resources. It can control the charging of batteries
from solar panels, optimize power consumption to extend battery life, and
implement low-power modes when the system is not in active use.
 Communication: The Atmega328 supports various communication protocols
such as UART, SPI, and I2C, allowing it to communicate with other devices or
systems. For instance, it can communicate with remote monitoring stations, relay
data to cloud services for analysis, or receive commands for remote operation.
 Fault Detection and Safety: The microcontroller can monitor system parameters
and detect faults or abnormal conditions, such as pump failures or low water
levels. It can then take appropriate actions, such as shutting down the system to
prevent damage or alerting maintenance personnel.

 Customization and Expansion: The Atmega328's flexibility allows for
customization and expansion of the system. Additional sensors, actuators, or
features can be easily integrated into the system by interfacing them with the
microcontroller.
Overall, the Atmega328 is a versatile microcontroller that can serve as the brain of a
solar water purification system, providing control, monitoring, and intelligence to
ensure efficient and reliable operation.
4.4:RELAY MODULE
Fig 4.4 : RELAY MODULE
In a solar water purification system, a relay module can be employed for various
purposes, primarily for controlling high-power components such as water pumps,
heaters, or valves. Here's how a relay module can be utilized:
 Controlling Water Pumps: Water pumps are essential components in water
purification systems to circulate water through various stages of purification.
Relay modules can be used to control the operation of these pumps based on
system requirements or user commands. For instance, the relay module can
switch the pump on/off as needed to maintain optimal water flow rates or to
conserve power during low-demand periods.

 Heater Control: In certain water purification processes, heating may be
necessary to achieve desired purification levels, such as in distillation or
pasteurization. A relay module can control the power supplied to heating
elements, turning them on/off as needed to maintain the desired temperature
levels.
 Valve Actuation: Some water purification systems may involve multiple stages
or chambers that require the opening and closing of valves to regulate the flow of
water. Relay modules can be used to actuate solenoid valves or motorized valves,
allowing for precise control over the direction and flow rate of water within the
system.
 UV Sterilization: In UV-based water purification systems, UV lamps are used to
sterilize water by killing microorganisms. Relay modules can control the
operation of these UV lamps, ensuring they are switched on/off at the appropriate
times to effectively treat the water while minimizing energy consumption.
 System Safety: Relay modules can also be utilized for safety purposes within the
system. For example, they can control emergency shut-off valves or disconnect
power to critical components in the event of a malfunction or abnormal
condition, helping to prevent damage to the system or ensuring user safety.
 Integration with Microcontroller:Relay modules typically interface with
microcontrollers, such as the Atmega328 mentioned earlier, to receive control
signals. The microcontroller can send commands to the relay module based on
inputs from sensors, user interfaces, or pre-programmed logic, enabling
automated operation of the purification system.
Overall, relay modules play a crucial role in solar water purification systems by
providing the means to control high-power components effectively. They enable
automation, safety, and efficient operation of the system, contributing to its reliability
and effectiveness in providing clean water.

4.5:FLOAT SWITCH
Fig 4.5: FLOAT SWITCH

A float switch is a device used to detect the level of liquid within a tank or reservoir. In
a solar water purification system, a float switch can serve several purposes:
 Water Level Monitoring: Float switches are commonly used to monitor the
water level in storage tanks or reservoirs. In a solar water purification system, the
float switch can detect when the water level in the storage tank drops below a
certain threshold. This information can be used to trigger the operation of the
system's water purification components, such as pumps or valves, ensuring that
water purification processes are initiated when water is available.
 System Protection: Float switches can also be used as a safety feature to prevent
damage to the system components. For example, if the water level in the
purification system drops too low, indicating a potential lack of water supply, the
float switch can trigger an alarm or shut down the system to prevent damage to
the pump or other components.
 Overflow Prevention: In systems where water is collected from a natural source
or delivered via a supply line, float switches can help prevent overflow by
shutting off the inlet valve when the water level reaches a certain height. This
ensures that the storage tank does not overflow, which can lead to water wastage
or flooding.

 Automated Operation: By integrating float switches with the system's control
logic or microcontroller, the solar water purification system can operate
automatically based on the water level detected by the float switch. For example,
when the water level drops below a certain point, indicating the need for
purification, the system can activate the purification process without manual
intervention.
 Energy Efficiency: Float switches can contribute to the energy efficiency of the
system by ensuring that water purification processes are only initiated when
necessary. By monitoring the water level and activating the purification system
only when water is available, the system can conserve energy and reduce
operating costs, especially in solar-powered systems where energy conservation
is critical.
Overall, float switches play an important role in solar water purification systems by
monitoring water levels, protecting system components, preventing overflow, and
enabling automated operation. By integrating float switches into the system design,
users can ensure efficient and reliable operation of their solar water purification systems
while minimizing water wastage and energy consumption
4.6:TDS SENSOR
Fig 4.6: TDS SENSOR

In solar water purification systems, a TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) sensor is a
critical component used to measure the concentration of dissolved solids in water.
Here's how it can be utilized
 Water Quality Monitoring: TDS sensors provide real-time measurement of the
total dissolved solids present in the water. This allows for continuous monitoring
of water quality, ensuring that it meets the desired standards for consumption or
specific purification requirements.
 Quality Control: TDS sensors can be integrated into the purification system to
ensure that the water quality remains within acceptable limits. If the TDS level
exceeds the predetermined threshold, indicating poor water quality, the system
can trigger purification processes to improve water quality before consumption.
 Automation: By interfacing the TDS sensor with the system's control unit or
microcontroller, the purification process can be automated based on the detected
TDS levels. When the TDS level rises above a certain threshold, indicating the
presence of contaminants, the system can activate purification components such
as RO (Reverse Osmosis) systems, UV sterilizers, or filtration units to treat the
water and reduce TDS levels.
 Energy Efficiency: Utilizing a TDS sensor helps improve the energy efficiency
of the solar water purification system by ensuring that purification processes are
only initiated when necessary. This reduces energy consumption and extends the
lifespan of purification components by minimizing unnecessary operation.
 Water Conservation: Monitoring TDS levels with a TDS sensor enables
efficient water usage by treating water only when contaminants are present. This
helps conserve water resources by avoiding unnecessary purification cycles when
the water quality is already acceptable.
 Data Logging and Analysis: Some TDS sensors may offer data logging
capabilities, allowing for the collection of historical TDS data over time. This
data can be analyzed to identify trends, track changes in water quality, and
optimize purification processes for improved performance and reliability.
 System Integration: TDS sensors can be easily integrated into the solar water
purification system, typically through analog or digital interfaces. They can be

installed at various points in the system, such as the inlet, outlet, or storage tank,
to monitor water quality at different stages of the purification process.
Overall, integrating a TDS sensor into a solar water purification system provides
accurate and reliable monitoring of water quality, enables automated purification
processes, improves system efficiency, conserves water resources, and facilitates data-
driven decision-making for optimized operation.
4.7:12V TRANSFORMER
Fig 4.7: 12v TRANSFORMER
In a solar water purification system, a 12V transformer can be used for various
purposes, primarily to step down voltage levels and power low-voltage components or
subsystems. Here's how it could be utilized:
 Powering Control Electronics: Many components in a water purification
system, such as microcontrollers, sensors, and control circuits, operate on low
voltage (typically 5V or 3.3V). A 12V transformer can step down the voltage
from the solar panel or battery bank to the required level for powering these
electronics.
 Relay Operation: Relay modules used for controlling pumps, valves, or other
high-power components may require a 12V power supply. The transformer can
provide the necessary voltage to energize the relay coils, enabling them to switch
high-power loads as needed in the purification system.

 LED Indicators: LEDs used for status indicators or warning lights often operate
on 12V. The transformer can supply power to these LEDs, allowing them to
indicate system status, fault conditions, or other important information to the
user.
 Low-Voltage Pumps or Motors: Some water purification systems may include
low-voltage pumps or motors, such as those used for water circulation or
agitation. The 12V transformer can power these components directly, enabling
their operation within the system.
 Solenoid Valves: Solenoid valves used for controlling water flow in the
purification system may require a 12V power supply to actuate the solenoids. The
transformer can provide the necessary voltage for opening and closing the valves
as needed during the purification process.
 Charging Circuitry: If the system includes rechargeable batteries for energy
storage, a 12V transformer can be used to step down the voltage from solar
panels or other charging sources to the appropriate level for charging the batteries
safely and efficiently.
 System Safety Features: Components such as buzzers, alarms, or emergency
shut-off systems may operate on 12V. The transformer can supply power to these
safety features, ensuring that they function properly to protect the system and
users from potential hazards.
Overall, a 12V transformer plays a crucial role in a solar water purification system by
providing the necessary low-voltage power for various electronic components, control
circuits, and safety features, contributing to the efficient and reliable operation of the
system.

4.8: LEAD ACID BATTERY
Fig 4.8: 24V BATTERY

A Lead Acid Battery battery can serve as a crucial component in a solar water
purification system, especially in off-grid or remote locations where consistent power
supply is needed. Here's how it can be utilized in such a system:
 Energy Storage: Solar panels generate electricity during daylight hours when
sunlight is available. However, this energy may not always match the demand for
water purification, which can vary throughout the day or during periods of low
sunlight. A 24V battery serves as an energy storage solution, storing excess
energy generated by the solar panels during peak sunlight hours for later use
when sunlight is unavailable or insufficient.
 Continuous Operation: The stored energy in the 24V battery allows the water
purification system to operate continuously, even when sunlight is not available,
such as during nighttime or cloudy weather. This ensures a consistent supply of
clean water, regardless of variations in solar energy availability.
 Backup Power: In case of unexpected interruptions in solar energy production,
such as prolonged cloudy weather or equipment malfunctions, the 24V battery
can serve as a backup power source to keep the water purification system
running. This provides added reliability and ensures uninterrupted access to clean
water, especially in critical situations.

 Voltage Compatibility: Many components in a water purification system, such
as pumps, controllers, and sensors, may operate on 24V DC power. Using a 24V
battery ensures compatibility with these components, simplifying system design
and installation.
 Efficiency Optimization: Proper sizing and management of the 24V battery can
help optimize the efficiency of the solar water purification system. This includes
selecting a battery capacity that matches the energy requirements of the system
and implementing charge controllers and monitoring systems to ensure efficient
charging and discharging of the battery.
 Maintenance and Longevity: Regular maintenance of the 24V battery,
including monitoring its state of charge, voltage levels, and temperature, is
essential to prolong its lifespan and ensure reliable performance. Proper
maintenance practices can help maximize the efficiency and longevity of the
battery, reducing the need for frequent replacements.
Overall, a 24V battery plays a critical role in a solar water purification system by
providing energy storage, backup power, and system autonomy, ensuring reliable
operation and continuous access to clean water in off-grid or remote locations
4.9:BRIDGE RECTIFIER
Fig 4.9: BRIDGE RECTIFIER

A bridge rectifier circuit can be employed in a solar water purification system for
several purposes, primarily related to converting alternating current (AC) from the solar

panels or other power sources into direct current (DC) for powering the system's
components. Here's how it could be utilized
 Solar Panel Integration: Solar panels generate electricity in the form of AC. A
bridge rectifier circuit can be used to convert this AC output from the solar panels
into DC, which is more suitable for powering the various electronic components
and subsystems within the water purification system.
 Battery Charging: If the system includes rechargeable batteries for energy
storage, the bridge rectifier circuit can be used in conjunction with a charging
circuit to convert AC power from the solar panels into DC for charging the
batteries. This ensures that the batteries receive the correct voltage and polarity
for efficient and safe charging.
 Power Supply for Electronics: The rectified DC output from the bridge rectifier
circuit can be used to power the control electronics, sensors, microcontrollers,
and other low-voltage components within the water purification system. This
provides a stable and reliable power source for the operation of these critical
subsystems.
high-power components often require DC power. The rectified DC output from
the bridge rectifier circuit can supply the necessary voltage to energize the relay
coils, enabling them to switch high-power loads as needed in the purification
system.
 LED Indicators: LEDs used for status indicators or warning lights typically
operate on DC. The rectified DC output from the bridge rectifier circuit can
power these LEDs, allowing them to indicate system status, fault conditions, or
other important information to the user.
 Protection Diodes: Bridge rectifier circuits often include diodes that provide
protection against reverse voltage and voltage spikes. These diodes help
safeguard the system's components from damage due to fluctuations in the power
supply or other electrical disturbances.
Overall, a bridge rectifier circuit is an essential component in a solar water purification
system, enabling the conversion of AC power from solar panels or other sources into

DC for powering the system's electronics, control circuits, and other critical subsystems.
By providing a stable and reliable power supply, the bridge rectifier circuit contributes
to the efficient and reliable operation of the water purification system.
4.10:RO FILTER
Fig 4.10: RO FILTER

Reverse osmosis (RO) filtration is a common and effective method used in solar water
purification systems to remove contaminants and impurities from water. Here's how RO
filters are utilized in such systems:
 Purification Process: RO filtration works by forcing water through a
semipermeable membrane under pressure. This membrane allows water
molecules to pass through while blocking contaminants such as dissolved salts,
heavy metals, microorganisms, and other pollutants. The purified water, known
as permeate, is collected on one side of the membrane, while the concentrated
waste stream, containing the rejected contaminants, is discharged on the other
side.
 Integration into System: In a solar water purification system, the RO filter is
typically integrated as a key purification stage. The raw water, which may come
from various sources such as wells, rivers, or rainwater harvesting systems, is
first pumped to the RO filter unit.
 Pre-treatment: Prior to reaching the RO membrane, the raw water may undergo
pre-treatment processes to remove larger particles, sediments, and other debris.
This helps protect the RO membrane from fouling and extends its lifespan. Pre-
treatment methods may include sediment filtration, activated carbon filtration,
and disinfection.
 RO Membrane: The heart of the RO filter unit is the semipermeable membrane,
which selectively allows water molecules to pass through while rejecting
dissolved solids and other contaminants. The design and quality of the RO
membrane play a critical role in the effectiveness of the purification process.
 Pressure Pump: A pressure pump is used to create the necessary pressure to
force water through the RO membrane. In a solar water purification system, the
pressure pump may be powered by solar energy, making the system self-
sufficient and independent of grid electricity.
 Permeate and Reject Streams: As the water passes through the RO membrane,
two streams are generated: permeate (purified water) and reject (concentrated
waste). The permeate stream is collected for use as potable water, while the reject
stream is typically discharged or may be further treated or recycled depending on
the specific application.
 Monitoring and Control: RO filtration systems in solar water purification
setups may include monitoring sensors and control mechanisms to ensure optimal
operation. Parameters such as pressure, flow rate, and water quality may be
monitored to maintain efficient performance and address any issues that arise.
 Maintenance and Replacement: Regular maintenance, including membrane
cleaning and replacement, is essential to keep the RO filtration system
functioning effectively. Proper maintenance helps prevent fouling, scaling, and
other issues that can degrade system performance and reduce water quality.
Overall, RO filtration is a highly effective method used in solar water purification
systems to produce clean and safe drinking water from various water sources. By
integrating RO filters into the system design and ensuring proper operation and
maintenance, solar-powered water purification systems can provide reliable access to
clean water in off-grid or remote locations.

4.11:16x1 LCD DISPLAY
Fig 4.11:16*1 LCD DISPLAY
In a solar water purification system, a 16x1 LCD display can be utilized for providing
essential information and feedback to users or maintenance personnel. Here's how it can
be used:
 System Status Display: The LCD display can show the current status of the
water purification system, including whether it is running, idle, or in a fault
condition. This information allows users to monitor the system's operation and
quickly identify any issues that may arise.
 Water Quality Readout: The LCD display can also indicate the quality of the
purified water, showing metrics such as TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) levels, pH
levels, or other relevant parameters. This helps users assess the effectiveness of
the purification process and ensure that the water meets desired quality standards.
 Temperature Display: Temperature monitoring is often crucial in water
purification systems. The LCD display can show the temperature of the incoming
water, purified water, or system components, allowing users to ensure that water
is being treated at the optimal temperature for purification.
 Error Messages and Alerts: In case of system malfunctions or errors, the LCD
display can provide error messages or alerts to notify users of the problem. This
allows for timely troubleshooting and maintenance to minimize downtime and
ensure uninterrupted operation of the system.
 User Interface: The LCD display can serve as a user interface for configuring
system settings, adjusting purification parameters, or selecting operating modes.

This provides users with control over the system's operation and allows for
customization based on specific requirements or preferences.
 Diagnostic Information: The LCD display can also display diagnostic
information and real-time data from sensors, pumps, valves, or other components
within the purification system. This helps users and maintenance personnel
identify and address any issues that may affect system performance or efficiency.
 Energy Efficiency: LCD displays are relatively low-power devices, making
them suitable for use in solar-powered systems where energy efficiency is
essential. The display can be powered directly from the system's power source,
such as a battery bank charged by solar panels, without significantly impacting
overall energy consumption.
Overall, a 16x1 LCD display serves as a valuable component in a solar water
purification system, providing essential information, feedback, and user interaction
capabilities to ensure efficient and reliable operation of the system while maintaining
water quality standards.
4.12:VOLTAGE REGULATOR CIRCUIT
FIG 4.12: VOLTAGE REGULATOR CIRCUIT

In a solar water purification system, a voltage regulator circuit can serve several
purposes related to ensuring stable and reliable power supply to various components
and subsystems. Here's how it could be utilized:
 Stabilizing Solar Panel Output: Solar panels generate variable voltage output
depending on factors such as sunlight intensity and temperature. A voltage

regulator circuit can stabilize this output voltage to ensure consistent power
supply to the system, regardless of fluctuations in solar irradiance.
 Battery Charging Control: If the system includes rechargeable batteries for
energy storage, a voltage regulator circuit can control the charging process to
prevent overcharging or undercharging. By regulating the voltage applied to the
batteries, the voltage regulator ensures optimal charging conditions, prolonging
battery life and maintaining system reliability.
system, such as microcontrollers, sensors, and control circuits, require stable DC
voltage for proper operation. A voltage regulator circuit can provide the
necessary regulated voltage to power these electronics, ensuring reliable
performance and accurate control of the purification process.
 Protection Against Voltage Spikes: Voltage spikes or fluctuations in the power
supply can damage sensitive electronic components within the system. A voltage
regulator circuit can protect against such events by stabilizing the output voltage
and providing protection features such as overvoltage and reverse polarity
protection.
 Efficient Power Conversion: Solar water purification systems often operate at
low voltage levels, making efficient power conversion essential for maximizing
energy utilization. Voltage regulator circuits with high efficiency and low
dropout voltage can help optimize energy conversion and minimize power losses,
particularly in off-grid or remote installations where energy conservation is
critical.
 Integration with Solar Charge Controllers: Voltage regulator circuits can be
integrated with solar charge controllers to manage the charging of batteries from
solar panels effectively. The voltage regulator ensures that the voltage supplied to
the batteries remains within safe limits, preventing damage and optimizing
charging efficiency.
 Voltage Level Adaptation: In some cases, the voltage output from solar panels
or batteries may need to be adjusted to match the voltage requirements of specific
components or subsystems within the water purification system. A voltage

regulator circuit can perform this voltage level adaptation, ensuring compatibility
and efficient operation of all system components.
Overall, a voltage regulator circuit plays a crucial role in a solar water purification
system by stabilizing the power supply, protecting electronic components, optimizing
energy conversion, and ensuring reliable operation of the system under varying
environmental conditions
4.13:12v DC ADAPTER
Fig 4.13:12V DC ADAPTER

In a solar water purification system, a 12V DC adapter can be employed for various
purposes, primarily to power low-voltage components or subsystems. Here's how it
could be utilized:
system, such as microcontrollers, sensors, and control circuits, operate on low
voltage (typically 5V or 3.3V). A 12V DC adapter can step down the voltage
from the solar panel or battery bank to the required level for powering these
electronics.
high-power components often require a 12V power supply. The DC adapter can
provide the necessary voltage to energize the relay coils, enabling them to switch
high-power loads as needed in the purification system.
 LED Indicators: LEDs used for status indicators or warning lights typically
operate on 12V DC. The adapter can supply power to these LEDs, allowing them
to indicate system status, fault conditions, or other important information to the
user.
 System Safety Features: Components such as buzzers, alarms, or emergency
shut-off systems may operate on 12V DC. The adapter can supply power to these
safety features, ensuring that they function properly to protect the system and
users from potential hazards.
 Integration with Control Systems: The DC adapter can be integrated into the
overall control system of the water purification setup. It can provide a stable and
reliable power source for the control unit, allowing for seamless operation and
monitoring of the purification process.
 Backup Power Supply: In some cases, a 12V DC adapter can serve as a backup
power supply for critical components in the water purification system. It can
provide power during periods of low solar energy availability or when the
primary power source is offline for maintenance or repair.
Overall, a 12V DC adapter plays a crucial role in a solar water purification system by
providing the necessary low-voltage power for various electronic components, control
circuits, and safety features, contributing to the efficient and reliable operation of the
system.

CHAPTER 5
5.1 APPLICATIONS
 It will be used for water purification fot drinking purpose

 Solar-Powered Desalination Plants
 Solar-Powered UV Water Purifiers
 Solar-Powered Water Filtration Units
 Solar-Powered Water Pumps for Filtration
 Solar-Powered Electrocoagulation Systems
5.2 ADVANTAGE
 It will purify water in rural areaswithout power supply.

 It also purify sea water it will help while fishing in sea.
 More sustainable and environmentally friendly.
 Simple in application.
 Is replicable with low investments costs.
 Reduce the energy costs.
 Does not change the taste of water

REFERENCE
1. Manjunatha B.B,Chandrashekar H. L , and Vijayendra H. C (2023) "Design and
Development of a Solar Powered UV Water Disinfection System for Rural
Areas".
2. Khan S , Khan A , Ali I, Shahzad A, and Khan H. M (2021) "Limitations of UV

Disinfection and its Alternatives for Microbial Decontamination of Drinking
Water".
3. Akther N, Shamsuddin S.A, Abdullah M. M.A.B, Hasan S.W, Ismail A.F, and
Abdullah L. C (2021) "A Review of Recent Advances in Ultrafiltration
Membranes for Water Purification".
4. Nidal Hilal, Hanane Al-Zoubi, Nawaz Darwish, Andrew W. Mohammad,

Mohammad Abu Arabi, and Mohammad A. Darwish (2022) "Reverse Osmosis
(RO) for Water Purification".

Main Report 7th Sem

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Main Report 7th Sem

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SOLAR POWERED WATER PURIFIER –A Solution for Energy and Water Crisis 2023-24

1.2 NECESSITY AND NEED FOR PURIFICATION OF WATER

1.2.1 NECESSITY OF WATER PURIFICATION

 Water purification can help remove harmful containment.

Dept of NIEIT,Mysure Page 1

1.2.2 NEED OF PURIFYING THE WATER

 Helps to Keep the Environment Safe and Clean.

 Helps to Prevent the Various Cancer Causing Risks.

 You Can Ensure to Have Great Water Quality. It Deeply Removes

Dept of NIEIT,Mysure Page 2

2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

1) Manjunatha B.B,Chandrashekar H. L , and Vijayendra H. C (2023) concluded

2) Khan S , Khan A , Ali I, Shahzad A, and Khan H. M (2021) Concluded that it as

4) Nidal Hilal, Hanane Al-Zoubi, Nawaz Darwish, Andrew W. Mohammad,

Dept of NIEIT,Mysure Page 3

3.1.2 SOLAR PANEL

Dept of NIEIT,Mysure Page 4

3.1.3 REVERSE OSMOSIS

When two solutions of different concentrations are separated by a semipermeable

Fig 3.1 Reverse Osmosis

Dept of NIEIT,Mysure Page 5

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Controller Lead acid Sediment RO

12V Converter Microcontroller

Fig 3.2: Block diagram of Solar Powered water purifier

Dept of NIEIT,Mysure Page 6

3.2.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE

Dept of NIEIT,Mysure Page 7

Fig 4.1: SOLAR PANEL

Dept of NIEIT,Mysure Page 9

Fig 4.2:RO PUMP

In a solar water purification system, a Reverse Osmosis (RO) pump is a crucial

FIG 4.3:MICROCONTROLLER-ATMEGA 328

Dept of NIEIT,Mysure Page 12

Fig 4.4 : RELAY MODULE

Dept of NIEIT,Mysure Page 13

Dept of NIEIT,Mysure Page 14

Fig 4.5: FLOAT SWITCH

Dept of NIEIT,Mysure Page 15

Fig 4.6: TDS SENSOR

Dept of NIEIT,Mysure Page 16

Dept of NIEIT,Mysure Page 17

Fig 4.7: 12v TRANSFORMER

Dept of NIEIT,Mysure Page 18

Dept of NIEIT,Mysure Page 19

4.8: LEAD ACID BATTERY

Fig 4.8: 24V BATTERY

Dept of NIEIT,Mysure Page 20

Fig 4.9: BRIDGE RECTIFIER

Dept of NIEIT,Mysure Page 21

Dept of NIEIT,Mysure Page 22

Fig 4.10: RO FILTER

Dept of NIEIT,Mysure Page 24

4.11:16x1 LCD DISPLAY

Fig 4.11:16*1 LCD DISPLAY

Dept of NIEIT,Mysure Page 25

4.12:VOLTAGE REGULATOR CIRCUIT

FIG 4.12: VOLTAGE REGULATOR CIRCUIT

Dept of NIEIT,Mysure Page 26

Dept of NIEIT,Mysure Page 27

Fig 4.13:12V DC ADAPTER

Dept of NIEIT,Mysure Page 29

 It will be used for water purification fot drinking purpose