Chapter VI

MAN AND ENVIRONMENT

G R O U P V P R E S E N T A T I O N

DEUS, JAIRALYNNE LABORES, CARL GABRIEL LIBAO, CARL JOSEPH RAMOS, LEMUEL DAVE
 Introduction
Man and environment are inter-
related. The environment influences
the life of human beings and also
human beings modify their
environment as a result of their
growth, dispersal, activities, death
and decay etc.
 Thus all living beings including
man and their environment are
mutually reactive affecting each
other in a number of ways and a
dynamic equilibrium is possible in
between the two, ie. human
beings (society and environment
are interdependent.
 The different social structures
like industrial, agricultural,
religious, aesthetic etc. have
developed during various stages
of human civilization and these
structures represent human
being's accumulated cultural
resources based on natural
environment.
 The burning issues like quality of
environment, disruption of earth's
natural ecosystem, environmental
degradation and pollution,
ecological imbalances, depletion of
resources etc. can be approached
and solved only after considering
the value judgements which may be
determined
 If the natural environment helped
in the development of different
structures of the society on the
one hand, the existence and quality
of environment now rests on the
responses of these social
structures to the environment on
the other hand.
By taking into account the
consequences of environmental
improvement program on the entire
societyand society's response
towards the improvement program.
Actually all these depend on the
interest and desire of the society in
improving the quality of environment.
 The interaction between environment and society
depends largely on the social and political system.
Even the capitalistic and socialistic systems
perceptions and reactions to the environment are
quite different. The differential interactions are due to
uneven distribution of natural resources, uneven
economic and social development, dissimilarity of
demographic factors, varying view points of the
governments and individuals towardsenvironment
 Continuous and exceedingly increasing rate of
rapacious exploitation of natural resources,
industrialization, technological growth, unplanned
urbanization and profit-oriented capitalism by
the developedwestern world are responsible for
grave environmental crisis and ecological
imbalance not confined to their owncountries but
to the whole world.
 The socialistic system of government gives
more emphasison the social importance of
natural resources and environmental
problems and the urgent need to tackle,
these problems. Marxismpreaches to
organizesociety's control over the
rapaciousexploitation of natural
resourcesand to develop harmony between
man and nature. The emphasis on rational
exploitation of natural resources and
ecological balancewas in the constitution of
USSR.
1.Rapid population
explosion:
Puts tremendous pressure on the
natural resources and environmental
quality. This is due to the fact that
population growth leads to poverty
which directly or indirectly declines
the environmental standard.
2.Rational use of
non-polluted water
resources:
The restoration of water quality
of our water bodies and their
optimum uses are the challenges
before the present society.
3.To sustain and
increase agricultural
growth:
Without damaging environment. The
over cultivation of soil, results in
nutrient deficiency, lack of organic
matter,soil salinity and damage to
physical structure of the soil.
4.To check soil
erosion:
The soil erosion can be prevented by
the restorationof land or soil resources
which are directlyor indirectly related
to strategies for the management of
land, water and forest.
5.Restoration of
forest resources:
The forest resources are depleting at a very
faster rate in order to meet growing need of
timberand farmland for theincreased
population. Vast forest areas have been
converted into barren waste lands. So, it is
the need of the present societyto restore
our forest resources possibly throughsocial
forestry and afforestation programs.
6.To check
pollution :
The over exploitation of
natural resources, intervention of
bio-geochemical cycles and trace
element cycle, extraneous
release of matter and energy etc.
cause serious environmental
hazards.
 In addition, continuous green-house
gas emission, hazardous chemicals of
industry and agriculture, nuclear
arsenals: radioactive wastes and
biotechnological misuse lead to global
catastrophism. So, the prevention of
pollution is of prime importance for
the present society. Considering the
above issues, it is clear that the fate of
human being dependson how he is
managing and overcoming the above
problems
M ea nin gs of
En viro nm en t
d le F re n c h
m t h e M id
d in g fr o a ro u n d ,"
Descen e n viron
*
on a n in g , i s
prepositi n it s m o s t ba s ic m e
e d
iron m e n t, i e n p r e c e d
e nv o u n d s ." W h
h ic h s u rr ly re f e rs to
"that w o d if ie d , it us u a l
o u
d u n m t t e rif y
by the an r l d ( "p le a s e d o n 't li
u r a l w o
the nat e n v i r o n m e n t ") .
ab o u t th e
care
 M ea nin gs of
En viro nm en t
n s e , it m a y
xt e n d e d s e
c a l, m o r e e o n s t h a t
s p h y s i co n d i ti
In a les u m s t a n c e s a n d
a lo v in g
th e c ir c re w u p i n
sig n if y l if e ( "H e g p li e d in
e v e r y d a y a l so b e a p
m a k e u p w o r d m a y le ," th e
n t. ") T h e n g , e x am p
en v ir o n m e y s , d e n o t i c e d
a liz e d w a i t p r o n o u n
h ly sp e c i e n t" (" h o w r
hig n g u is t ic e l e m
ir o n m e n t" ) o
it io n o f a li o n e ti c e n v
po s u p o n it s p h t a s ks c a n
a n d e p e n d s ic h v a r io u s
in I t a li e f r o m w h v a r ie d
te r i n te r f a c o rk s i n
a c o m p u e a p p w
m e d " ( "th
be p e r f or
o n m e n t s " ).
en v i r
 Environ m en t is
ev erythin g th at is
arou nd u s
It can be living or non-living things. It includes physical,
chemical and other natural forces. Living things live in their
environment. They constantly interact with it and adapt
themselves to conditions in their environment.
 Environment is the sum total of all surroundings of a living
organism, including natural forces and other living things.
Both biotic and abiotic components form environment.
These two components interact with each other and they
are interdependent. The environment consists of the
interactions among plants, animals, soil, water,
temperature, light, and other living and non- living things.
Environment Can Be Categorized as:

3. Social Environment
1. Built Environment
2. Natural Environment
 Built Environment
refers to the human-made surroundings
that provide the setting for human activity.
The built environment encompasses places
and spaces created or modified by people
including buildings, parks or green spaces
and supporting infrastructures, such as
water supply, or energy networks,
transportation systems etc.
Built environment is shaped by:

Climate and Government

geology Economy
Built environment is shaped by:

Culture and Customers

fashion Technology
 Natural Environment
The natural environment includes all
living and non-living things occurring
naturally on Earth. Natural environment is
often used as a synonymfor habitat. For
instance, when we say that, the natural
environment of giraffes is the savanna.
Composition Natural Environment
The Lithosphere
The lithosphere is the
rigid outermost shell of a
rocky planet defined on
the basis of the
mechanical properties.
 The Hydrosphere
The hydrosphere refers to the
combined mass of water found on,
under, and over the surfaceof the
planet Ocean, rivers,lakes, ponds
and as a whole all the water body of
the earth.
 The Atmosphere
The atmosphere of Earth is a layer of
gases surrounding the planet Earth that is
retainedby Earth's gravity.The atmosphere
protects life on Earth by absorbing
ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the
surfacethrough greenhouse effect,and
reducing temperature extremes between
day and night.
 The Biosphere
The biosphere is the global sum of all
ecosystems. It can also be termed the zone
of life on Earth a closed systemand largely
self- regulating. The biosphere is the
global ecological system integrating all
living beings and their relationships
 Social Environment
The social environment refersto the immediate physical and
social setting in which people live or in which something
happens or develops. It includes theculture that the individual
was educated or lives in, and the people and institutions with
whom they interact. The interaction may be in person or
through communication media, even anonymous or one-way
and may not imply equality of social status. Social
environment includes culture, language, social condition,
health,profession, living condition, economic capability of the
people in a certain area
 The Thre e Typ es of
Environmen tal A da pta tions
rig in ate d t h e th e o ry t h a t
p h ilo s o p h e r H e r ac lit u s o
The ancie n t G re e k n s t an t is
th e sa y in g , "T h e o n ly c o
a n tly c h a n g in g - a n d
things are const sit u a t io n in th e n a t u r al w o rld
u te d t o h im . T h is is th e
change," is att rib
or ganism s inh ab it . t a r e g ra d u a lly
t o ad a p t t o c o n d it io n s th a
s n e e d t o fin d w a y s
Organism t h e y d o n 't, th ey d ie . T h e
fr o m p r e - e x is tin g o n e s . If
or suddenly diffe r e n t b le m e a n s,
y o b s e r v a b le or m ea s u r a
s a r e c at e g o riz e d b
types of adaptation t a tio n s .
e is at th e b a s is o f a ll a d a p
but genetic ch a ng
 Adaptations
Organisms, from microbes to plants and animals,
inhabit environments that can change to
becomedrier, hotter, colder,more acidic,
darkerand sunnier with analmost infinite number
of variables, Organisms with genetic advantages,
such as a mutation that helps them survive the
new conditions, pass down the change to
descendants, and it becomes prevalent in the
population to be expressed as an adaptation
 THE THREE BASIC TYPES OF ADAPTATIONS, BASED ON HOW THE GENETIC
CHANGES ARE EXPRESSED, ARE STRUCTURAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND
BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS. MOST ORGANISMS HAVE COMBINATIONS OF
ALL THESE TYPES

I.STRUCTURAL II.PHYSIOLOGICAL III. BEHAVIORAL

An organism's Based on body chemistry Adaptations that affect
environment shapes its and metabolism, how an organism acts are
appearance through physiological adaptations called behavioral
structural adaptations. usually don’t show from adaptations.
the outside.
 Some possible ways of
tackling the problem and
maintaining environmental
standard

1. Taking effective 2. Optimum use of 3. Conserving and

measures for population natural resources. protecting biodiversity.
control.
 Some possible ways of
tackling the problem and
maintaining environmental
standard

4. Creating public 5. Giving top priority 6. Developing eco-friendly

awareness about the for environmental technological processes.
benefits and implications of protection.
environment.
 Some possible ways of
tackling the problem and
maintaining environmental
standard

7. Promoting sustainable 8. Using bio-fertilizer 9. Using minimum number

agriculture which will not or ecofriendly of pesticides and
harm the environment. fertilizers. insecticides.
 Some possible ways of
tackling the problem and
maintaining environmental
standard

10. Using minimum number 11. Developing suitable 12. Choosing suitable
of pesticides and biotechnology to clean technique to treat the
insecticides. up hazardous wastes in pollutants before their
the environment. discharge into environment.
 Human Environmental
Interactions can be defined as
interactions between the
teractions
In
human social system and (the
"rest" of) the ecosystem.

Hum a l
a n-Environm e n t
Human social systems and ecosystems are
complex adaptive systems (Marten, 2001).
Complex because ecosystems and human
social systems have manyparts and many
connections betweenthese parts.
Adaptivebecause they have feedback
structures that promote survival in a constantly
changing environment.
 Human social system
In order to analyze Human Environmental Interactions, it is
importantto be aware of specific characteristics of the human
socialsystem. The type of society strongly influences people's
attitude towards nature, their behavior and therefore their
impact on ecosystems. Important characteristics of human
social systems are population size, social organization,
values, technology, wealth, education, knowledge and many
more. Especially valuesand knowledge strongly influence
peoples view of life and consequently define the way people
act. The choice of possible actions is then limited by the
available technology.
 People modify the environment for their
purposes and obtain benefits (Ecosystem
Services)from it. These Ecosystem
Servicesare essential for human well-being
and includefor example the provision of
resources like water, timber, food, energy
information, land for farming and many more.
Obviously by using these resources people
affect the environment in a lot of ways
Furthermore people often reorganize existing
ecosystems to achieve new ones that seem to
be more effective in serving their needs.
Millennium Ecosystem
Assessment

MA analyzed how
EcosystemServices and
constituents of human well-
being are interlinked. The
MA research programme was
launched with supportfrom
the United Nations in 2001.
 Coevolution and
Coadaptation
The terms coevolution and coadaptation
describethe never-ending process of mutual
adjustment and change between human social
systems and the environment. People actions have
consequences on the environment. But also, the
environment influences human activities. Human
social systemshave to adapt to their specific
environment. Natural phenomena like storms.
earthquakes force people to react. These
naturalphenomena can either be directlyor not
primarily causedby human actionsand again
influencehuman behavior as people have to
respond to a new situation.
 Drivers-Pressures-State-
Impact-Response
The Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response
(DPSIR) model was originally developed by the
European Environmental Agency (EEA) and is used
to assess and manage environmental problems.
Many national and European institutions adopted
this conceptual framework. It identifies the various
causal chains of links between human activities
and environmental degradation.
The model distinguishes severalcategories of
indicators in order to explain how the state of the
environment is changed due to human activities.
Human activities increase or mitigate pressure on
the environment. The driving forces which initiate
human activities are mainly socio-economic and
socio- cultural forces.
 Human Technology
overpopulation Overconsumption
 Mass extinction, defaunation, and
decline in biodiversity
Ecological collapse

Biodiversity generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth, and is
represented by the number of different species there are on the planet. Since its
introduction, Homo sapiens (the human species) has been killing off entire
specieseither directly (such as throughhunting) or indirectly (such as by
destroying habitats), causing the extinction of species at an alarmingrate.
Humans are the cause of the current mass extinction, called the Holocene
extinction, driving extinctions to 100 to 1000 timesthe normal background rate.
 at destruction
Habit w h e r e p la n t s ,
tu r a l p la ce e
t is t h e n a it i s w h e r
A ha b it a n is m s l iv e ;
o th er o r g a in g a r e a
ls , o r h e l iv
anima m e . T h is is t
e a lt h y .
a l l h o e m a in h
they c n e co sy s t e m to r
i n g s o
s a r y f o r a e s o m e t h
neces e a n s t o ch a n g
c e w a s .
c ti o n m t a s it o n
Destru n n o lo n g e r e x is
g e th e r ,
h a t it c a it io n s to
much t u t th e tw o d e f in
m e t o
h e n w e p o n = a h o
So, w at + d e s t r u c t i
in t it n o
t : h a b i t t o t h e p o
we ge s b e e n c h a n g e d
s t h a t h a
specie
r e x is t s .
longe
 u r s w h e n
c tio n o cc
t d e s t r u a n a r e a
Habita as h a p p e n e d t o
h c h an g e h e n at u ra l
en o u g s u p p o r t th
n n o lo n g e r b e in
th a t it c a a n a c t u a lly
is c h a n g e c io n ,
d l if e. T h d e s t ru c t
wil in c lu d in g
y fo rm s , io n . B u t n o
m a n d d e g ra d a t
n ta t io n , a n p la n ts ,
fra g m e p e n s , t h e
o w it h a p h o s e
m a t t e r h r g a n i s m s w
d o th e r o g e r
im a ls , a n e d n o lo n
an e n d es t ro y
it a t h a s b e
hab
h o m e .
have a
 to k n o w is
o rt a n t t e r m
h e r im p is a
Anot e c o s y s t e m
y st e m . A n t w i th
eco s h a t in t e ra c
f s p e c ie s t h is
grou p o n g a re a . T
r i n a li v i
each o th e s s a ry f o r
is n e ce
a r e a e a lt h y
living a s a h
su r v i v a l c ri b e s
their i s le s so n d e s
s t e m . T h s o f
ecosy , a n d e f fe c t
s , c a u s e s
ty pe n g a re a
in g t h is liv i
d e st ro y
Types of Habitat
Destruction
There are different types of habitat
destruction that can occur. Three main
types are actual destruction,
fragmentation, and degradation. All three
types of habitat destruction can be just as
lethal. Some take longer to completely
destroy a habitat and some Destroy the
habitat instantly. In this lesson, you will
learn about what causes these different
types of habitat destruction.
 Causes of Habitat
Destruction
Picture a bulldozer pushing its way through the
woods, creating flat open land so that a
woodedarea can be turned into a subdivision or
office building. As the bulldozer is knocking down
trees, it is also crushing grassesand packing the
ground super tight. The bulldozer is not only
killing the trees and other plants that it is
runningover, but it is killingthe living area of
multiplespecies This is justone example of habitat
destruction, known simply as destruction.
Destruction is instant and the specieshave little
to no e to adapt. The animals must move if they
are to survive at all. ants must adaptto the newly
compacted land or find a way to disperse their
seeds elsewhere.
 Another example of instant destruction
to habitats is when humans fill in
wetlands. We fill in wetlands usually to
construct other buildings, such as
workspaces or houses.Sometimes it is the
law that if you are filling in a wetlandin
one area, then you must create a new
wetlandarea somewhere else. However,
wetlands are home to some of the most
diverseecosystems and many species are
destroyed in this process.Mowing fields
and cutting trees are other examples of
instant habitat destruction.
 Desertification is a type of land degradation
in which a relatively dry area of land becomes a
desert, Typically losing its bodies of water as
well as vegetation and wildlife. It is caused by a
variety of factors, such as through climate
change (particularly the current global warming)
and through the overexploitation of So
throughhuman activity.
When deserts appear automatically over the
naturalcourse of a planet’s life cycle, then it can
be called a natural phenomenon; however,when
deserts emergedue to e rampant and unchecked
depletion of nutrients in soil that are essential
for it to remain stable, then a virtual«soil death»
can spoke of, which traces its cause back to
human overexploitation. Desertification is a
significant global ecological and environmental
problem with far reaching consequences on
socio-economic and political conditions.
 Desertification is a type of land degradation
in which a relatively dry area of land becomes a
desert, Typically losing its bodies of water as
well as vegetation and wildlife. It is caused by a
variety of factors, such as through climate
change (particularly the current global warming)
and through the overexploitation of So
throughhuman activity.
When deserts appear automatically over the
naturalcourse of a planet’s life cycle, then it can
be called a natural phenomenon; however,when
deserts emergedue to e rampant and unchecked
depletion of nutrients in soil that are essential
for it to remain stable, then a virtual«soil death»
can spoke of, which traces its cause back to
human overexploitation. Desertification is a
significant global ecological and environmental
problem with far reaching consequences on
socio-economic and political conditions.
Disaster Mitigation
Disaster mitigation measures are those
that eliminateor reduce the impacts and risks
of hazards through proactive measures taken
before an emergency or disasteroccurs. One
of the best-known examples of investment in
disaster mitigation is the Red River Floodway.
A mitigation action is a specificaction,
project, activity,or process taken toreduce or
eliminatelong-term risk to people and
property from hazards and theirimpacts. ...
The actions to reduce vulnerability to threats
and hazards form thecore of the plan and are
a key outcomeof the planning process.
 Mitigation - Ways To Reduce
Damages From Future Disasters

3. When severe weather

1. Develop and rehearse 2. Include a
threatens, turn on your
a family disaster communications plan-how
radio to a local stationto
plan-what to do if to contact each other if
stay informed of
you are forced to you become separated.
imminent danger.
leave home.
 Purpose of Mitigation
Mitigation is a critical component of the EIA
process. It aims to prevent adverse impacts from
happening and to keep those that do occur
within an acceptable level. Opportunities for
impact mitigation will occur throughout the
project cycle.
 Importance of Mitigation
People also play an important role in reducingthe
impact from disasters by understanding their own risks
and taking actions to minimize potential damage from
hazardsbefore they occur. Taking proactive steps to
reducerisk, also known as mitigation, helps reduce damage
to homes and businesses and prevent loss of life.
 nif ica nc e of
Sig
Mi tig atio n
following e
i f i ca n t in t h
a t io n is s ig n s o fl iv e s
M it ig v e n t in g lo s
h e lp s i n p r e ro l lin g
w a y s: It lp s i n c o n t
s te rs . It h e to
du r in g d i s a lo s se s
a g e s a n d
n o m ic d a m m iz in g th e
e c o s in m in i
ty . It h e lp o f a
p ro p e r e f f ec ts
a f t e r- t o n
lo n g - t e r m e ir im p a c
t h a v e t h
disas t e r t h a
ciety.
Thank you!
are
yo u
r ea d y ?
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