Purposive Communication
Midterm Coverage
COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION
 Nowadays, almost everyone is practically
addicted to social media
 You can communicate to anyone all
over the world through Facebook,
Messenger, Skype, Viber
 You can meet people from other
countries without leaving the comfort
of your home
 Researching is easier
 By mean of Television and Internet, people
can now communicate and interact as if they
were next-door neighbors
GLOBALIZATION AND THE GLOBAL VILLAGE
 Globalization
 the process of bringing people
together and making them interact and
exchange ideas across traditional
borders (Nowaczyk, 2017)
 the increasing economic, political, and
cultural integration and
interdependence of diverse cultures
(Gamble and Gamble, 2013)
 Global Village
 One world interconnected by an
electronic nervous system called the
media (Stewart, 2015)
 Globalization changes how people consume,
work and live almost everywhere in the world
 Examples of Globalization
 A sign for McDonald’s restaurant in
Arabic
 Nike outsourcing to other countries
 Oil importation from foreign countries
to the United States
 Hydropolis which was entirely built in
Germany and then assembled in Dubai
DEFINITION OF CULTURE
 Culture
 The learned and shared behavior of a
community of interacting human
beings (Useem & Useem, 1963)
 As a system of beliefs, assumptions,
and values share by a group of people
(Fielding, 1996)
 Shared patterns of behaviors and
interactions, cognitive constructs, and
affective understanding that are
learned through a process of
socialization (Center for Advanced
Research on Language Acquisition,
CARLA of University of Minnesota,
2017)
 Learned set of shared interpretations
about beliefs, values, and norms that
affect the behaviors of a relatively
large group of people (Lustig &
Koester, 2003)
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURES
1. Cultures are learned, not innate
 Cultures are not inherited, they are
acquired.
 We acquire knowledge and
understanding of our cultural norms
from the people that surrounds us
(family, friends, relatives)
2. Cultures are shared
 We act as members of our own
cultural group, not as individuals,
because belonging to a group means
following the norms of a group
3. Cultures are multifaceted
 What some cultures consider common
practice may be taboo to others;
hence, cultural differences should be
recognized and respected
4. Cultures are dynamic
Dianne Antonette G. Supapo |MLS 1B
  Cultures constantly change as cultural
contact increasesm new technologies
emerge, and economic conditions
vary.
5. Cultural identities are overlapping
 We belong to multiple, overlapping
cultures as we interact with one
another.
 Some cultures work together while
others clash
ADAPTATION TO NEW CULTURES
1. Cultural integration
 A form of cultural exchange in which
one group assumes the beliefs,
practices, and rituals of another group
without sacrificing the characteristics
of its own culture
2. Cultural assimilation
 Occurs when one members of one
cultural group adopt the language,
practices, and beliefs of another group,
often losing aspects of their traditional
culture in the process
3. Cultural accommodation
 Process by which individuals may take
on values and beliefs of the host
culture and accommodate them in the
public sphere while maintaining the
parent culture in the private sphere
COMMUNICATION WITHIN AND ACROSS
CULTURES
 Nobody is capable of fully understanding all
languages and all cultures of the world, as well
as how they are similar and different from one
another
 To bridge the intercultural communication
gaps:
 Be open-minded
 Respect cultural differences
 Some cultural differences may defy our ethical
principles. In cases like this, we can respond in
a variety of ways
a) Avoiding – refuse to comply
b) Accommodating – accept the
different ethical system and conform
c) Forcing – insist on doing business in
an ethically proper way
d) Educating–Persuading – try to
convince people on why our ethical
principle is more appropriate
e) Negotiating-Compromising – give
something to negotiate a settlement
f) Collaboration-Problem Solving –
work with other party and reach
mutual solution
BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE INTERNATIONAL
COMMUNICATION
1. Ethnocentrism
 The belief that a person’s culture is
much better than any other group’s
culture
2. Stereotypes
 Often generalized negative traits
assigned to a group of people even if
these traits may only reflect a selected
few of the group
3. Prejudice
 Unfair though, belief, or feeling of
dislike for a person or group because
of race, nationality, gender, sexual
orientation, age, religion, etc
4. Assumed similarities
 Baseless, unreasonable refusal to see
cultural differences where they exist
5. Anxiety
 Fear or apprehension associated with
either real or anticipated
communication with people from
another cultural group.
Dianne Antonette G. Supapo |MLS 1B
IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON -ize (organize) -ize or –ise
COMMUNICATION (organize/organise)

1. Technology provides us with unlimited -yze (analyze) -yse (analyse)

information l is not doubled Double the l when

(travel, traveled, adding endings that
2. It creates opportunities for meeting new
traveling, traveler) begin with a vowel
people
(travel, travelled,
3. It helps us keep in touch with family and
travelling, traveller)
friends anywhere in the world
Spelled with an e Spelled with ae or oe
4. It brings new diversity to our culture and our (leukemia, estrogen) (leukaemia, oestrogen)
lives -ense (defense, -ence (defence,
5. It fosters better cooperation among different license) licence)
cultural groups -og or –ogue -ogue (analogue,
6. It isolates u (analog, catalog) catalogue)
7. It can make us create second lives

 Varieties of English are identified into three

LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN concentric circles
MULTICULTURAL SETTING
 Inner circle – native English-speaking
 Multiple cultures make communication
countries
complicated
o England
VARIETIES OF ENGLISH
o United States of America
 Two major varieties or dialects of English
o Canada
 American English (AmE) o Australia
 British English (BrE) o New Zealand
Differences:  Outer circle – former colonies
 AmE first floor is equivalent to BrE ground o India
floor o Africa
 AmE second floor is equivalent to BrE first o Nigeria
floor o Pakistan
 Pronunciation o Philippines
o Malaysia
o Singapore
o Bangladesh
 Expanding circle – countries that are
affected by the widespread use of
English as a global language

 Spelling o China

AmE BrE o Japan

-er (liter, center) -re (litre, centre) o Germany
-or (color, humor) -our (colour, humour) o Turkey
o Saudi Arabia

Dianne Antonette G. Supapo |MLS 1B

 o Egypt  Similar to formal register but used
o Israel more in conversation.
o Korea  This language is precise and often
o Taiwan technical.
 Pidgins  Examples: Conversing with a doctor
 used as a lingua franca for trade or any or teacher
other practical interaction 4. Casual Register
 language used by both communicators  Informal language that may include
to understand each other but not the slang and colloquialisms.
language of either of them  Words are general, rather than
 Lexifier – language providing technical.
vocabulary  Examples: Language used between
 Substrate – language that provides friends.
syntactic structure 5. Intimate Register
 Creole  Private, intimate language reserved for
 When the pidgins become more fully family members or intimate people
developed and serves as the language
 Examples: conversation between
of the community
husband and wife
 Learner language
CULTURAL TEXT (LINGUSITIC PREFERENCES
 People from outer or expanding circles
AND NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR)
develop an interlanguage
 Language – mirror that reflects the values,
 Neither pidgin nor creole
traditions, and social norms of a society
 A transitional linguistic system at all
 Visual arts – offering canvas through which
levels
societies express and convey their narratives,
LANGUAGE REGISTERS
values, and beliefs
1. Frozen Register
 Literature – repository for society’s beliefs,
 Language that is "frozen" in time and
values, and collective imagination
form.  Media and Popular Culture – contributes to the
 It does not change and is often learned complex tapestry of cultural texts in the
by rote. modern world
 Examples: Biblical verse, prayers, the Different Cultural Texts across the world:
Pledge of Allegiance  Australia
2. Formal Register  American thumbs up sign is
 Often used in writing, impersonal and considered obscene
professional.  V-sign with the palm facing toward
 Avoids slang and speaks in complete the speaker is the obscene “up yours”
sentences. insult
 Examples: Academic, medical or  France
technical language.  Hands should be visible at all times
3. Consultative Register even when seated at a table

Dianne Antonette G. Supapo |MLS 1B

 Germany
 Hands in pocket is impolite
 Gum chewing in public is rude
 Sit down only after you have been
offered a seat
 Hong Kong
 Two arm’s-length distance with the
person
 Touching and patting are taboo
 When seated, feet should face the
ground; don’t show the soles of shoes
 Indonesia
 Remove shoes in private
home/mosque
 Position the shoes by pointing them
toward the door
 Japan
 Bow as greeting
 Exchanging business card is important
 Keep your shoes in good condition
 Saving face is important to Japanese
 Laughter can mean confusion
 American “okay” sign means
“money” in Japan
 Never leave chopstick in food
 Saudi Arabia
 Greetings are very emotional
 Two men hold hands in public to show
mutual respect
 Offer something using your right
hand; using left hand is taboo
 When sitting, soles of the shoes face
the ground
 Singapore
 Gesture with entire hand in
conversation
 Avoid showing the soles of shoes
 Feet should be for walking – nothing
else
 South Korea
 Slight bow when meeting someone
 Stand when an older person enters the
room
 Lower your eyes to show respect to
elders
 Loud laughter is rude; cover mouth
when laughing in public
 Nose blowing should be done in
private
 Remove shoe when entering
temples/homes
 Hug or patting another on the back is
rude
 United Kingdom
 Respect space, maintain two arm’s-
length space
 Men should wait for women to extend
her hand to shake hands
 V-sign palm facing toward speaker –
obscene “up yours” insult
 V-sign palm facing out – victory sign
 Hands should always be visible; hands
in pockets is rude
FORMAL AND INFORMAL LANGUAGE
 Formal Language
 Less personal than informal language.
 Used when writing for professional or
academic purposes like university
assignments.
 Does not use colloquialisms,
contractions or first person pronouns
such as ‘I’ or ‘We’.
 Informal Language
 more casual and intimate.
 Used when communicating with
friends or family either in writing or in
conversation.
Dianne Antonette G. Supapo |MLS 1B
  Used when writing personal emails,
text messages and in some business
correspondence.
 The tone of informal language is more
personal than formal language
 Passive voice
 formal language
 Start with the object
 ex. The application form is completed
 Active voice
 Informal language
 uses first person pov
 ex. I completed the application form
 Imperatives
 statement begins with a verb
 not for formal language
 applied to informal language
 ex. Cook the food (informal)
 To make it in Formal form - You cook
the food
11. Give the benefit of the doubt to someone who
does or says something that seems
weird/wrong
PRACTICING PROPER NEGOTIATION
Be Confident
Be respectful
Do your research
Know your priorities
Try to anticipate the other party’s wants and
needs
Consider the opposition
Keep communications open
Make the first offer
Do not accept the first
Ask open-ended questions
Keep your Timeline in Mind
Know when to walk away

TIPS FOR SUCCESSFUL MULTICULTURAL

COMMUNICATION
1. Simplify message by using simple vocabulary
2. Avoid shouting
3. Define the meaning of critical technical words
and acronyms
4. Avoid nonstandard abbreviation
5. Be patient and try to follow other
communicator’s ideas and logic
6. Ask politely to repeat his ideas in a different
manner
7. Remain cool and composed even when you
have made a mistake
8. Clarify the meaning and intentions of your
statement
9. Clarify someone’s actions or words
10. Adapt your space requirement to that someone
from another cultural group

Dianne Antonette G. Supapo |MLS 1B