Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 154 (2022) 111659

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Chaos, Solitons and Fractals

Nonlinear Science, and Nonequilibrium and Complex Phenomena
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/chaos

Frontiers

Dynamics of fuzzy genetic regulatory networks with leakage and

mixed delays in doubly-measure pseudo-almost periodic environment
Moez Ayachi
Laboratory of Mathematics and Applications (LR17ES11), Faculty of Sciences of Gabes, University of Gabes, Gabes 6072, Tunisia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The study of dynamics behaviors of genetic regulatory networks (GRNs) is essential for the understanding
Received 12 March 2021 of living organisms at both molecular and cellular levels. This paper deals with a class of fuzzy genetic
Revised 6 August 2021
regulatory networks (FGRNs) with time varying-delays in leakage terms, time-varying discrete delays,
Accepted 23 November 2021
unbounded distributed delays, and doubly-measure pseudo-almost periodic parameters. Based on the
doubly-measure pseudo-almost periodic theory, exponential dichotomy, differential inequality, and the
Keywords: Banach fixed point theorem, we establish some sufficient conditions to support the existence and global
Fuzzy genetic regulatory networks exponential stability of doubly-measure pseudo-almost periodic solutions for the considered model. A
Doubly-measure pseudo-almost periodic numerical example along with a graphical illustration are presented to support our main results. The re-
solutions
sults of this paper are new and extend existing GRNs models using almost periodic and weighted pseudo-
Mixed delays
almost periodic functions to support a wider range of regulatory processes.
Leakage delays
Global exponential stability © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The genomics era is attracting more and more researchers and
changing the old paradigm of medicine and healthcare. The study
of genome sequencing became an emerging research field focus-
ing on the study of gene development and reactions to external
signals within their highly connected and complex networks. As
the genes in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is about encodes a set
of protein molecules, which are the ”workhorses” of the cell, mod-
eling gene behavior means analyzing and manufacturing its cor-
responding protein. A gene development process consists of two
phases; first, the DNA informations are transferred to a messenger
RNA (mRNA) molecule via an activity called transcription. Then, a
translation phase is applied, during which, the pre-mRNA is pro-
cessed to create a mature mRNA molecule that can be transformed
to build the protein molecule (polypeptide) encoded by the orig-
inal gene. A DNA chromosome controls the process and regulates
the gene expression, it is known as genetic regulatory networks
GRNs.
From a biological and medical perspectives, severals phe-
nomenon related to gene pathways could be modeled and studied
throughout the gene regulatory networks. GRNs allowed to model
several processes of body feedback such as heart beat, metabolic
pathways, temperature breathing etc [40,53,55]. Further in sever-
als cases GRNs models were helpful to answer biological questions
E-mail address: Moez.Ayachi@fsg.rnu.tn
such as how cells react with DNA damage [55], what is the dy-
namics of tumor suppressor protein [55]. It is also expected that
GRNs models will make a significant contribution for cancer bi-
ology, for instance [22] investigated the genome scale breast can-
cer network and analyzed and validate the model and statistical
hypothesis computationally. Another concrete application of GRNs
inference was established to ovarian cancer in [42] where they
demonstrate the complete process for computational systems in bi-
ology research, and identified potential drug targets.
Mathematically speaking, there is no unified, exact description
of the natural process in GRNs modeling. All existing models are
about approximations aimed to capture all aspects of interest that
have been availed from the performed analysis. In the literature,
several types of mathematical models have been used to describe
the GRNs, such as the Boolean model [28], the Bayesian networks
model [24], the differential equation model [11,50], and the func-
tional differential equation (FDE) model [58]. Among these mod-
els, FDE model looks more appropriate to describe the gene regu-
lation process due to its ability to consider time delays required
to model the slow process of translation, transcription, translo-
cation, and diffusion, especially in a eukaryotic cell and one can
see some experimental results in [30,37,46]. The time delay is in-
evitable in modeling the gene regulation process, because GRNs
models without consideration of time delay can lead to wrong pre-
diction. Moreover, time delays make the dynamics behaviors of
GRNs more complex and may lead to instability, oscillations, bi-
furcation, and chaos. Therefore, considerable attention has been

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2021.111659
0960-0779/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
M. Ayachi Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 154 (2022) 111659

given to the study of dynamical behaviors of GRNs including vari- and global exponential stability of almost periodic and weighted
ous types of delays [3,7,10,13,18,29,32,39,41,43,47–49,52,59]. pseudo-almost periodic solutions of the following non-autonomous
Assuming that each macromolecule takes the time to translo- GRNs with discrete time-varying delays
cate from its place of synthesis to the location where it exerts an $ n

&mi pt q “ ´ai pt qmi pt ´ αi pt qq ` bi j pt qg j p p j pt ´ τ j pt qqq

ÿ
1
effect, the discrete-time delay must be considered when model-
’
’
’
ing GRNs. Chen and Aihara [10] firstly proposed GRNs with con- j“1
stant discrete delays. Later, Can and Run [49] considered a class
’
’ `Ji pt q,
p1i pt q “ ´a˜i pt q pi pt ´ α˜ i pt qq ` ci pt qmi pt ´ ri pt qq,
’
i P vnw,
%
of GRNs with time-varying discrete delays. However, if we assume
each macromolecule takes the same length of time to translocate Aouiti and Dridi [3] considered the existence and stability of
from its place of synthesis to the location where it exerts an effect, Stepanov-like weighted pseudo-almost automorphic solutions of
the time delay can be discrete. But, this simplification may be too FGRNs with discrete time-varying delays. In their recent work,
limited to express the movement of the macromolecule. He and [17] Diagana et al. introduced a new generalization of pseudo-
Cao [29] assumed that the distributed delays model looks more almost periodicity, namely, doubly-measure pseudo-almost peri-
appropriate. Accordingly, several GRNs models with mixed delays odic functions (pν1 , ν2 q-p.a.p. for short), which turn out to be more
including discrete and/or distributed delays have been established general than measure pseudo-almost periodic functions introduced
to studying the dynamics of GRNs [13,41,47]. In addition, a typical by Blot et al. [8]. Roughly speaking, if ν1 and ν2 are two posi-
time delay called leakage/forgetting delay may occur in the neg- tive measures on R, we say that a continuous function u : R Ñ Rn
ative feedback terms of networks and has a great impact on the is doubly-measure pseudo-almost periodic function if u “ ua ` ue ,
dynamics of GNRs [35]. This kind of delay was firstly discovered where ua is almost periodic and ue is pν1 , ν2 q-ergodic in the sense
by Gopalsamy [27] in BAM neural networks. Then, many works that
addressed the dynamical behaviors of GRNs and neural networks żγ
1
with leakage delays. Aouiti et al. [5] investigated the existence and lim }upt q}dν1 pt q “ 0.
γ Ñ`8 ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ
stability of pseudo-almost periodic solutions for BAM neural net-
works with time-varying delays in leakage terms. Arbi [6] consid- During the last years, the almost periodic functions and their vari-
ered the existence and stability of weighted pseudo-almost peri- ous extensions showed a huge potential in modeling and studying
odic solutions for BAM neural networks on time-scales including several real life concepts, especially in medicine and biology. We
leakage time-varying delays. The stability of GRNs with leakage de- cite as examples; Nicholson’s blowflies model [1,19], Mackey–Glass
lays were investigated in [35,43,47]. model [2], Lasota–Wazewska model [14], Hematopoiesis model
However, fuzziness and vagueness are unavoidable when mod- [60], and Neural networks [4,61].
eling real-world problems [20]. Accordingly, introducing the fuzzy Challenged by previously discussed works, this paper aims
operator into the GRNs was a promising option. In their recent to investigate the existence and global exponential stability of
work [48], Ratnavelu et al. investigated the global asymptotic sta- doubly-measure pseudo-almost periodic solutions for FGRNs with
bility of the following fuzzy genetic regulatory networks (FGRNs) time-varying leakage delays, discrete time-varying delays, and un-
with time delay in the leakage term, discrete time-varying delays, bounded distributed delays.
and unbounded distributed delays: This paper is structured as follows; The description of the
model is given in Section 2. Section 3, introduces notations and
$ n
basic definitions about doubly-measure pseudo-almost functions.
m1i pt q “ ´ai mi pt ´ αi q ` bi j g j p p j pt ´ τ j pt qqq
’ ÿ
’
Section 4 establishes some preliminary results needed for the rest
’
’
’
j“1
’
’
of the work. In Section 5, we present our main results. Finally,
’
’
’ n ż t
Q j pt ´ ξ qg j p p j pξ qqdξ
’ ľ
` di j Section 6 present a numerical example to illustrate the effective-
’
’
’
’
´8
ness of the obtained results, before concluding the paper.
’
’
’
’ j“1
’
’ n żt
Q j pt ´ ξ qg j p p j pξ qqdξ
’ ł
` ei j
’
’
’
&
´8
2. Model description
j“1
’ `Ji pt q,
In order to describe the dynamics of FGRNs containing n pro-
’
p1i pt q “ ´a˜i pi pt ´ α˜ i q ` ci mi pt ´ ri pt qq
’
’
’
’
teins and n mRNA, we consider the following system of functional
’
n
’
’ żt
Q j pt ´ ξ qm j pξ qdξ
’
d˜i j differential equations;
’ ľ
`
’
’
’
’
’
’ j“1 ´8 $ n
’m1 pt q “ ´a pt qm pt ´ α pt qq ` bi j pt qg j p p j pt ´ τ j pt qqq
’ ÿ
n
’
t
’ ż ’
i i i
Q j pt ´ ξ qm j pξ qdξ ,
’
i
i P vnw.
ł ’
e˜i j
’
`
’
’ ’
’
j“1
’
% ’
’
j“1 ´8 ’
’
’ n żt
Q j pt ´ ξ qg j p p j pξ qqdξ
’ ľ
` di j pt q
’
’
’
From a different perspective, recent researches in biology
’
’
’
’ j“1 ´8
’
[26,31,33,34] have also observed experimentally the periodicity of
’
’ n żt
Q j pt ´ ξ qg j p p j pξ qqdξ
’ ł
` ei j pt q
’
the cellular processes (intrinsically rhythmic). Various periodic os-
’
’
&
´8
cillations with periodic variation durations from milliseconds to j“1 (1)
’ `Ji pt q,
years, which may allow living organisms to adapt their behaviors
’
a˜i pt q pi pt ´ α˜ i pt qq ` ci pt qmi pt ´ ri pt qq
’
1
p t
’
’
i p q “ ´
to a periodically varying environment [25,36]. However, assuming
’
’
n
’
’ żt
Q j pt ´ ξ qm j pξ qdξ
’
that, in nature, due to the environment variation, many biologi- d˜i j pt q
’ ľ
`
’
’
’
cal phenomena may be more or less periodic, the study of these
’
’
’ j“1 ´8
’
phenomena requires concepts that go beyond the concept of pe- n
’
’ żt
Q j pt ´ ξ qm j pξ qdξ , t ě 0, i P vnw.
’ ł
e˜ t
’
` p q
’
riodicity taking into account the fact that these phenomena are i j
’
’
´8
%
j“1
not entirely periodic. Such assumption put forward almost peri-
odic functions and their various extensions as more appropriate In Model (1), for i P vnw fi t1, . . . , nu, mi ptq and pi ptq are the con-
models to support such concept. Recently, based on exponential centrations of mRNAs and proteins at time t, respectively; ai ptq
dichotomy, differential inequality, and the Banach fixed point the- and a˜i ptq are the degradation rates of mRNAs and proteins, respec-
orem, Duan et al. [18] and Ayachi [7] investigated the existence tively; ci ptq is the translation rate; ri ptq and τi ptq are the translation

2
M. Ayachi Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 154 (2022) 111659

and feedback regulation delays, respectively; αi pt q and α˜ i pt q are the We denote the collection of all such functions by OpRn , ν1 , ν2 q.
leakage delays; Q j is the feedback kernel; Ji ptq is the basal rate;
Lemma 3 ([17]). If ν1 , ν2 P M satisfy (E0). Then the space
di j pt q, d˜i j pt q and ei j pt q, e˜i j pt q, are the elements of fuzzy feedback
pOpRn , ν1 , ν2 q, }.}8 q is a Banach space.
MIN template and fuzzy feedback MAX template, respectively; ^
and _ `denotes ˘ the fuzzy AND and fuzzy OR operations, respec- Definition 4 ([9,23]). A function u P BC pRn q is called almost
tively; bi j ptq 1ďi, jďn is the coupling matrix of the genetic net- periodic if, for any ε ą 0, the set T “ tω : }upt ` ωq ´ uptq} ă
works, which is defined as follows: for all t P Ru is relatively dense in R, i.e., for any ε ą 0, there is a
constant l “ lε ą 0 such that every interval of length lpε q contains
& >0, if transcription j is an activator of gene i,
$
a number η with the property that }upt ` ηq ´ uptq} ă ε , for each
bij pt q : “ 0, if there is no link from node j to i,
t P R. We denote by AP pRn q the collection of all almost periodic
ă 0, if transcription j is a repressor of gene i,
%
functions from R to Rn . Then pAP pRn q, } ¨ }8 q is a Banach space.
ˆ ˙h
j
Definition 5 ([17]). Let ν1 , ν2 P M. A function u P BC pRn q is called
x
θj
and g j pxq “ ˆ ˙h is the feedback regulation of the protein in doubly-measure pseudo-almost periodic, or pν1 , ν2 q-p.a.p. (for
j
1` θx
j short), if it can be expressed as u “ ua ` ue with ua P AP pRn q is
the transcription process, where h j is the Hill coefficient and θ j is the almost periodic component and ue P OpRn , ν1 , ν2 q is the er-
a positive constant. godic perturbation. We denote by PAP pRn , ν1 , ν2 q the collection of
The initial conditions of (1) are associated to be of the form all pν1 , ν2 q-p.a.p. functions from R to Rn .
mi psq “ φi psq, pi psq “ ψi psq, s P p´8, 0s , Remark 2. The concept of pν1 , ν2 q-pseudo almost periodicity gen-
where φi and ψi are continuously differentiable on p´8, 0s. eralizes; (1) the concept of almost periodicity introduced by Bohr
in [9], (2) the concept of the classical pseudo-almost periodicity
Remark 1. g j p.q is a monotonically increasing function with satu- introduced by Zhang in [56,57], (3) the concept of -weighted
ration, and satisfies g j p0q “ 0 and pseudo-almost periodicity introduced by Diagana in [15,16], as well
g j pxq ´ g j pyq as the concept of ν -pseudo almost periodicity introduced by Blot
0ď ď L j, @x ‰ y P R, j P vnw, et al. in [8], as what follows:
x´y
where 1. The pν1 , ν2 q-pseudo-almost periodicity coincides with the al-
ph j ´1q{h j ph j `1q{h j
most periodicity, when the ergodic component is equal to zero.
ph j ´ 1q ph j ` 1q 2. The pν1 , ν2 q-pseudo-almost periodicity coincides with the
L j fi max g1j pxq “ ą 0.
xě0 4θ j h j pseudo-almost periodicity, when ν1 „ ν2 and ν1 , ν2 are the
Lebesgue measures.
3. Notations and definitions 3. The pν1 , ν2 q-pseudo-almost periodicity coincides with the -
´ ¯ weighted pseudo-almost periodicity, when ptq ą 0 almost ev-
For convenience, Rn R1 “ R denotes the set of all n- erywhere on R for the Lebesgue measure, and ν1 „ ν2 defined
dimensional real vectors (real numbers). BC pRn q denotes the col- by
lection of all bounded continuous functions from R to Rn , and ż
BC 1 pRn q denotes the collection of all functions u : R ÝÑ Rn , such ν1 pBq “ pt qdt , for B P B,
B
that u, u1 P BC¯pRn q. It is well known that pBC pRn q, }.}8 q and
where dt denotes the Lebesgue measure on R. In particular, ac-
´
BC 1 pRn q, }.}1 are Banach spaces, where
cording to [8, Remark 3.4], condition (E1) is equivalent to
}u}8 fi sup }upt q} fi sup max |ui pt q|, pt ` sq
t PR t PR iPvnw (F1) For all s P R, lim sup ă `8.
|t|Ñ`8 ptq
}u}1 fi sup }upt q} “ max }u}8 , }u1 }8 .
 (
t PR 4. The pν1 , ν2 q-pseudo almost periodicity coincides with the ν1 -
Let B denotes the Lebesgue σ -field of R, M denotes the col- pseudo almost periodicity, when ν1 „ ν2 .
lection of all positive measures ν on B satisfying ν pRq “ `8 and Example 1. Let the measure ν1 where its Radon-Nikodym deriva-
ν prt1 , t2 sq ă `8 for all t1 , t2 P R pt1 ď t2 q. Let us consider the class tive is 1 ptq “ ecosptq , t P R, and the measure ν2 ptq where its
of measures ν1 , ν2 P M which satisfies: Radon-Nikodym derivative is
(E0) Let ν1 , ν2 P M satisfy if t P r0, `8q,
" t
e
2 pt q “
ν1 pr´γ , γ sq 1 if t P p´8, 0q.
lim sup ă `8.
γ Ñ`8 ν2 pr´γ , γ sq For more details about the Radon-Nikodym derivative, we refer
the reader to [21].
(E1) For all s P R, there exists λ ą 0 and a bounded interval J of
First, it is easy to see that ν1 , ν2 P M.
R such that ν1 ptq ` s : q P Buq ď λν1 pBq, when B P B satisfies
Note that, for γ ą 0, we have
B X J “ H.
żγ
Definition 1 ([8]). Let ν1 , ν2 P M. We say that ν1 and ν2 are equiv- 2γ e´1 ď ν1 pr´γ , γ sq “ ecospt q dt ď 2γ e1 , (2)
´γ
alent (i.e. ν1 „ ν2 ) if there exists nonnegative constants c1 , c2 , and
a bounded interval J Ă R (eventually H) such that and
żγ
c1 ν1 pBq ď ν2 pBq ď c2 μ1 pBq, when B P B, B X J “ H. ν2 pr´γ , γ sq “ 2 pt qdt “ γ ` 1 ´ e´γ , (3)
´γ
Definition 2 ([17]). Let ν1 , ν2 P M. A function u P BC pRn q is said to
which implies that
be pν1 , ν2 q-ergodic if
şγ
1
żγ ν1 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ 1 pt qdt
lim }upt q}dν1 pt q “ 0. lim sup “ lim sup şγ ď 2e1 ă `8.
γ Ñ`8 ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ γ Ñ`8 ν2 pr´γ , γ sq γ Ñ`8 ´γ 2 pt qdt

3
M. Ayachi Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 154 (2022) 111659

be a pν1 , ν2 q-p.a.p. solution of Model (1) with initial condition

ψ ˚ psq “ φ1˚ psq, . . . , φn˚ psq, ϕ1˚ psq, . . . , ϕn˚ psq T .

` ˘

If there exists a positive constant λ ą 0 and N ą 1, such that for

every solution
pmpt q, ppt qqT “ pm1 pt q, . . . , mn pt q, p1 pt q, . . . , pn pt qqT
of Model (1) with any initial condition

ψ p s q “ φ1 p s q , . . . , φ n p s q , ϕ 1 p s q , . . . , ϕ n p s q T ,
` ˘

Fig. 1. The trajectorie of upt q “ sin pt q ` cos2 pπ t q `

2
?1
1`t 2
. for all t ą 0
›pmpt q, ppt qq ´ pm˚ pt q, p˚ pt qq›
› ›
˚
!
Then (E0) is satisfied. fi max |mi pt q ´ m˚ i
p t q| , | m i q ´ pmi q pt q|,
1
pt ˚ 1
iPvnw
Furthermore, using the fact that )
cospq ` sq ď 2 ` cospqq, for all s P R, q P B, | pi pt q ´ p˚
i
pt q|, | p1i pt q ´ p p˚
i
q1 pt q|

it follows that ď Ne´λt }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 ,

ν1 ptq ` s : q P Buq ď e2 ν1 pBq. where

}ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 “ max max |ψi pt q ´ ψi˚ pt q|,
!
sup
Thus (E1) is well satisfied. t Pr´8,0s iPv2nw
Consider the function uptq defined by
max |ψi1 pt q ´ pψi˚ q1 pt q| .
)
sup
1 t Pr´8,0s iPv2nw
upt q “ sin pt q ` cos2 pπ t q ` a
2
, t P R.
1 ` t2 Then the pν1 , ν2 q-p.a.p. solution of Model (1) is said to be globally
It is easy to see that sin 2
ptq ` cos2 pπ tq
P AP pRq. Furthermore, from exponentially stable.
(3), we obtain, for γ ą 0
4. Some preliminary results
2e1 arg sinhpγ q
żγ
1 1
0ď dν1 pt q ď ,
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ 1 ` t 2 γ ` 1 ´ e´γ
a
Lemma 12. Let ν1 , ν2 P M satisfying (E0) and (E1). Suppose that u P
which implies that ? 1 P OpR, ν1 , ν2 q. Consequently, we can PAP pRn , ν1 , ν2 q and ϑ P PAP pR` , ν1 , ν2 q. Then
1`t 2
conclude that u belongs to PAP pR, ν1 , ν2 q.(see Fig. 1).
żt
pt q “ upξ qdξ P PAP pRn , ν1 , ν2 q.
t ´ϑ pt q
Lemma 6 ([17]). If ν1 , ν2 P M satisfy (E1). Then;
Proof. Because u and ϑ are pν1 , ν2 q-p.a.p., there exists ua P
1. PAP pRn , ν1 , ν2 q is invariant by translation. PAP pRn , ν1 , ν2 q, ue P OpRn , ν1 , ν2 q, ϑ a P PAP pR, ν1 , ν2 q, and ϑ e P
2. The decomposition given in Definition 5 is unique. OpR, ν1 , ν2 q, such that u “ ua ` ue and ϑ “ ϑ a ` ϑ e . Then, we can
Lemma 7 ([17]). If ν1 , ν2 P M satisfy (E0) and (E1). Then write
pPAP pRn , ν1 , ν2 q, }.}8 q is a Banach space. pt q “ 1 pt q ` 2 pt q ` 3 pt q,
Lemma 8 ([17]). Let ν1 , ν2 P M, J be a bounded interval (eventually where
J “ H). Suppose that (E0) holds and u P BC pRn q. Then the following żt
1 pt q “ ua ξ dξ ,
` ˘
assertions are equivalent:
t ´ϑ a pt q

1. u P OpRn , ν1 , ν2 q.
ż t ´ϑ a pt q
2 pt q “ ξ dξ ,
` ˘
1
ż u
2. lim }upt q}dν1 pt q “ 0. t ´ϑ pt q
γ Ñ`8 ν2 pr´γ , γ szJq r´γ ,γ szJ żt
3. For any nonnegative real number ω, 3 pt q “ ue ξ dξ .
` ˘
t ´ϑ a pt q
1
ż
lim dν1 pt q “ 0, Firstly, according to [51, Lemma 2.2.], since ϑ a and ua are almost
γ Ñ`8 ν2 pr´γ , γ szJ q γ ,ω puq
periodic, it follows that 1 belongs to AP pRn q.
where γ ,ω puq “ tt P r´γ , γ szJ : }uptq} ą ωu. Furthermore, because ϑ e P OpRn , ν1 , ν2 q, it follows that
żγ
Lemma 9 ([45]). Let ν1 , ν2 P M. If u1 , u2 P PAP pR, ν1 , ν2 q, then lim
1
}2 pt q}dν1 pt q
u1 ˆ u2 belongs to PAP pR, ν1 , ν2 q. γ Ñ`8 ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ
ż γ › ż t ´ϑ a pt q
1
›
Lemma 10 ([54]). Suppose that si j , s˜i j , x j , y j P R and f j : R ÝÑ R be ξ ξ ›dν1 pt q
› ›
“ lim u p q d
γ Ñ`8 ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ › t ´ϑ pt q
›
continuous functions, i, j P vnw. Then the following inequality holds:
›
żγ
1
|ϑ e pt q|dν1 pt q
ˇ n n n
ď }u}8 lim
ˇ
ˇsi j ˇˇ f j px j q ´ f j py j qˇ, γ Ñ`8 ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ
ˇľ ľ ˇ ÿ ˇ ˇˇ ˇ
ˇ
ˇ si j f j px j q ´ si j f j py j qˇˇ ď
j“1 j“1 j“1 “ 0.
ˇ n n ˇ n
ˇs˜i j ˇˇ f j px j q ´ f j py j qˇ. Which implies that 2 P OpRn , ν1 , ν2 q.
ˇł ł ˇ ÿ ˇ ˇˇ ˇ
ˇ ˜
s f
ij j p x j q ´ ˜
s f
ij j p y q
j ˇ ď
ˇ
Finally, it remains to prove that 3 P OpRn , ν1 , ν2 q. In fact, by
ˇ
j“1 j“1 j“1
using Fubini’s theorem, it follows that
Definition 11. Let żγ
1
pm˚ pt q, p˚ pt qqT “ pm˚ T } pt q}dν1 pt q
1 pt q, . . . , mn pt q, p1 pt q, . . . , pn pt qq
˚ ˚ ˚
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ 3
4
M. Ayachi Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 154 (2022) 111659

ż γ ›ż t
1 1
›
e
ξ ξ ›dν1 pt q “ lim pvpt ` ηq ´ vpt qq
› ›
“ u p q d
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ › t ´ϑ a pt q η
›
› ηÑ0

1
ż γ ż t `ϑ a` “ v1 pt q,
ď }ue pξ q}dξ dν1 pt q 1
ż t `η
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ t ´ϑ a` ϕ pt q “ lim ϕ psqds
ż γ ż ϑ a` ηÑ0 η t
1
“ }ue pt ` ξ q}dξ dν1 pt q 1
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ ´ϑ a` “ lim pwpt ` ηq ´ wpt qq
ηÑ0 η
ż ϑ a` ż γ
1 “ w1 pt q.
“ }ue pt ` ξ q}dν1 pt qdξ
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´ϑ a` ´γ
The proof is completed. ˝
ż ϑ a`
“ Tγ pξ qdξ , Lemma 14. Let ν1 , ν2 P M satisfying (E0) and (E1). Let
´ϑ a
`

PAP 1 pRn , ν1 , ν2 q fi u P BC 1 pRn q : u, u1 P PAP pRn , ν1 , ν2 q .

! )
a`
where ϑ “ sup ˇϑ a ptqˇ, and
ˇ ˇ
tPR
żγ ´ ¯
1 Then PAP 1 pRn , ν1 , ν2 q, }.}1 is a Banach space.
Tγ pξ q “ }ue pt ` ξ q}dν1 pt q.
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ
Proof. Let puk qk be a Cauchy sequence in PAP 1 pRn , ν1 , ν2 q. Then,
By considering (E1) and Lemma 6, we obtain that ue p. ` ξ q P
for any ą 0, there exists N ą 0 such that @k, l ě N
OpRn , ν1 , ν2 q for every ξ P R. Consequently
lim Tγ pξ q “ 0, for all ξ }uk ´ ul }1 “ max }uk ´ ul }8 , }u1k ´ u1l }8 ă .
 (
P R. (5)
γ Ñ`8
From Definition 5, let uk “ vk ` wk , where vk P AP pRn q and wk P
Furthermore, we have
OpRn , ν1 , ν2 q, k “ 1, 2, . . .. It follows from Lemma 13 that u1k “ v1k `
ν1 pr´γ , γ sq w1k , where v1k P AP pRn q and w1k P OpRn , ν1 , ν2 q. By (5), we obtain
0 ď Tγ pξ q ď }ϕ }8 .
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq that puk qk and pu1k qk are a Cauchy sequence in the Banach space
Then, using (E0) and Lebesgue’s dominated convergence Theorem, pPAP pRn , ν1 , ν2 q, }.}8 q. Thus, by considering [17, Theorem 2.16],
it follows that (E0) and (E1), we can deduce that, pvk qk , pv1k qk are Cauchy se-
ż ϑ a` ż ϑ a` quences in the Banach space pAP pRn q, }.}8 q, and pwk qk , pw1k qk are
lim Tγ pξ qdξ “ lim Tγ pξ qdξ “ 0, also Cauchy sequences in the Banach space pOpRn , ν1 , ν2 q, }.}8 q.
γ Ñ`8 ´ϑ a` ´ϑ a
` γ Ñ`8 Consequently, there exists v, φ P AP pRn q, and w, ϕ P OpRn , ν1 , ν2 q,
which implies that such that
żγ
1 lim }vk ´ v}8 “ 0, lim }wk ´ w}8 “ 0,
lim }3 pt q}dν1 pt q “ 0,
γ Ñ`8 ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ
kÑ`8 kÑ`8

lim }v1k ´ φ }8 “ 0, lim }w1k ´ ϕ }8 “ 0.

that is 3 P OpRn , ν1 , ν2 q, which complete the proof. ˝ kÑ`8 kÑ`8

Lemma 13. Let ν1 , ν2 P M satisfying (E0) and (E1). Suppose that Let u “ v ` w and g “ φ ` ϕ, then u and g belongs to
both functions u and u1 belongs to PAP pRn , ν1 , ν2 q. That is, u “ v ` PAP pRn , ν1 , ν2 q and
w and u1 “ φ ` ϕ , where v, φ P AP pRn q, and w, ϕ P OpRn , ν1 , ν2 q.
Then the functions v and w are differentiable and
lim }uk ´ u}8 “ 0, lim }u1k ´ g}8 “ 0. (6)
kÑ`8 kÑ`8

v1 “ φ , w1 “ ϕ . To complete the proof, it is enough to prove that u1 “ g. In fact, for

Proof. Note that, for η P R, we have t, η P R, it follows that
ż t `η ż t `η ż t `η
uη pt q “ upt ` ηq ´ upt q “ φ psqds ` ϕ psqds uk pt ` ηq ´ uk pt q “ u1k psqds. (7)
t t t

“ R1 pt q ` R2 pt q. (4) In view of the uniform convergence of uk and u1k , letting k Ñ `8

From [51, Lemma 2.2.], we know that R1 belong to Fur- AP pRn q. in (7), we get
thermore, by using the same arguments as in Lemma 12, we can ż t `η
show that, under (E0) and (E1), R2 P OpRn , ν1 , ν2 q. upt ` ηq ´ upt q “ gpsqds,
t
On the other hand, we have
which implies that
uη pt q “ pvpt ` ηq ´ vpt qq ` pwpt ` ηq ´ wpt qq
1 t `η 1
ż
“ vη pt q ` wη pt q. gpt q “ lim gpsqds “ lim pupt ` ηq ´ upt qq “ u1 pt q. (8)
ηÑ0 η t ηÑ0 η
It is easy to see that vη P AP pRn q and wη P OpRn , ν1 , ν2 q. In ad-
dition, by using (E1) and Lemma 6, the decomposition of uη is Finally, according to (6) and (8), the Cauchy sequence puk qk in
unique. Consequently, PAP 1 pR, ν1 , ν2 q satisfies
ż t `η
vη pt q “ vpt ` ηq ´ vpt q “ φ psqds, lim }uk ´ u}1 “ 0, and u P PAP 1 pR, ν1 , ν2 q.
kÑ`8
t
ż t `η
Which complete the proof. ˝
wη pt q “ wpt ` ηq ´ wpt q “ ϕ psqds.
t
Lemma 15. Let ν1 , ν2 P M satisfying (E0), u P PAP pR, ν1 , ν2 q and
Which implies that η P PAP pR` , ν1 , ν2 q. Assume that
1 t `η
ż
φ pt q “ lim φ psqds (T1) rt ÞÝÑ t ´ ηptqs is invertible, and its inverse function is ζ .
ηÑ0 η t

5
M. Ayachi Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 154 (2022) 111659

(T2) There exists ζ˜ P CpR` q, such that Which implies that u2 P OpR, ν1 , ν2 q.
Step 3. We claim that u3 P OpR, ν1 , ν2 q.
dν1 ζ pt q “ ζ˜ pt qdν1 pt q @t P R,
` ˘
In view of condition (E0), we can find γ0 enough large positive
and real number and a constant m ą 0, such that
Mpγ qν2 pr´κ pγ q, κ pγ qsq ν1 pr´γ , γ sq
limsup ă `8, @γ ą γ0 , ă m.
γ Ñ`8 ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ν2 pr´γ , γ sq
where Further, since ua is almost periodic, then it is uniformly continuous
on R, that is;
M pγ q “ ˇζ pt qˇ and κ pγ q “ sup |t ´ ηpt q|.
ˇ ˇ
ˇ˜ ˇ
sup
t Pr´κ pγ q,κ pγ qs t Pr´γ ,γ s
@ ą 0, Dδ ą 0, s.t. @t, s P R, |t ´ s| ă δ ùñ |ua pt q ´ ua psq| ă .
2m
Then up. ´ ηp.qq P PAP pR, ν1 , ν2 q.
On the other hand, since ηe P OpR, ν1 , ν2 q, then from Lemma 8 we
Proof. According to Definition 5, since u and η are pν1 , ν2 q-p.a.p., know that, for any ω ą 0, we have
then there exists ua , ηa P AP pR, ν1 , ν2 q and ue , ηe P OpR, ν1 , ν2 q, 1
ż
such that lim dν1 pt q “ 0,
γ Ñ`8 ν2 pr´γ , γ sq γ ,ω pηe q
u “ ua ` ue and η “ ηa ` ηe .
where
Then, we can write
γ ,ω ηe “ t P r´γ , γ s :|ηpt q ´ ηa pt q| “ˇηe pt q| ą ω .
` ˘  ˇ (
upt ´ ηpt qq “ u1 pt q ` u2 pt q ` u3 pt q
In particular, we can find γ1 ą 0 such that
“ ua t ´ ηa pt q ` ue pt ´ ηpt qq
` ˘
1
ż
` u pt ´ ηpt qq ´ ua t ´ ηa pt q @γ ą γ1 , dν pt q ď
“ a
.
` ˘‰
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq γ ,ω pηe q 1 4 }u a }8
Our proof consists of three steps:
Step 1. We claim that u1 P AP pRq. Consequently, for all γ ą maxtγ0 , γ1 u, we obtain that
Indeed, since ua and ηa belongs to AP pRq, then by using [12,
żγ
1
Lemma 2.4.], we can conclude that u1 also belongs to AP pRq. |u pt q|dν1 pt q
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq γ 3
Step 2. We claim that u2 P OpR, ν1 , ν2 q. żγ
1
|ua pt ´ ηpt qq ´ ua t ´ ηa pt q |dν1 pt q
` ˘
By using (T1) and (T2), we obtain that “
żγ ν2 pr´γ , γ sq γ
1
|u pt q|dν1 pt q 1
ż
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ 2 |ua pt ´ ηpt qq ´ ua t ´ ηa pt q |dν1 pt q
` ˘
ď
żγ ν2 pr´γ , γ sq γ , pηe q
1
|ue pt ´ ηpt qq|dν1 pt q 1
ż
“
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ |ua pt ´ ηpt qq ´ ua t ´ ηa pt q |dν1 pt q
` ˘
`
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq r´γ ,γ szγ , pηe q
1
ż
|ue pt q|ζ˜ pt qdν1 pt q 1
ż
“
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq pI´ηqpr´γ ,γ sq ď 2 }u a }8 dν pt q
ż κ pγ q ν2 pr´γ , γ sq γ , pηe q 1
1
|ue pt q|ζ˜ pt qdν1 pt q 1
ż
ď
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´κ pγ q ` dν1 pt q
2m ν2 pr´γ , γ sq r´γ ,γ szγ , pηe q
M pγ q
ż κ pγ q
ď |ue pt q|dν1 pt q. 1
ż
ν1 pr´γ , γ sq
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´κ pγ q ď 2 }u a }8 dν pt q `
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq γ , pηe q 1 2m ν2 pr´γ , γ sq
Here, we distinguish two possible cases:
Case 1. Suppose that lim κ pγ q ă `8, then Mpγ q and ď 2 }u a }8 ` m
γ Ñ`8 4 }u a }8 2m
ν1 pr´κ pγ q, κ pγ qsq are finite. Furthermore, since is pν1 , ν2 q- ue “ ,
ergodic then it is bounded on R. Consequently, we obtain
żγ which implies that
1
lim |u2 pt q|dν1 pt q 1
żγ
γ Ñ`8 ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ lim |u3 pt q|dν1 pt q “ 0,
γ Ñ`8 ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ
1
ď lim Mpγ qν1 pr´κ pγ q, κ pγ qsq}u }8 e
that is u3 P OpR, ν1 , ν2 q.
γ Ñ`8 ν2 pr´γ , γ sq
Cst The proof is completed. ˝
ď lim
γ Ñ`8 ν2 pr´γ , γ sq Remark 3. Lemma 15 improve the result obtained in [38].
“ 0.
Lemma 16. Let ν1 , ν2 P M. Suppose that, for all i, j P vnw, κi j and
Case 2. Suppose that lim κ pγ q “ `8. Then considering (T2) and u j belongs to PAP pR, ν1 , ν2 q. Then for all i P vnw, the functions
γ Ñ`8
Fi : t ÞÝÑ nj“1 κi j pt qu j pt q and F˜i : t ÞÝÑ nj“1 κi j pt qu j pt q, belongs to
Ź Ž
the fact that ue P OpR, ν1 , ν2 q, it follows that
żγ PAP pR, ν1 , ν2 q.
1
lim |u2 pt q|dν1 pt q Proof. Let us show that Fi belongs to PAP pR, ν1 , ν2 q. The second
γ Ñ`8 ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ
assertion can be showed similarly.
Mpγ qν2 pr´κ pγ q, κ pγ qsq Suppose that κi j and u j belongs to PAP pR, ν1 , ν2 q for all
ď lim
γ Ñ`8 ν2 pr´γ , γ sq i, j P vnw. By Definition 5, there exists κiaj , uaj P AP pRq, and κiej , uej P
ż κ pγ q
1 OpR, ν1 , ν2 q, such that κi j “ κiaj ` κiej and u j “ uaj ` uej . Conse-
ˆ |ue pt q|dν1 pt q
ν2 pr´κ pγ q, κ pγ qsq ´κ pγ q quently, we can write
“ 0. Fi pt q “ Fi1 pt q ` Fi2 pt q ` Fi3 pt q

6
M. Ayachi Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 154 (2022) 111659

n n n
which implies that Fi2 P OpR, ν1 , ν2 q.
„ľ j
κiaj pt quaj pt q ` κiaj pt qu j pt q ´ κiaj pt quaj pt q
ľ ľ
“
Step 3. We claim that Fi3 P OpR, ν1 , ν2 q.
j“1 j“1 j“1
Let Nu “ sup max |u j ptq| ă 8. Again, from Lemma 10, we obtain
n
„ľ n j tPR iPvnw
κi j pt qu j pt q ´ κiaj pt qu j pt q
ľ
` that
j“1 j“1 żγ ˇ
1
ˇFi pt qˇdν1 pt q
ˇ
ˇ 3 ˇ
Our proof consists of three steps: ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ
Step 1. We claim that Fi1 P AP pRq. ˇ ˇ
ż γ ˇľ
Since, for all i, j P vnw, κiaj and uaj are almost periodic, then 1 ˇ n n ˇ
κ κ a ˇdν1 pt q
ľ ˇ
“ pt q u pt q ´ p t q u pt q
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ ˇˇ j“1 i j j j
ˇ
ij
Mκ “ sup max |κiaj pt q| ă `8, Mu “ sup max |uaj pt q| ă `8.
ˇ
j“1 ˇ
t PR i, jPvnw t PR iPvnw żγ ÿ n
1 ˇu pt qˇˇˇκi j pt q ´ κ a pt qˇˇdν1 pt q
ˇ ˇˇ ˇ
Further, for any ą 0, there exists T a relatively dense subset of ď
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ j“1 j ij
R such that, for all t P R, ω P T and i, j P vnw, we have
żγ n
1
|αiaj pt ` ωq ´ κiaj pt q| ă Nu ˇκiej pt qˇdν1 pt q
ˇ ˇ
,
ÿ
(9) ď
ˇ ˇ
2 n pMκ ` Mu q ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ j“1

n żγ ˇ
1
|uaj pt ` ωq ´ uaj pt q| ă ˇκi j pt qˇdν1 pt q.
ˇ
. (10) ˇ e ˇ
ÿ
“ Nu (12)
2 n pMκ ` Mu q
j“1
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ
By using Lemmas 10, (9) and (10), it follows that, for all ω P T
Since κiej P OpR, ν1 , ν2 q, i, j P vnw, then
ˇFi pt ` ωq ´ Fi1 pt qˇ
ˇ ˇ
ˇ 1 ˇ
żγ ˇ
1
ˇκi j pt qˇdν1 pt q “ 0,
ˇ
ˇ e ˇ
i, j P vnw,
ˇ ˇ
ˇ n n lim
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq
ˇ
γ Ñ`8
κi j pt ` ωqu j pt ` ωq ´ αi j pt qu j pt qˇˇ ´γ
ˇľ a a
ľ
a a
ˇ
“ˇˇ
ˇ j“1 j“1 thus, (12) gives
ˇ
ˇ ˇ
ˇ n n ˇ żγ ˇ
1
κi j pt ` ωqu j pt ` ωq ´ κi j pt ` ωqu j pt qˇˇ ˇFi pt qˇdν1 pt q “ 0,
ˇľ a ˇ
a a a
ľ ˇ ˇ 3 ˇ
ď ˇˇ lim
ˇ j“1 j“1 ˇ γ Ñ`8 ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ

which implies that Fi3 P OpR, ν1 , ν2 q.

ˇ ˇ
ˇ n n ˇ
κi j pt ` ωquaj pt q ´ κiaj pt quaj pt qˇˇ
ˇľ a ľ ˇ
` ˇˇ Finally Fi “ Fi1 ` Fi2 ` Fi3 belongs to PAP pR, ν1 , ν2 q. The proof
ˇ j“1 j“1 ˇ
is completed. ˝
n ˇ
ˇκi j pt ` ωqˇˇuaj pt ` ωq ´ uaj pt qˇ
ˇˇ ˇ
ÿ ˇ a
ď
ˇˇ ˇ
j“1 5. Main results
n ˇ
ˇu j pt qˇˇκi j pt ` ωq ´ κiaj pt qˇ
ˇˇ ˇ
ÿ ˇ a ˇˇ a In this section, by using the Banach fixed point theorem, expo-
`
ˇ
j“1 nential dichotomy, and differential inequality, we study the exis-
n
ÿ n
ÿ tence and the global exponential stability of pν1 , ν2 q-p.a.p. solution
ď Mκ ` Mu of the Model (1).
2 n pMκ ` Mu q 2 n pMκ ` Mu q
j“1 j“1 We introduce the following symbols to simplify the writing of
ă . the equations:

Which implies that Fi1 P AP pRq. a`

i
“ sup |ai pt q|, a˜`
i
“ sup |a˜i pt q|, αi` “ sup |αi pt q|,
t PR t PR t PR
Step 2. We claim that Fi2 P OpR, ν1 , ν2 q.
From Lemma 10, it follows that α˜ i` “ sup |α˜ i pt q|, ci` “ sup |ci pt q|, b`
ij
“ sup |bi j pt q|,
żγ ˇ t PR t PR t PR
1
ˇFi pt qˇdν1 pt q
ˇ
ˇ 2 ˇ e` “ sup |ei j pt q|, di`j “ sup |di j pt q|, e˜` “ sup |e˜i j pt q|,
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ ij
t PR t PR
ij
t PR

d˜i`j “ sup |d˜i j pt q|.

ˇ ˇ
ż γ ˇľ
1 ˇ n a n ˇ
κ κ a a ˇdν1 pt q
ľ ˇ
“ pt q u pt q ´ p t q u pt q t PR
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ ˇˇ j“1 i j j
ˇ
ij j ˇ
j“1
For every ψ “ pφ , ϕ qT “ pφ1 , . . . , φn , ϕ1 , . . . , ϕn qT and i P vnw, we
ˇ
żγ ÿ n ˇ
1 denotes
ˇκ pt qˇˇu j pt q ´ uaj pt qˇdν1 pt q
ˇˇ ˇ
ˇ a ˇˇ
ď
ˇ
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ j“1 i j żt
żγ
Fi pt, φ , ϕ q “ai pt q φi1 pξ qdξ
1 n t ´αi pt q
Mκ ˇuej pt qˇdν1 pt q
ÿ ˇ ˇ
ď
ˇ ˇ
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ j“1
n
bi j pt qg j pϕ j pt ´ τ j pt qqq
ÿ
`
n żγ ˇ j“1
1
ˇu j pt qˇdν1 pt q.
ˇ
ÿ ˇ e ˇ
“ Mκ (11)
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq n żt
´γ
Q j pt ´ ξ qg j pϕ j pξ qqdξ
ľ
j“1 ` di j pt q
´8
Since uej P OpR, ν1 , ν2 q, j P vnw, then j“1

żγ ˇ n żt
1 Q j pt ´ ξ qg j pϕ j pξ qqdξ
ł
ˇu j pt qˇdν1 pt q “ 0,
ei j pt q
ˇ
lim
ˇ e ˇ
j P vnw, `
γ Ñ`8 ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ j“1 ´8

thus, (11) gives ` Ji pt q,

żγ ˇ żt
1
ˇFi pt qˇdν1 pt q “ 0, Gi pt, φ , ϕ q “a˜i pt q ϕi1 pξ qdξ ` ci pt qφi pt ´ ri pt qq
ˇ
ˇ 2 ˇ
lim
γ Ñ`8 ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ t ´α˜ i pt q

7
M. Ayachi Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 154 (2022) 111659

n żt Lemma 17. Assume that (C3) hold, and for all j P vnw, m j , p j P
d˜i j pt q Q j pt ´ ξ qφ j pξ qdξ
ľ
` PAP pR, ν1 , ν2 q. Then for all j P vnw, the functions S j : t ÞÝÑ
j“1 ´8
´8 Q j pt ´ ξ qg j p p j pξ qqd ξ and S j : t ÞÝÑ ´8 Q j pt ´ ξ qm j pξ qd ξ , be-
şt şt
˜
n
longs to PAP pR, ν1 , ν2 q.
żt
Q j pt ´ ξ qφ j pξ qdξ .
ł
` e˜i j pt q
´8
j“1 Proof. Let us show that S j belongs to PAP pR, ν1 , ν2 q. The second
´ ¯T assertion can be showed similarly.
Let zψ ptq “ mφ1 ptq, . . . , mφn ptq, pϕ1 ptq, . . . , pϕn ptq , where Since, for all j P vnw, p j belongs to PAP pR, ν1 , ν2 q and g j
żt is Lipschitzian, then g j p p j p.qq P PAP pR, ν1 , ν2 q. Thus, there exists
ai pξ qd ξ uaj P AP pRq and uej P OpR, ν1 , ν2 q, such that g j p p j p.qq “ uaj p.q ` uej p.q,
şt
mφi pt q “ e´ s Fi ps, φ , ϕ qds, i P vnw,
´8
żt which implies that
a˜i pξ qdξ
şt
pϕi pt q “ e´ s Gi ps, φ , ϕ qds, i P vnw. S j pt q “ S aj pt q ` S ej pt q
´8
żt żt
Throughout the rest of this paper, we suppose that the measures “ Q j pt ´ ξ quai pξ qdξ ` Q j pt ´ ξ quei pξ qdξ .
ν1 , ν2 P M satisfy pE0q and (E1). We also formulate the following ´8 ´8

assumptions that will be adopted later: By using the same arguments given in [44], we can prove that, for
all j P vnw, S aj belongs to AP pRq.
(C1) For all i P vnw; ai and a˜i belongs to AP pR` q with To complete the proof, it is enough to show that S ej belongs to
a´ “ inf pai pt qq ą 0, a˜´ “ inf pa˜i pt qq ą 0. OpR, ν1 , ν2 q. In fact, Fubini’s Theorem gives
i t PR i t PR żγ
1 ˇS pt qˇdν1 pt q
ˇ e ˇ
(C2) For all i, j P vnw; bi j , di j , ei j , ci , d˜i j , e˜i j , Ji , belongs to ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ j
PAP pR, ν1 , ν2 q, and αi , α˜ i belongs to PAP pR` , ν1 , ν2 q. ż γ ˇˇ ż t ˇ
(C3) For all j P vnw; the delay kernels Q j : r0, `8rÝÑ r0, `8r 1
Q j pt ´ ξ qu j pξ qdξ ˇdν1 pt q
ˇ
e
“
ˇ ˇ
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ ˇ ´8
ˇ
are bounded-continuous and satisfy ˇ
żγ żt
ż `8 1
Q j pξ qd ξ “ Q ` ă `8. ď |Q pt ´ ξ quej pξ q|dξ dν1 pt q
0
j ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ ´8 j
ż γ ż `8
1
(C4) For all i P vnw; τi , ri P PAP pR` , ν1 , ν2 q, such that t ´ τi ptq, “ Q j pξ q|uej pt ´ ξ q|dξ dν1 pt q
t ´ ri ptq are invertible functions with inverse resp. ζi1 , ζi2 , ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ 0
ż `8 żγ
and there exists continuous functions ζ˜ 1 , ζ˜ 2 : R ÝÑ R` 1
i i “ Q j pξ q |uej pt ´ ξ q|dν1 pt qdξ
such that for all t P R and i P vnw ν2 pr´γ , γ sq 0 ´γ
ż `8
dν1 pζi1 pt qq “ ζ˜i1 pt qdν1 pt q, “ T j,γ pξ qdξ ,
0
dν1 pζi2 pt qq “ ζ˜i2 pt qdν1 pt q,
where
żγ
and 1
T j,γ pξ q “ Q j pξ q |uej pt ´ ξ q|dν1 pt q.
Mil pγ qν2 ´κil pγ q, κil pγ q
´” ı¯
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ
lim sup ă `8, l “ 1, 2, Since ν1 , ν2 , satisfy (E1), then from Lemma 6, we have uej p. ´ ξ q P
γ Ñ`8 ν2 pr´γ , γ sq
OpR, ν1 , ν2 q for every ξ P R and j P vnw. Consequently
where
lim T j,γ pξ q
γ Ñ`8
Mi1 pγ q “ sup ζ˜i1 pt q,
t Pr´κi1 pγ q,κi1 pγ qs Further, we have
Mi2 p γq “ sup ζ˜i2 pt q, ν1 pr´γ , γ sq
t Pr´κi2 pγ q,κi2 pγ qs 0 ď T j,γ pξ q ď }uej }8 Q pξ q, @ξ ě 0, j P vnw.
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq j
κ γ q “ sup
1
i p |t ´ τi pt q|, Then, using (E0), (C3), and Lebesgue’s dominated convergence The-
t Pr´γ ,γ s
orem, it follows that
κi2 pγ q “ sup |t ´ ri pt q|. ż `8
t Pr´γ ,γ s
lim T j,γ pξ qdξ “ 0, @ j P vnw,
γ Ñ`8 0
(C5) There exists nonnegative constant  such that
which implies that
ςi a` ς˜i a˜`
" *
żγ
 “ max ςi , ς˜i
´ ¯ ´ ¯
i i 1
, 1` , 1` ă 1, ˇS pt qˇdν1 pt q “ 0, @ j P vnw.
ˇ e ˇ
a´ a´ a˜´ a˜´ lim
iPvnw
i i i i γ Ñ`8 ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ
j

where Finally, S ej P OpR, ν1 , ν2 q for all j P vnw. Consequently S j “ S aj ` S ej

n belongs to PAP pR, ν1 , ν2 q. ˝
ςi “ a` αi` `
´ ¯
Q` L j,
ÿ
i
b`
ij
` di`j Q `
j
` e`
ij j
j“1 Lemma 18. Assume that (C1)–(C4) hold. Let ψ “ pφ , ϕ q T “
n ´ pφ1 , . . . , φn , ϕ1 , . . . , ϕn qT P PAP 1 pR2n , ν1 , ν2 q. Then zψ P
ς˜i “ a˜` α˜ i` ` ci` `
¯
d˜i`j ` e˜` L j.
ÿ
i ij
Q`
j PAP 1 pR2n , ν1 , ν2 q.
j“1
Proof. Let ψ P PAP 1 pR2n , ν1 , ν2 q. Based on Lemmas 9, 12, 15,
(C6) There exists a constant λ0 such that 16 and 17, we can conclude that, for all i P vnw, the functions
ż `8 s ÞÝÑ Fi ps, φ , ϕ q and s ÞÝÑ Gi ps, φ , ϕ q, belongs to PAP pR, ν1 , ν2 q.
Q j pξ qeλ0 ξ dξ ă `8. Hence, there exists Fia , Gai P AP pRq and Fie , Gei P OpR, ν1 , ν2 q, such
0

8
M. Ayachi Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 154 (2022) 111659

that Fi ps, φ , ϕ q “ Fia psq ` Fie psq and Gi ps, φ , ϕ q “ Gai psq ` Gei psq, for which implies that
all i P vnw. Therefore, mφi ptq “ m1φ ptq ` m2φ ptq and pϕi ptq “ p1ϕi ptq ` 1
żγ ˇ
ˇmφi pt qˇdν1 pt q “ 0,
ˇ
ˇ 2
i i
lim @i P vnw.
ˇ
p2
ϕi ptq, where γ Ñ`8 ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ

That is m2φ P OpR, ν1 , ν2 q for all i P vnw. Similarly, we can show that
żt
ai pξ qd ξ
şt
m1φi pt q “ e´ s Fia psqds, i
´8 p2ϕi P OpR, ν1 , ν2 q for all i P vnw. Consequently zψ2 P OpR2n , ν , ν q.
1 2
żt
2
şt
ai pξ qd ξ Since zψ 1 P AP pR2n q and z2 P OpR2n , ν , ν q, we can conclude
mφi pt q “ e´ s Fie psqds, ψ 1 2
´8
żt that zψ P PAP pR2n , ν1 , ν2 q.
şt
a˜i pξ qdξ Finally, since for all i P vnw
p1ϕi pt q “ e´ s Gai psqds,
´8
żt m1φi pt q “ ´ai pt qmφi pt q ` Fi pt, φ , ϕ q P PAP pR, ν1 , ν2 q,
a˜i pξ qdξ
şt
p2ϕi pt q “ e´ s Gei psqds. p1ϕi pt q “ ´a˜i pt q pϕi pt q ` Gi pt, φ , ϕ q P PAP pR, ν1 , ν2 q,
´8

Consequently, we can write we can deduce that zψ P PAP 1 pR2n , ν1 , ν2 q, which complete the
1 2 proof. ˝
zψ pt q “ zψ pt q ` zψ pt q
´ ¯ Theorem 19. Assume that assumptions (C1)–(C5) hold. Then Model
“ m1φ1 pt q, . . . , m1φn pt q, p1ϕ1 pt q, . . . , p1ϕn pt q
(1) has a unique pν1 , ν2 q-p.a.p. solution in the region
´ ¯
` m2φ1 pt q, . . . , m2φn pt q, p2ϕ1 pt q, . . . , p2ϕn pt q L
" *
Y “ ψ P PAP 1 pR2n , ν1 , ν2 q : }ψ ´ ψ0 }1 ď ,
1 P AP pR2n q. In view of (C1), the linear sys- 1´
Let us show that zψ
tem where
mi pt q “ ´ai pt qmi pt q, ψ0 pt q “ φ0,1 pt q, . . . , φ0,n pt q, 0, . . . , 0 T ,
" 1 ` ˘
(13)
p1i pt q “ ´a˜i pt qmi pt q, i P vnw żt
ai pξ qd ξ
şt

admits an exponential dichotomy. Since for all i P vnw, Fia and Gai φ0,i pt q “ e´ s Ji psqds, i P vnw,
´8
belongs to AP pRq, then by using the theory of exponential di-
and
chotomy [23], the almost periodic system
Ji` a`
ˆ ˆ ˙ ˙
mi pt q “ ´ai pt qmi pt q ` Fia pt q,
" 1 i
(14) L “ max , 1` Ji` .
p1i pt q “ ´a˜i pt qmi pt q ` Gai pt q, i P vnw, iPvnw a´
i
a´
i

1 . Con-
admits a unique almost periodic solution which is exactly zψ Proof. Rewrite Model (1) in the form
1 2 n żt
sequently zψ P AP pR q.
$
m1i pt q “ ´ai pt qmi pt q ` ai pt q m1i pξ qdξ
’
’
2 P OpR, ν , ν q. In fact, from Fubini’s the-
’
Next, we show that zψ α
’
1 2
’
’ t ´ i pt q
n
’
’
orem, it follows that bi j pt qg j p p j pt ´ τ j pt qqq
’
’ ÿ
’
’ `
żγ ˇ ’
1
’
j“1
’
ˇm pt qˇdν1 pt q
ˇ
ˇ 2 ˇ ’
’
n
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ φi
’
’ ż `8
Q j pξ qg j p p j pt ´ ξ qqdξ
’ ľ
di j pt q
’
ż γ ˇż t
’
’
’ `
1 0
ˇ ’
´ s ai pξ qd ξ e
şt
ˇdν1 pt q j“1
ˇ ˇ ’
e F s ds
’
“ p q ’
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ ´8 n
ˇ
i
’
’ ż `8
Q j pξ qg j p p j pt ´ ξ qqdξ ` Ji pt q,
ˇ ˇ & ł
żγ żt ` ei j pt q
1 ´ 0
e´ai pt ´sq ˇFie psqˇdsdν1 pt q j“1
ˇ ˇ ’
ď
’
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ ´8
’
’ żt
p1i pξ qdξ ` ci pt qmi pt ´ ri pt qq
’
’ p1 pt q “ ´a˜i pt q pi pt q ` a˜i pt q
’
’
ż γ ż `8 i
t ´α˜ i pt q
’
1
’
e´ai ξ ˇFie pt ´ ξ qˇdξ dν1 pt q
´ ˇ ˇ ’
’
“ ’ n ż `8
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ 0
’
d˜i j pt q Q j pξ qm j pt ´ ξ qdξ
’
’ ľ
’
’ `
ż `8 żγ ’
0
1
ˆ ˙ ’
j“1
e´ai ξ
´
’
ˇF pt ´ ξ qˇdν1 pt q dξ
ˇ e ˇ ’
“
’
n
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ i
’
’ ż `8
Q j pξ qm j pt ´ ξ qdξ , i P vnw.
’ ł
0 ’
’
’ ` e˜i j pt q
ż `8 ’
% 0
e´ai ξ Tγ pξ qdξ ,
´ j“1
“
0 First of all, it is easy to see that Y is a closed and convex subset of
where the Banach space PAP 1 pR2n , ν1 , ν2 q.
żγ
1 Note that, for all t P R and i P vnw, we have
Tγ pξ q “ ˇF pt ´ ξ qˇdν1 pt q.
ˇ e ˇ
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq ´γ
i
ˇ ˇ t
ˇż
´ s ai pξ qd ξ
şt
ˇ
ˇφ0,i pt qˇ “ ˇ
ˇ ˇ
e J p s q ds
From Lemma 6, we know that OpR, ν1 , ν2 q is invariant bye transla- i
ˇ
ˇ ˇ
´8
tion. This, implies that Fie p. ´ ξ q P OpR, ν1 , ν2 q for every ξ P R. Con- żt
ai pξ qd ξ
şt
sequently ď e´ s |Ji psq|ds
´8
lim Tγ pξ q “ 0, for all ξ P R. Ji`
γ Ñ`8
ď ,
Furthermore, it is easy to see that a´i

ν1 pr´γ , γ sq ˇφ0,i pt qˇ “ ˇ´ai pt qφi0 pt q ` Ji pt qˇ

ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ
ˇ 1 ˇ ˇ ˇ
0 ď Tγ pξ q ď }Fie }8 , @s ě 0, i P vnw.
ν2 pr´γ , γ sq
Ji`
Then, by using (E0), (C1), and Lebesgue’s dominated convergence ď a`
i
` Ji`
a´
i
Theorem, it follows that
a`
˜ ¸
ż `8
i
lim e´ai ξ Tγ pξ qdξ “ 0, @i P vnw,
´
“ 1` Ji` .
γ Ñ`8 0 a`
i

9
M. Ayachi Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 154 (2022) 111659

Then n n j
L j }ψ }8 ` Q ` L j }ψ }8 ds
ÿ
di`j Q `
ÿ
` j
e`
ij j
}ψ0 }1 “ max }ψ0 }8 , }ψ01 }8
` ˘
j“1 j“1
˜ ` ˜ `
¸ ¸ żt n
Ji ai
„
´
e´ai pt ´sq
a` αi` `
ÿ
, 1` Ji` b` ` di`j Q ` ` e` Q`
` ˘
ď max ´
ď i ij j ij j
iPvnw ai a´
i
´8 j“1

“ L.
j
L j }ψ }1 ds
Thus, for all ψ P Y,
ςi
“ }ψ }1 , for all i P vnw.
L L a´
}ψ }1 ď }ψ ´ ψ0 }1 ` }ψ0 }1 ď `L“ , i
1´ 1´ Besides,
Next, we define the nonlinear operator  as follows; for each ψ P ˇmφi pt q ´ φ01 ,i pt qˇ
ˇ ˇ
ˇ 1 ˇ
PAP 1 pR2n , ν1 , ν2 q,
“ ˇ ´ ai pt qmφi pt q ` Fi pt , φ , ϕ q ` ai pt qφ0,i pt q ´ Ji pt qˇ
ˇ ˇ
pψ qpt q “ zψ pt q.
ď |ai pt q|ˇmφi pt q ´ φ0,i pt qˇ ` ˇFi pt, φ , ϕ q ´ Ji pt qˇ
ˇ ˇ ˇ ˇ

Step 1. We show that  maps Y into itself. ςi

ˇ żt
By Lemma 18, we know that  maps PAP 1 pR2n , ν1 , ν2 q into it- ď a` }ψ }1 ` ˇˇai pt q φi1 psqds
ˇ
i ´
ai t ´αi pt q
self.
Further, for any ψ P Y
n
bi j pt qg j pϕ j pt ´ τ j pt qqq
ÿ
`
ˇmφ pt q ´ φ0,i pt qˇ
ˇ ˇ
j“1
i
ˇż t „ żs n ż `8
e´ s ai p ξ q d ξ ai psq Q j pξ qg j pϕ j pt ´ ξ qqdξ
şt
φi1 pξ qdξ
ľ
di j pt q
ˇ
“ ˇˇ `
´8 s´αi psq j“1 0
n n ż `8
bi j psqg j pϕs ps ´ τ j psqqq
ÿ ˇ
Q j pξ qg j pϕ j pt ´ ξ qqdξ ˇˇ
ł
`
ˇ
` ei j pt q
j“1 j“1 0
n
ςi
ż `8 n
Q j pξ qg j pϕ j pt ´ ξ qqdξ
ľ
di j psq }ψ }1 ` a` αi` }ψ 1 }8 ` L }ψ }8
ÿ
` ď a`
i ´ i
b`
ij j
j“1 0 ai j“1
n ż `8 j ˇ
n n
Q j pξ qg j pϕ j pt ´ ξ qqdξ dsˇˇ
ł
L j }ψ }8 ` Q ` L j }ψ }8
ˇ
ei j psq
ÿ ÿ
` ` di`j Q `
j
e`
ij j
j“1 0
j“1 j“1
ςi
żt ˇ żs
´
e´ai pt ´sq ˇ
φi1 pξ qdξ ď a` }ψ }1 ` ςi }ψ }1
ˇ
ď a i p s q i
s´αi psq a´
ˇ
´8
i
n
a` ¯
bi j psqg j pϕ j ps ´ τ j psqqq
ÿ
“ 1 ` i´ ςi }ψ }1 , for all i P vnw.
´
`
j“1 ai
n
Similarly,
ż `8
Q j pξ qg j pϕ j pt ´ ξ qqdξ
ľ
` di j psq
ˇ ˇ t
ˇż ˇ
0 şt
a˜i pξ qdξ
j“1 e´ Gi ps, φ , ϕ qˇˇ
ˇ ˇ
ˇ pϕ pt qˇ “ ˇ s
i ˇ
n ż `8 ˇ ´8
Q j pξ qg j pϕ j pt ´ ξ qqdξ ˇˇds ς˜i
ł ˇ
` ei j psq
j“1 0 ď }ψ }1 , for all i P vnw,
żt „ żs
a˜´
i
´
ď e´ai pt ´sq
|ai psq| |φi1 pξ q|dξ and
´8 s´αi psq
ˇ pϕi pt qˇ “ ˇ ´ a˜i pt q pϕi pt q ` Gi pt, φ , ϕ qˇ
ˇ ˇ ˇ
ˇ 1 ˇ ˇ
n
|bi j psq||g j pϕ j ps ´ τ j psqqq|
ÿ
`
a˜` ¯
ď 1 ` i´ ς˜i }ψ }1 , for all i P vnw.
´
j“1
n ż `8 a˜i
Q j pξ qg j pϕ j pt ´ ξ qqdξ ˇ
ˇľ ˇ
`ˇ di j psq Therefore
0
j“1
L
n } ψ ´ ψ 0 } 1 ď  } ψ } 1 ď .
1´
ż `8 j
Q j pξ qg j pϕ j pt ´ ξ qqdξ ˇ ds
ˇł ˇ
`ˇ ei j psq
j“1 0 That is ψ P Y.
żt „ n Step 2. We show that  is a contraction mapping.
´
e´ai pt ´sq
αi` }ψ 1 }8 ` L }ψ }8 First, for ψ1 “ pφ1,1 , . . . , φ1,n , ϕ1,1 , . . . , ϕ1,n q in Y and ψ2 “
ÿ
ď a`
i
b`
ij j
´8 j“1 pφ2,1 , . . . , φ2,n , ϕ2,1 , . . . , ϕ2,n q in Y, we have
n ż `8 ˇ
ˇmφ pt q ´ mφ pt qˇ
ˇ
Q j pξ qg j pϕ j pt ´ ξ qqdξ ˇ
ÿ ˇ ˇ
` |di j pt q|ˇ 2,i
ˇż t
1,i

0
ˇ
e´ s ai pξ qdξ Fi ps, φ2 , ϕ2 q ´ Fi ps, φ1 , ϕ1 q dsˇˇ
şt
j“1 ˇ ` ˘ ˇ
“ ˇˇ
n ż `8 j ´8
Q j pξ qg j pϕ j pt ´ ξ qqdξ ˇ ds
ÿ ˇ ˇ
` |ei j psq|ˇ żt
´
e´ai pt ´sq ˇFi ps, φ2 , ϕ2 q ´ Fi ps, φ1 , ϕ1 qˇds
ˇ ˇ
j“1 0 ď
´8
żt „ n
´a´
żt żs
pt ´sq
α ψ ψ }8
ÿ „
ď e i a`
i
`
i
} 1
}8 ` b` L}
ij j ď e´ai
´
pt ´sq
ˇ
ˇai psq
`
φ2,i pξ q ´ φ1,i pξ q 1 dξ ˇ
˘ ˇ
´8 j“1 ´8 s´αi psq

10
M. Ayachi Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 154 (2022) 111659

n n
bi j psq g j pϕ2, j ps ´ τ j psqqq ´ g j pϕ1, j ps ´ τ j psqqq ˇ L }ψ2 ´ ψ1 }8
ˇÿ ÿ
b`
` ˘ˇ
`ˇ ` ij j
j“1 j“1
n ż `8 n
Q j pξ qg j pϕ2, j ps ´ ξ qqdξ L j }ψ2 ´ ψ1 }8
ˇľ ÿ
`ˇ di j psq ` di`j Q `
j
j“1 0 j“1
n ż `8 n
Q j pξ qg j pϕ1, j ps ´ ξ qqdξ ˇ Q ` L j }ψ2 ´ ψ1 }8
ľ ÿ
e`
ˇ
´ di j psq ` ij j
j“1 0 j“1
n ςi
}ψ2 ´ ψ1 }1 ` ςi }ψ2 ´ ψ1 }1
ż `8
ˇł
`ˇ ei j psq Q j pξ qg j pϕ2, j ps ´ ξ qqdξ ď a`
i
0
a´
i
j“1
a` ¯
“ 1 ` i´ ςi }ψ2 ´ ψ1 }1 , for all i P vnw.
´
n ż `8 j
Q j pξ qg j pϕ1, j ps ´ ξ qqdξ ˇ ds
ł ˇ
´ ei j psq ai
j“1 0
żt
Similarly,
„
´
ď e´ai pt ´sq
a`
i
αi` }pψ2 ´ ψ1 q1 }8
´8
n n ˇ pϕ pt q ´ pϕ pt qˇ ď ς˜i }ψ2 ´ ψ1 }1 , for all i P vnw,
ˇ ˇ
L }ψ2 ´ ψ1 }8 ` L j }ψ2 ´ ψ1 }8
ÿ ÿ
` b`
ij j
di`j Q `
j
2,i 1,i ´
a˜i
j“1 j“1
n
and
j
Q ` L j }ψ2 ´ ψ1 }8 ds
ÿ
` e`
ij j
j“1
a˜`
ς˜i }ψ2 ´ ψ1 }1 , for all i P vnw.
´ ¯
i
ˇ 1 1
ˇ
ˇp
n ´ ϕ2,i pt q ´ pϕ1,i pt q ď 1`
żt „´ ˇ
´
αi` ` a˜´
¯
e´ai pt ´sq
ÿ
ď a`
i
b`
ij
` di`j Q `
j
` e` Q`
ij j i
´8 j“1
j Therefore
ˆ L j }ψ2 ´ ψ1 }1 ds
¯

n ´ }ψ2 ´ ψ1 }1 ď }ψ2 ´ ψ1 }1 , where  ă 1.

1 ” ` ` ÿ
ai αi `
¯ ı
“ ´
b`
ij
` di`j Q `
j
` e` Q` Lj
ij j
ai j“1 According to the contraction mapping principle, there exists
ˆ }ψ2 ´ ψ1 }1 a unique fixed-point ψ ˚ P Y, such that ψ ˚ “ ψ ˚ . So ψ ˚ is a
pν1 , ν2 q-p.a.p. solution of the Model (1) in Y. This completes the
ςi
“ }ψ2 ´ ψ1 }1 , for all i P vnw. proof. ˝
a´
i

Besides, Theorem 20. Assume that assumptions (C1)–(C6) hold. Then the
unique pν1 , ν2 q-p.a.p. solution of Model (1) is globally exponentially
ˇ 1
ˇm pt q ´ m1 pt qˇ stable.
ˇ
φ2,i φ1,i
ˇ ´ ¯
“ ˇ ´ ai pt q mφ2,i pt q ´ mφ1,i pt q
ˇ
Proof. Rewrite Model (1) in the form
` Fi pt, φ2 , ϕ2 q ´ Fi pt, φ1 , ϕ1 qˇ
ˇ
ˇ
$ żt
1
’mi pt q “ ´ai pt qmi pt q ` ai pt q m1i pξ qdξ
ˇ ˇ ’
ď a` m pt q ´ mφ1,i pt qˇ
’
i ˇ φ2,i
ˇ ˇ ’
’
’ t ´αi pt q
n
’
’
` ˇFi pt, φ2 , ϕ2 q ´ Fi pt, φ1 , ϕ1 qˇ
ˇ ˇ
bi j pt qg j p p j pt ´ τ j pt qqq
ˇ ˇ ’
’ ÿ
’
’
’ `
ςi
’
j“1
’
’
a` }ψ2 ´ ψ1 }1
’
n
’
ď ’ ż `8
Q j pξ qg j p p j pt ´ ξ qqdξ
i
a´
’ ľ
di j pt q
’
i
’
’
’ `
0
’
żt j“1
ˇ ’
’
φ2,i pξ q ´ φ1,i pξ q dξ
˘1 ’
n
ˇ `
` ˇˇai pt q
’
’ ż `8
Q j pξ qg j p p j pt ´ ξ qqds ` Ji pt q,
& ł
t ´αi pt q ` ei j pt q
n
’
’ j“1 0

bi j pt q g j pϕ2, j pt ´ τ j pt qqq ´ g j pϕ1, j pt ´ τ j pt qqq

ÿ ` ˘ ’
’ żt
`
p1i pξ qdξ ` ci pt qmi pt ´ ri pt qq
’
1
´a˜i pt q pi pt q ` a˜i pt q
’
’ pi pt q “
’
’
j“1 t ´α˜ i pt q
’
’
’
n ż `8 ’
’ n ż `8
d˜i j pt q Q j pξ qm j pt ´ ξ qdξ
’ ľ
Q j pξ qg j pϕ2, j pt ´ ξ qqdξ
ľ ’
` di j pt q
’
’
’ `
0
’
’ j“1 0
j“1
’
’
’
’ n ż `8
n
Q j pξ qm j pt ´ ξ qdξ , i P vnw.
’ ł
e˜i j pt q
ż `8 ’
`
Q j pξ qg j pϕ1, j pt ´ ξ qqdξ
ľ ’
di j pt q
’
´
’
%
j“1 0
j“1 0

n ż `8 (15)
Q j pξ qg j pϕ2, j pt ´ ξ qqdξ
ł
` ei j pt q
j“1 0 From Theorem 19, we know that, under (C1)–(C5), Model (1) has
n ż `8 ˇ at least one pν1 , ν2 q-p.a.p. solution pm˚ pt q, p˚ pt qqT P Y, with initial
Q j pξ qg j pϕ1, j pt ´ ξ qqdξ ˇˇ condition ψ ˚ psq. Let pmpt q, ppt qqT be an arbitrary solution of Model
ł ˇ
´ ei j pt q
j“1 0 (1) with initial condition ψ psq. Let
ςi
ď a` }ψ2 ´ ψ1 }1 ` a` αi` }pψ2 ´ ψ1 q1 }8
i
a´ i mi pt q “ mi pt q ´ m˚
i
pt q, pi pt q “ pi pt q ´ p˚
i
pt q, i P vnw, t ą 0.
i

11
M. Ayachi Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 154 (2022) 111659

Then Define continuous functions i1 , 1i , i2 , 2i , by setting

$ żt n ´
mi pξ qdξ e zτ j
`
’m1i pt q `ai pt qmi pt q “ ai pt q
1
i1 pzq “ a´ αi` ezαi ´
` ÿ
´ z ´ a` b`
’
’
t ´αi pt q i i ij
’
’
’
’
’ n j“1
bi j pt q g j p p j pt ´ τ j pt qqq ´ g j p p˚j pt ´ τ j pt qqq
’
’ ÿ ` ˘
’
’ ` ż `8
di`j Q j psqezs ds
’
`
’
j“1
’
’
’
’
’ n ż `8 0
Q j pξ qg j p p j pt ´ ξ qqdξ
’ ľ ż `8
di j pt q
’
’ ` ¯
` e` Q j psqezs ds L j ,
’
’
0
’
’
j“1 ij
0
’
’
n
’
’ ż `8
αi` ezαi
`
Q j pξ qg j p p˚j pt ´ ξ qqdξ
´
1i pzq “ a´
’ ľ
di j pt q ´ z ´ pa´ ` a` ` z q a`
’
’
’
’ ´ i i i i
0
’
j“1
’
’
’
n n ´
ezτ j ` pdi`j ` e`
`
’
’ ż `8 ÿ
Q j pξ qg j p p j pt ´ ξ qqdξ b`
’
` q
ł
ei j pt q
’
’
’
’ ` ij ij
0 j“1
’
j“1
’
’
’
n ż `8
’
’ ż `8 ¯ ¯
Q j pξ qg j p p˚j pt ´ ξ qqdξ , Q j psqezs ds L j ,
& ł
´ ei j pt q ˆ
0 0
j“1
’
’
α˜ i` ezα˜ i ´ ci` ezri
` `
’

żt 2
“ a˜´ ´ z ´ a˜`
’
pi pξ qdξ ` ci pt qmi pt ´ ri pt qq i pz q
’
1 1
`a˜i pt q pi pt q “ a˜i pt q
’
’
’ pi pt q i i
t ´α˜ i pt q
’
n
’
’
’
n
ÿ ´ ` `8 ż
d˜i j Q j psqezs ds
’ ż `8
´
’
d˜i j pt q Q j pξ qm j pt ´ ξ qdξ
’
’ ľ
’
’ ` 0
’
’ 0 j“1
j“1
’
’
’ ż `8
’ n ż `8 ¯
` e˜` Q j psqezs ds L j ,
’
d˜i j pt q Q j pξ qm˚j pt ´ ξ qdξ
’
’ ľ
’
’
’ ´ ij
0
’
’ j“1 0
α˜ i` ezα˜ i ` ci` ezri
` `
´
2i pzq “ a˜´
’
´ z ´ pa˜´ ` a˜` ` zq a˜`
’
’ n ż `8
i i i i
’
Q j pξ qm j pt ´ ξ qdξ
’ ł
e˜i j pt q
’
’
’ `
’
’ 0 n ż `8
j“1
¯
d˜i`j ` e˜` Q j psqezs ds ,
’ ÿ ` ˘
Lj
’
’
’
’ n ż `8 ` ij
Q j pξ qm˚j pt ´ ξ qdξ ,
0
i P vnw,
’ ł
´ e˜i j pt q j“1
’
’
’
’
0
where i P vnw, z P p0, `8q.
%
j“1

(16) From (C5), we have for i P vnw

with initial conditions i1 p0q “ a´
i
´ a`
i
αi`
mi psq “ φi psq ´ φi˚ psq, n
"
Q ` L j ą 0,
ÿ
pi psq “ ϕi psq ´ ϕi˚ psq, for all s P p´8, 0s, b` ` di`j Q ` ` e`
` ˘
i P vnw. ´ ij j ij j
şs j“1
Multiplying the first şequation in system (16) by e 0 ai pξ qdξ and the
1i p0q “ a´ ´ pa´ ` a` q a` αi`
`
s
second equation by e 0 a˜i pξ qdξ , and integrating r0, ts, we get i i i i
n
$ żt
Q ` L j ą 0,
ÿ
b` ` di`j Q ` ` e`
` ˘ ˘
’mi pt q “ mi p0qe´ 0 ai pξ qdξ ` e´ s ai pξ qd ξ
şt şt
’
’ ` ij j ij j
j“1
’
’
’
’ „ żs 0

mi pξ qdξ  α˜ i` ´ ci`
1 2
’
ˆ ai psq i p0q “ a˜´ ´ a˜`
’
’
i i
’
s´αi psq
’
’
’
’
’ n n

i j sq g j p p j ps ´ τ j psqqq ´ g j p p j ps ´ τ j psqqq d˜i`j ` e˜` L j ą 0,

ÿ
Q`
’ ÿ ` ˘
˚
` ˘
b
’
’
’
’ ` p ´ ij j
’
j“1 j“1
’
’
’
n
’ ż `8
2i p0q “ a˜´ α˜ i` ` ci`
’
´ pa˜´ ` a˜` q a˜`
`
Q j pξ qg j p p j ps ´ ξ qqdξ
’ ľ
d s
’
’
’
’ ` i j p q i i i i
0
’
’
’ j“1 n
d˜i`j ` e˜` L j ą 0.
ÿ
Q`
’ ` ˘ ˘
n
’
’ ż `8 `
Q j pξ qg j p p˚j ps ´ ξ qqdξ
ij j
’ ľ
di j psq
’
’
’
’ ´ j“1
0
’
j“1
’
Because i1 , 1i , i2 , and i2 are continuous on r0, `8q and
’
’
n
’
’ ż `8
Q j pξ qg j p p j ps ´ ξ qqdξ
’ ł
e s
’
’ ` i j p q
i1 pzq, 1i pzq, i2 pzq, 2i pzq ÝÑ ´8 as z ÝÑ `8,
’
’
0
’
j“1
’
’
’
n
then, there exists υi1 , υi2 , υ˜ i1 , υ˜ i2 ą 0, such that i1 pυi1 q, 1i pυi2 q,
’
’ ż `8 j
Q j pξ qg j p p˚j ps ´ ξ qqdξ ds,
& ł
´ ei j psq (17)
’
’ j“1 0 i2 pυ˜ i1 q, 2i pυ˜ i2 q “ 0, and
’
t
i1 pzq for z P p0, υi1 q, 1i pzq for z P p0, υi2 q,
’ ż
pi pt q “ pi p0qe´ 0 a˜i pξ qdξ ` e´ s a˜i pξ qdξ
’
’ şt şt
’
’
’
0
’
i2 pzq for z P p0, υ˜ i1 q, 2i pzq for z P p0, υ˜ i2 q.
’
’ „ żs
pi pξ qdξ ` ci psqmi ps ´ ri psqq
’
1
ˆ a˜i psq
’
’
’
s´α˜ i psq
’ ! )
Let υ ˚ “ min ai , a˜i , υi1 , υi2 , υ˜ i1 , υ˜ i2 . Then we obtain
’
’
’
’ n ż `8
iPvnw
’
˜ Q j pξ qm j ps ´ ξ qd ξ
’ ľ
d s
’
’
’ ` ij p q
i1 pυ ˚ q ě 0, 1i pυ ˚ q ě 0,
’
0
’ "
j“1
’
(18)
’
i2 pυ ˚ q ě 0, 2i pυ ˚ q ě 0,
’
n
i P vnw.
’
’ ż `8
d˜i j psq Q j pξ qm˚j ps ´ ξ qdξ
’
’ ľ
’ ´
So, we can take a positive constant 0 ă λ ă mintυ ˚ , λ˚ u (λ˚ is as
’
’
’
’
’ j “ 1 0
in the condition (C6)), such that i1 pλq ą 0, 1i pλq ą 0, i2 pλq ą 0,
’
’
’ n ż `8
Q j pξ qm j ps ´ ξ qd ξ
’ ł
` e˜i j psq and 2i pλq ą 0, i P vnw, which implies, for i P vnw,
’
’
’
’
’
’
’ j“1 0
’
n ż `8 n ´ ż `8
1
’ j „
` λτ j
`
` ` λαi`
Q j psqeλs ds
’
Q j pξ qm˚j ps ´ ξ qdξ ds. α
’ ł ÿ `
´ e˜i j psq a e ` b e ` d
’
´λ i i
’
ij ij
a´
’
’
%
j“1 0 j“1 0
i

12
M. Ayachi Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 154 (2022) 111659

ż `8 ¯ j which implies that, for i P vnw, we have

` e`
ij
Q j psqeλs ds L j ă 1, (19)
|mi pt q| ď qNe´λt }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 , @t ą 0,
0 $
’
’
’
’
n ´
’
1 ’|m1i pt q| ď qNe´λt }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 , @t ą 0,
„ ’
eλτ j
`
` ` λαi`
λ α
’
pa´ `
ÿ
b`
’
` a ` q a e `
´λ
&
i i i i ij
a´
i j“1 (29)
| pi pt q| ď qNe´λt }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 , @t ą 0,
’
’
ż `8 ¯ j ’
Q j psqeωs ds L j ă 1,
’
` pdi`j ` e`
’
q (20)
’
’
ij ’
ď qNe´λt }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 ,
0 % 1
’
| pi pt q| @t ą 0.

1
„ n ´ ż `8 In fact, if (28) is false, then there are four possibles cases:
α˜ i` eλα˜ i ` ci` eλri ` Q j psqeλs ds
` `
a˜` d˜i`j
ÿ
Case 1. There must be some t1 ą 0 and some i1 P vnw, such that
a˜´
i
´λ i
j“1 0

|mi1 pt1 q| “ qNe´λt1 }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 ,

ż `8 ¯ j
` e˜` Q j psqeλs ds L j ă 1, (21) (30)
ij
0
and
1
„
pa˜´ ` a˜` ` λq a˜` α˜ i` eλα˜ i ` ci` eλri
` `
›pmpt q, ppt qq ´ pm˚ pt q, p˚ pt qq› ă qNe´λt }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 , for t ă t1 .
› ›
´λ i i i ˚
a˜´
i (31)
n ż `8 j
d˜i`j ` e˜` Q j psqeλs ds ă 1.
ÿ ` ˘
` ij
Lj (22) In view of (17), (19), (24), and (30), we obtain
j“1 0
ˇż
şt ˇ t1
´ 01 ai1 pξ qdξ
e´ s ai1 pξ qd ξ
şt
1
Let |mi1 pt1 q| ď |mi1 p0q|e `ˇ
ˇ
ˇ 0
a´
#
i żs
N “ max
„
mi1 pξ qdξ
1
αi` `
řn
a` b` ` di`j Q ` ` e` Q` Lj ˆ ai1 psq
` ˘
iPvnw
i j“1 ij j ij j s´αi1 psq
a˜´
+
i n
, . (23) wi1 j psq g j p p j ps ´ τ j psqqq ´ g j p p˚j ps ´ τ j psqqq
ÿ ´ ¯
α˜ i` ` ci` ` d˜i`j ` e˜` `
řn
a˜` Q`
` ˘
i j“1 ij j
Lj
j“1
In view of (C5), we have N ą 1. Further, it is easy to see that n ż `8
Q j pξ qg j p p j ps ´ ξ qqdξ
ľ
` di1 j psq
n ´ 0
1 1
„
eλτ j ` di`j ` e`
` j“1
αi` eλαi `
` ÿ ´ ¯
´ ´ a` b`
N ai ´ λ i i j i j n ż `8
Q j pξ qg j p p˚j ps ´ ξ qqdξ
j“1 ľ
ż `8 ´ di1 j psq
¯ j 0
Q j psqeλs ds L j ď 0, (24) j“1
0 n ż `8
Q j pξ qg j p p j ps ´ ξ qqdξ
ł
` ei1 j psq
j“1 0
n
1 1
„
a˜` α˜ ` eλα˜ i ` ci` eλri `
` `
´ ¯
d˜i`j ` e˜`
ÿ
n
ˇ
´ ´ ż `8 j
a˜i ´ λ i i Q j pξ qg j p p˚j ps ´ ξ qqdξ dsˇ
ˇ
N ij
ł
´ ei1 j psq
ˇ
j“1
j“1 0 ˇ
ż `8 j
Lj Q j psqeλs ds ď 0. (25) ş t1
ai1 pξ qd ξ
ż t1
´pt1 ´sqa´
0 ď |mi1 p0q|e´ 0 ` e i
1
0
Obviously, for i P vnw „ żs
|mi1 pξ q|dξ
1
ˆ |ai1 psq|
|mi pt q| “ |φi pt q ´ φi˚ pt q| ď }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0
$
s´αi1 psq
ď Ne´λt }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 , @t Ps ´ 8, 0s,
’
’
’
’
’
’ n
|wi1 j psq|L j | p j ps ´ τ j psqq|
’
’ ÿ
’ `
|m pt q| “ |φi1 pt q ´ pφi˚ q1 pt q| ď }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0
’
’
’ 1
j“1
’ i
’
’
ď Ne´λt }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 , @t Ps ´ 8, 0s,
’
n
’
’ ż `8
Q j pξ qL j | p j ps ´ ξ q|dξ
& ÿ
(26) ` |di1 j psq|
| pi pt q| “ |ϕi pt q ´ ϕi˚ pt q| ď }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 0
’
’
’ j“1

ď Ne´λt }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 , @t Ps ´ 8, 0s,
’
’
n
’
’ ż `8 j
Q j pξ qL j | p j ps ´ ξ q|dξ ds
’ ÿ
|ei1 j psq|
’
’
’
’ `
0
“ |ϕi1 pt q ´ pϕi˚ q1 pt q| ď }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0
’
’ 1
’ j“1
| p pt q|
% i
’
’
ď Ne´λt }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 , @t Ps ´ 8, 0s,
’ ż t1
´t a´ ´pt ´sqa´
ď }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 e 1 i1 ` e 1 i1

0
which imply that „
›pmpt q, ppt qq ´ pm˚ pt q, p˚ pt qq› ď Ne´λt }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 , @t ď 0.
› › ˆ a`i
αi` e´λps´αi1 psqq qN}ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0
1 1
˚
n
We claim that
L qN}ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 e´λps´τ j psqq
ÿ
` w`
i j j
›pmpt q, ppt qq ´ pm˚ pt q, p˚ pt qq› ď Ne´λt }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 , @t ą 0. 1
› ›
˚ (27) j“1
n ż `8
To prove (27), we first show for any q ą 1, the following inequality
di`j L j qN}ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 Q j pξ qe´λps´ξ q dξ
ÿ
`
hold 1
0
j“1
›pmpt q, ppt qq ´ pm˚ pt q, p˚ pt qq› ď qNe´λt }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 , @t ą 0, n
› › ż `8 j
L qN}ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 Q j pξ qe´λps´ξ q dξ ds
ÿ
˚
` e`
i j j
(28) j“1
1
0

13
M. Ayachi Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 154 (2022) 111659

n
„
´t1 a´
αi` eλαi1
` ż `8
ď }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 e i
` qN }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 a` Q j pξ qg j p p˚j pt ´ ξ qqdξ
ľ
1
i 1 1 ´ di j pt q
j“1 0
n ´ ¯ ż `8 ¯ j
Q j pξ qeλξ dξ L j
ÿ ´
` w` ` di`j ` e` n ż `8
i j i j
Q j pξ qg j p p j pt ´ ξ qqdξ
ł
j“1
1 1 1
0 ` ei j pt q
j“1 0
ż t1 ´
e´λs ds
´pt1 ´sqai
ˆ e 1 n ż `8
Q j pξ qg j p p˚j pt ´ ξ qqdξ
ł
0 ´ ei j pt q
0
„
´t1 a´ ` λαi1
`
“ }ψ ´ ψ }0 e ` qN }ψ ´ ψ α j“1
˚ i 1
˚
}0 a`
i1 i1
e żt „ żs
ai pξ qd ξ
şt
mi p ξ q d ξ
1
n ´ ¯ ż `8 ¯ j ´ ai pt q e´ s ai psq
s´αi psq
Q j pξ qeλξ dξ L j
´
0
ÿ
` w`
i j
` di`j ` e`
i j
1 1 1
0 n
j“1
bi j psq g j p p j ps ´ τ j psqqq ´ g j p p˚j ps ´ τ j psqqq
ÿ ´ ¯
`
e´λt1
ˆ ˙
pλ´a´ qt1 j“1
ˆ 1´e i 1
a´
i1
´λ n ż `8
Q j pξ qg j p p j ps ´ ξ qqdξ
ľ
` di j psq
1 pλ´a´ 1
"
“ qN }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 e´λt1
qt1 0
e i1
` ´ j“1
qN ai ´ λ n ż `8
1
Q j pξ qg j p p˚j ps ´ ξ qqdξ
ľ
ˆ
pλ´a´
˙„ ´ di j psq
` λαi1
`
ˆ 1´e i
qt1
1 a`
i1
α i1
e j“1 0

n ż `8
n
Q j pξ qg j p p j ps ´ ξ qqdξ
¯ ż `8 ¯ j* ł
Q j pξ qeλξ dξ L j ei j psq
´ ´
`
ÿ
` w`
i1 j
` di`j ` e`
i1 j 0
1
0 j“1
j“1
n ż `8 j
1 pλ´a´ 1
"
ă qN }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 e´λt1
qt1
Q j pξ qg j p p˚j ps ´ ξ qqdξ ds.
ł
e i1
` ´ ´ ei j psq (34)
N ai ´ λ j“1 0
1

In view of (20), (24), (32), and (34), we obtain

ˆ ˙„
pλ´a´
αi` eλαi1
`
qt1
ˆ 1´e i1
a`
i ş t2
ai2 pξ qd ξ
1 1
1
|mi2 pt2 q| ď |ai2 pt2 q||mi2 p0q|e´ 0
n ¯ ż `8 ¯ j*
Q j pξ qeλξ dξ L j
ÿ ´ ´
w` ` di`j ` e`
ż t2
`
|mi2 pξ q|dξ
i j i j 1
1 1 1
0 ` |ai2 pt2 q|
j“1 t2 ´αi2 pt2 q
1 1
"ˆ „
α ` eλαi1
`
´λt1
“ qN }ψ ´ ψ }0 e
n
˚
´ ´ a`
|wi2 j pt2 q|ˇg j p p j pt2 ´ τ j pt2 qqq ´ g j p p˚j pt2 ´ τ j pt2 qqqˇ
ˇ ˇ
ai ´ λ
ÿ
N i1 i1 `
ˇ ˇ
1
j“1
n ´ ¯ ż `8 ¯ j˙
pλ´a´
Q j pξ qeλξ dξ L j
qt1
´
n
ÿ
w` di`j e` e i ż `8
` ` ` 1
i1 j i1 j
Q j pξ qg j p p j pt2 ´ ξ qqdξ
ˇľ
j“1
1
0 `ˇ di2 j pt2 q
j“1 0
n
1
„
λαi`
αi` e
´ ´ ¯
n
ÿ
a` w` ` di`j ` e`
ż `8
` 1 `
´λ i i j i j
Q j pξ qg j p p˚j pt2 ´ ξ qqdξ ˇ
ľ
a´
ˇ
i
1 1
j“1
1 1 1 ´ di2 j pt2 q
1
j“1 0
ż `8 ¯ j*
ˆ Q j pξ qeλξ dξ L j n ż `8
Q j pξ qg j p p j pt2 ´ ξ qqdξ
ˇł
0 `ˇ ei2 j pt2 q
1
„ 0
` λαi1
` j“1
´λt1
ď qN }ψ ´ ψ }0 e ˚
a` α e
a´ ´λ i1 i1 n ż `8
Q j pξ qg j p p˚j pt2 ´ ξ qqdξ ˇ
i
ł ˇ
1
´ ei2 j pt2 q
n ´ ¯ ż `8 ¯ j 0
Q j pξ qeλξ dξ L j
j“1
ÿ ´
` w`
i j
` di`j ` e`
i j ż t2 żs
1 1 1
0
„
ai2 pξ qd ξ
şt
|mi2 pξ q|dξ
j“1 2 1
` |ai2 pt2 q| e´ s |ai2 psq|
ă qN }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 e´λt1 0 s´αi2 psq
n
which contradicts the equality (30). |wi2 j psq|ˇg j p p j ps ´ τ j psqqq ´ g j p p˚j ps ´ τ j psqqqˇ
ÿ ˇ ˇ
`
ˇ ˇ
Case 2. There must be some t2 ą 0 and some i2 P vnw, such that j“1
n ż `8
|mi2 pt2 q| “ qNe´λt2 }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 ,
1
(32) Q j pξ qg j p p j ps ´ ξ qqdξ
ˇľ
`ˇ di2 j psq
j“1 0
and
n ż `8
›pmpt q, ppt qq ´ pm˚ pt q, p˚ pt qq› Q j pξ qg j p p˚j ps ´ ξ qqdξ ˇ
› › ľ ˇ
˚ ´ di2 j psq
0
ă qNe´λt }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 ,
j“1
for t ă t2 . (33)
n ż `8
By direct differentiation of the first equation in (17), we obtain Q j pξ qg j p p j ps ´ ξ qqdξ
ˇł
`ˇ ei2 j psq
żt j“1 0
mi pt q “ ´ai pt qmi p0qe´ 0 ai pξ qdξ ` ai pt q
şt
mi pξ qdξ
1 1
n ż `8
t ´αi pt q
j
Q j pξ qg j p p˚j ps ´ ξ qqdξ ˇ ds.
ł ˇ
n
´ ei2 j psq
0
bi j pt q g j p p j pt ´ τ j pt qqq ´ g j p p˚j pt ´ τ j pt qqq
´ ¯
j“1
ÿ
`
ş t2
j“1 ď |ai2 pt2 q||mi2 p0q|e´ 0 ai2 pξ qdξ
n ż `8 ż t2
Q j pξ qg j p p j pt ´ ξ qqdξ
ľ
di j pt q |mi2 pξ q|dξ
` 1
` |ai2 pt2 q|
j“1 0 t2 ´αi2 pt2 q

14
M. Ayachi Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 154 (2022) 111659

n ż `8 ¯ j*
|wi2 j pt2 q|L j | p j pt2 ´ τ j pt2 qq| Q j pξ qeλξ dξ L j
ÿ
` ˆ
0
j“1
" a`
pλ´a´
ă qN }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 e´λt2
n ż `8 i2 qt2
e i
Q j pξ q| p j pt2 ´ ξ q|dξ
ÿ 2
` |di2 j pt2 q|L j N
j“1 0
a` ˆ
pλ´a´
˙¯„
λαi`
i qt2
αi` e
´
n ż `8 ` 1` 2
1´e i 2 a` 2

Q j pξ q| p j pt2 ´ ξ q|dξ a´ ´λ i
ÿ 2 2
` |ei2 j pt2 q|L j i2
j“1 0
n ´
ÿ ´ ¯
ż t2
´pt2 ´sqa´
„ żs ` w` ` di`j ` e`
|mi2 pξ q|dξ
1 i j
2 i j 2 2
` |ai2 pt2 q| e i 2 |ai2 psq| j“1
0 s´αi2 psq ż `8 ¯ j*
n ˆ Q j pξ qeλξ dξ L j
|wi2 j psq|L j | p j ps ´ τ j psqq|
ÿ
` 0
1 1
"ˆ „
j“1 λα `
“ qN }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 e´λt2 ´ ´ a` α ` e i2
n ż `8 N ai ´ λ i2 i2
Q j pξ q| p j ps ´ ξ q|dξ
ÿ
` |di2 j psq|L j 2

0 n ´ ¯ ż `8 ¯ j˙
Q j pξ qeλξ dξ L j
j“1 ÿ ´
` w`
i j
` di`j ` e`
i j
n ż `8 j 2 2 2
0
Q j pξ q| p j ps ´ ξ q|dξ
ÿ j“1
` |ei2 j psq|L j
j“1 0
pλ´a` a` „
λαi`
ˆ a`
qt2 i2
a` αi` e
` ˘
e i 2 ` 1` 2

ď a` }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 e
´t2 a´
i 2
i 2
a´
i2
´ λ i 2 2

i 2
n ´ ¯ ż `8
αi` e´λpt2 ´αi2 pt2 qq qN}ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0
¯ j*
` a` Q j pξ qeλξ dξ L j
ÿ ´
i 2 2
` w`
i j
` di`j ` e`
i j
2 2 2
j“1 0
n
´λpt2 ´τ j pt2 qq
ψ ´ψ
ÿ
` w` L qN}
i2 j j
˚
}0 e a` ¯„
λαi`
ă qN }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 e´λt2 1 ` αi` e
´
i
j“1 2
a` 2

n ż `8 a´
i2
´λ i 2 2

di`j L j qN}ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 Q j pξ qe´λpt2 ´ξ q dξ

ÿ
` n ´ ¯ ż `8 ¯ j
Q j pξ qeλξ dξ L j
2 ÿ ´
j“1 0 ` w`
i j
` di`j ` e`
i j
2 2 2
j“1 0
n ż `8
´λpt2 ´ξ q
ψ ´ψ Q j pξ qe dξ
ÿ
` e` L qN}
i2 j j
˚
}0 ă qN }ψ ´ ψ }0 e ˚ ´λt2
,
j“1 0
ż t2
´pt2 ´sqa´
„ which contradicts the equality (32).
` a`
i 2
e i 2 a`
i
2
αi` e´λps´αi2 psqq qN}ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0
2 Case 3. There must be some t3 ą 0 and some i3 P vnw, such that
0
n
L qN}ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 e´λps´τ j psqq | pi3 pt3 q| “ qNe´λt3 }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 ,
ÿ
` w`
i j j
(35)
2
j“1
n ż `8 and
di`j L j qN}ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 Q j pξ qe´λps´ξ q dξ
ÿ
`
›pmpt q, ppt qq ´ pm˚ pt q, p˚ pt qq›
› ›
2
j“1 0 ˚
n ż `8 j ă qNe´λt }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 , for t ă t3 . (36)
L qN}ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 Q j pξ qe´λps´ξ q dξ ds
ÿ
` e`
i j j
2
j“1 0 By a similar calculus like case 1., we obtain
´
}ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 e 2 i2 ` qN }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 e´λt2 1
´t a
ď a`i2 | pi3 pt3 q| ď qN }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 e´λt3 pa˜´ ` a˜` ` λq
n ´ a˜´
i
´ λ i3 i3
3
„
αi` eλαi2 `
` ÿ ´ ¯
ˆ a` w` ` di`j ` e` „ n ´
i i j i j λα˜ i
`
λri
`
α˜ i` e
¯
d˜i`j ` e˜`
2 2 2 2 2
ÿ
j“1 ˆ a˜`
i
3 ` ci` e 3 ` i j
3 3 3 3 3
ż `8 ¯ j j“1
ˆ Q j pξ qeλξ dξ L j ż `8 j
0 ˆ Lj Q j psqeλs ds
` qN }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 e´λt2 0

„ n ´ ă qN }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 e´λt1 ,
` λαi2
`
α
´ ¯
ˆ a`
ÿ
i i
e ` w`
i j
` di`j ` e`
i j
2 2 2 2 2 which contradicts the equality (35).
j“1
ż `8 ż t2 Case 4. There must be some t4 ą 0 and some i4 P vnw, such that
¯ j
pt2 ´sqpλ´a´
Q j pξ qeλξ dξ L j a`
q
ˆ i
e i 2 ds
| pi4 pt4 q| “ qNe´λt4 }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 ,
0 2
0 1
(37)
" a`
pλ´a´
“ qN }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 e´λt2
i2 qt2
e i 2 and
qN
ż t2
pt2 ´sqpλ´a´ ›pmpt q, ppt qq ´ pm˚ pt q, p˚ pt qq›
´ ¯ › ›
q
` 1 ` a`
i
e i 2 ds ˚
2
ă qNe´λt }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 ,
0
„ n ´
for t ă t4 . (38)
` λαi2
`
α
ÿ ´ ¯
ˆ a`
i2 i2
e ` w`
i2 j
` di`j ` e`
i2 j By a similar calculus like case 2., we obtain
2
j“1
1
| pi4 pt4 q| ď qN }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 e´λt4 ` λq
1
pa˜´ ` a˜`
a˜´
i
´ λ 4
i4 i4

15
M. Ayachi Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 154 (2022) 111659

Consider the following FGRNs with leakage and mixed time vary-
ing delays:
2
$
’m1i pt q “ ´ai pt qmi pt ´ αi pt qq ` bi j pt qg j p p j pt ´ τ j pt qqq
’ ÿ
’
’
’
j“1
’
’
’
2
’
’ żt
Q j pt ´ ξ qg j p p j pξ qqdξ
’
’ ľ
` di j pt q
’
’
’
’
’
’
’ j“1 ´8
’
’
’ 2 żt
Q j pt ´ ξ qg j p p j pξ qqdξ
’ ł
ei j pt q
’
’
’
& `
´8
j“1 (39)
’
’ `Ji pt q,
Fig. 2. Numerical solution of Model 39 with initial values p´0.2, 0.1, ´0.1, 0.2q .
T
´a˜i pt q pi pt ´ α
’
p1i pt q “
’
˜ i pt qq ` ci pt qmi pt ´ ri pt qq
’
’
’
’
2 żt
’
’
d˜i j pt q Q j pt ´ ξ qm j pξ qdξ
’
’ ľ
’
’
’ `
´8
’
j“1
’
’
’
2
’
’ żt
Q j pt ´ ξ qm j pξ qdξ ,
’
i P v2 w.
’ ł
` e˜i j pt q
’
’
’
%
j“1 ´8

x2
The regulatory function is taken as g j pxq “ 1`x2
for j P v2w, that
is, the Hill coefficient is 2. Then the upper bound of g1j p.q can be
calculated as L j “ 0.65.
The delay kernels Q j ptq “ e´t for j P v2w, which implies that
`
Q j “ 1.
Fig. 3. Phase-plane behavior of the state variables mpt q and ppt q.
The remaining parameters are defined as follows:
j « ? ff
a1 pt q 0.1p3 ` sinp3t q ` cosp ?3t qq
„
“ ,
„ n ´ a˜1 pt q 0.1p4 ` cosp7t q ` cosp 7t qq
α˜ i` eλα˜ i4 ` ci` eλri4 `
` ` ¯
d˜i`j ` e˜`
ÿ
ˆ a˜`
i i j j « ? ff
4 4 4 4 4
a2 pt q 0.1p3 ` cosp3t q ` sinp? 3t qq
„
j“1
“ ,
ż `8 j a˜2 pt q 0.1p4 ` sinp7t q ` sinp 7t qq
ˆ Lj Q j psqeλs ds
0 ?
0.1pcosp π t q ` e´t q
« 2
ff
J1 pt q
„ j
ă qN }ψ ´ ψ ˚ }0 e´λt4 , “ ? ,
0.2pcosp π t q ` e´t q
2
J2 pt q
?
α1 pt q 0.001p2 ` cosp3t q ` sinp 3t q ` 1
„ j « ff
which contradicts the equality (37). 1`t 2
q
“ ? ,
Consequently, (28) hold. Letting q Ñ 1, then (27) hold. Hence, α˜ 1 pt q 0.001p2 ` cosp2t q ` sinp 2t q ` 1
1`t 2
q
the pν1 , ν2 q-p.a.p. solution of the Model (1) is globally exponen-
α2 pt q 0.001p1 ` cosp2t q ` 1`1t 2 q
„ j « ff
tially stable. ˝
“
α˜ 2 pt q 0.001p1 ` sinp2t q ` 1`1t 2 q

τ1 pt q
« ff
1
r pt q | cosp5t q|
„ j „ j
“ 1 “ 3 ,
τ2 pt q r2 pt q 1
3
| sinp5t q|
6. Example
« 2
ff
e11 pt q e˜11 pt q 0.001e´t
„ j „ j
In this section, we give an example to illustrate the feasibility “ “ 2
e21 pt q e˜21 pt q 0.002e´t
and effectiveness of our main results.
Let the measures ν1 “ ν2 “ ν where the Radon-Nikodym
« 2
ff
e12 pt q e˜12 pt q 0.002psinp0.1t q ` e´t q
„ j „ j
derivative of ν is given by “ “ 2 ,
e22 pt q e˜22 pt q 0.001pcosp0.5t q ` e´t q

et if t P r0, `8q c1 pt q 0.001pcospπ t q ` χ pt qq

" „ j „ j
σ pt q “ “
0.002psinp3t q ` χ pt qq
,
1 if t P p´8, 0q. c2 pt q

0.001psin pt q ` cos2 pπ t q ` e´t q

2
« 2
ff
d11 pt q
„ j
Then  satisfy (F1), since “ 2 ? 2 ,
d21 pt q 0.002psin p3t q ` cos2 p 3t q ` e´t q
pt ` sq «
d˜11 pt q
ff
0.001psin pt q ` cos2 pπ t q ` e´t q
«
2 2
ff
lim sup “ es , for s P R, ,
t Ñ`8 pt q d˜21 pt q
“ 2 ? 2
0.002psin p3t q ` cos2 p 3t q ` e´t q
pt ` sq
lim sup “ 1, for s P R.
d˜12 pt q 0.001p2 ` cos2 pt q ` χ pt qq
« ff « ff
pt q d12 pt q
„ j
t Ñ´8
“ “ ,
0.002p2 ` sin pt q ` χ pt qq
2
d22 pt q d˜22 pt q
Moreover, we can easily verify that χ P OpR, ν1 , ν2 q, where χ is
b11 pt q 0.005pcospπ t q ` sinpt q ` χ pt qq
„ j „ j
given by “ ,
b21 pt q 0.003psinpπ t q ` cospt q ` χ pt qq

e´t if t P r0, `8q, b12 pt q 0.004psinpπ t q ` cospt q ` χ pt qq

" „ j „ j
χ pt q “ “ ,
1 if t P p´8, 0q. b22 pt q 0.005pcospπ t q ` sinpt q ` χ pt qq

16
M. Ayachi Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 154 (2022) 111659

? doubly-measure pseudo-almost periodic solutions of the consid-

0.001pcospπ t q ` cos2 p π t q ` χ pt qq
« ff
c1 pt q ered model. The outcomes of this work are new and complement
„ j
“ 2 ? ,
c2 pt q 0.002psinp3t q ` sin p 3t q ` χ pt qq previously known results.

By calculating, we have Declaration of Competing Interest

2 ´
ς1 “ a` α` `
ÿ ¯
1 1
b`
1j
` d1`j Q `
j
` e` Q` Lj
1j j
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
j“1 cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
“ 0.5 ˆ 0.005 ` p0.015 ` 0.012 ` 0.003 ` 0.004 influence the work reported in this paper.

` 0.001 ` 0.004q0.65
CRediT authorship contribution statement
“ 0.0278
2 ´ Moez Ayachi: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft.
ς2 “ a` α` `
ÿ ¯
2 2
b`
2j
` d2`j Q `
j
` e` Q` Lj
2j j
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