The University of New South Wales

School of Electrical Engineering

and Telecommunications

Industrial and Commercial

Power Systems
Topic 1 Overview
Dr. Daming Zhang
Room 317 G17
Ph. 9385-4070
Email: daming.zhang@unsw.edu.au
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Course outline
Topic 1 Overview
Topic 2 Switchboards
Topic 3 Cables and busbar systems
Topic 4 Distribution transformers
Topic 5 Earthing
Topic 6 Fault calculation
Topic 7 Protection
Topic 8 Lightning protection
Topic 9 Power quality, reactive power and power factor correction

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Assessments
 Mid-term exam ( in week 7 during lecture hour)
 worth 20%
 Assignment 20%
 Final exam
 60% of total marks

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A power system: 11 kV

415V

11 kV

Our main concern

Purpose of this course is to design a power supply system
for a new building, which could be commercial high-rise
buildings, residential buildings, large campuses and factory
sites with electrical supply at up to 11 kV and with possibility
of both 11 kV and extensive 415V distribution systems.
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Solar farm and wind farm along transmission lines

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Distributed generations at end user

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Small-scale microgrid at end user: Grid-connected operation
and islanded operation

Breaker

From Xu She etc

DRER: Distributed renewable energy resource
DESD: Distributed energy storage devices
When the breaker is closed, AC microgrid is in grid-connected
operation; When it is open, AC microgrid is in islanded operation.
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Large-scale microgrid at end user: Grid-connected operation
and islanded operation

B2B

Separation of inverter powered renewable generation from conventional

synchronous generators through back-to-back (B2B) converter or solid-state
transformer

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Westpac Place
 headquarter of Westpac bank in Sydney
city business district (CBD)
 91,000 sqm, 166m tall
 32 floors with 6 basement levels
 house 5000 people
 completed in 2005
 cost $627 millions
commercial office building with retail area
3 substations; total load = 10MVA
~19000 light fittings, mostly fluorescent
office equipment (computers, printers,
photocopiers etc)
air conditioning

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 Relevant materials
 Lecturenotes
 Standards
 AS/NZS 3000:2007 Wiring Rules or AS/NZS
3000:2018 Electrical installations
 IET BS 7671:2008 Requirements for Electrical
Installations
 IEEE Gray Book (IEEE Standard 141 or 241)

 Service and Installation Rules (S.I.R.)

 Publications from manufacturers
 etc

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 1. Overview
Requirements on electrical supply systems:
 more energy efficient, better energy management
 safer (including personnel safety, fire and equipment safety)
 adequate power quality
 able to handle modern information technology systems
 compliant with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and
electromagnetic interference (EMI) regulations for electrical
systems

 provide monitoring systems to assess condition of installation

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 2. Calculation of Power
Demand by a New Building

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Maximum power demands must be known before details of
supply configuration can be determined and designed for a
new building, either factory or residential or office building.
This includes power estimation for the following three types of
demand
• manufacturing equipment requirements (for factory)
• fixed wiring infrastructure requirements
• general purpose outlets (GPOs)

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Two methods for Maximum Demand Calculation
 calculation using Appendix C of AS/NZS3000 Wiring
Rules to determine demand for domestic and commercial
type loads.
 when exact load details are unknown, use an estimate
technique called ‘After Diversity Maximum Demand’
(ADMD)
• Based on results from similar installations, typical load density
values (VA/m2) are derived for different types of floor area usage.
• Data available for commercial (e.g. offices, shopping centres,
hotels, theatres) and light industrial premises.

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For general estimate, the following gives typical power
demand requirements per unit area of floor space:
ADMD
WestPac:
91,000m2, 10MVA

91,000m2 X 110
=10.01MVA

EnergyAustralia
NS0112 Design
standards
for industrial/commercial
developments

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In estimation of maximum demand, one should
make allowance for future growth in power
usage. Typically:
 residential premises, 10% 100kVA→110kVA
 fully air-conditioned offices, 15-20%
 commercial premises, 20-25%
 shopping centres, light/medium industrial, 25%

Such allowance for future growth should be

considered at the planning stage in the selection of
switchboard circuits
transformer capacity
cable sizes for feeder circuits and network of
power
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Once incoming supply is specified, requirements
can then be detailed for:
 incoming cable rating
 main transformer capacity
 substation size and capacity
 switchboard size and capacity.

With this final design, one can further determine

 fault level
 proper fuse and switchgear ratings
 other protection needs.

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 Calculation of maximum demand
using Appendix C of AS/NZS 3000:2007

 domestic installation (use Table C1)

 single

 multiple

 non-domestic installation (use Table C2)

 residential type (e.g. hotel, hospital)

 others (e.g. factory, shop, business office)

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A. (i): Table C1 (AS3000: 2007)
15 points: 3A; 50 points: 3A+2A+2A=7A (50=20+20+10).
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Table C1 (cont.)

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Table C1 (cont.)

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Notes to Table C1:
a See Clause 2.2.2 for where the maximum demand for consumers mains, and submains, and final
subcircuits, respectively, may be determined by assessment, measurement or limitation.
b For multiphase connections, divide the number of living units by the number of supply phases,
e.g. 16 units on a three-phase supply, 16/3 = 6 units on the heaviest loaded phase (Column 4).
c Where only a portion of the number of units in a multiple domestic electrical installation is
equipped with permanently connected or fixed appliances, such as electric cooking ranges or space
heating equipment, the number of appliances in each category is divided over the number of
phases, and the maximum demand determined as shown in Example 3 of Paragraph C2.3.2.
d Lighting track systems shall be regarded as two points per metre of track.
e A socket-outlet installed more than 2.3 m above a floor for the connection of a luminaire may
be included as a lighting point in load group A(i).
An appliance rated at not more than 150 W, which is permanently connected, or connected by
means of a socket-outlet installed more than 2.3 m above a floor, may be included as a lighting
point in load group A(i).
f In the calculation of the connected load, the following ratings shall be assigned to lighting:
(i) Incandescent lamps 60 W or the actual wattage of the lamp to be installed, whichever is the
greater, except that if the design of the luminaire associated with the lampholder permits only lamps
of less than 60 W to be inserted in any lampholder, the connected load of that lampholder shall be
the wattage of the highest rated lamp that may be accommodated. For multi-lamp luminaires, the
load for each lampholder shall be assessed on the above basis.
(ii) Fluorescent and other discharge lamps
Full connected load, i.e. the actual current consumed by the lighting arrangement, including the
losses of auxiliary equipment, such as ballasts and capacitors.
(iii) Lighting tracks (230 V) 0.5 A/m per phase of track or the actual connected load, whichever is
the greater. 22
g Floodlighting, swimming pool lighting, tennis court lighting and the like.
h For the purpose of determining maximum demand, a multiple combination socket-outlet shall be
regarded as the same number of points as the number of integral socket-outlets in the combination.
i Each item of permanently connected electrical equipment not exceeding 10 A may be
included in load group B(i) as an additional point.
j Where an electrical installation contains 15 A or 20 A socket-outlets covered by load group B(ii) or
B(iii), the base loading of load group B is increased by 10 A or 15 A respectively. If both 15 A and 20
A socket-outlets are installed, the increase is 15 A.
k Where an electrical installation includes an air-conditioning system for use in hot weather and a
heating system for use in cool weather, only the system that has the greater load shall be taken into
account.
l Instantaneous water heaters including ‘quick recovery’ heaters having element ratings greater
than 100 W/L.
m Storage-type water heaters, including ‘quick recovery’ heaters not referred to in footnote l.
n This load group is not applicable to socket-outlets installed in communal areas but connected to
the individual living units. Such socket-outlets should be included in load group B.

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Table C2
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 Table
C2
(cont.)

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Basic practice
1. A three-phase load has a rated power of 20kVA and a rated
voltage of 415V. Its power factor is 0.85 lagging. Calculate its
rated real power and rated current. Express complex power in
phasor form.
A three-phase capacitor bank in delta-connection is adopted to
improve the load power factor. Assume that the capacitance per
phase is 54.5F. Calculate the new power factor, total real power
and total reactive power by the load with capacitor bank.
The system frequency is 50Hz.
2. In early twentieth century, there was a heated debate on
whether to use DC or AC in power system. Eventually AC power
system won. Discuss why it is so.
3. List down typical power generations in large-scale modern
power systems.
4. List down the basic forming parts of a power system for a new
building from the point of supply. 26
1. A three-phase load has a rated power of 20kVA and a rated
voltage of 415V. Its power factor is 0.85 lagging. Calculate its
rated real power and rated current. Express complex power in
phasor form.
A three-phase capacitor bank in delta-connection is adopted to
improve the load power factor. Assume that the capacitance per
phase is 54.5F. Calculate the new power factor and total real
power and total reactive power by the load with capacitor bank.
The system frequency is 50Hz.
Solution:
Power triangle:

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A three-phase capacitor bank in delta-connection is adopted to
improve the load power factor. Assume that the capacitance per
phase is 54.5F. Calculate the new power factor, total real
power and total reactive power by the load with capacitor bank.
The system frequency is 50Hz.
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 lagging.

A three-phase capacitor bank in delta-connection is adopted to

improve the load power factor. Assume that the capacitance per
phase is 54.5F. Calculate the new power factor, total real
power and total reactive power by the load with capacitor bank.
The system frequency is 50Hz.
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2. In early twentieth century, there was a heated debate on
whether to use DC or AC in power system. Eventually AC power
system won. Discuss why it is so.

Answer: In early twentieth century, both DC and AC machines

could be built. So in local area, both DC and AC power systems
existed.
Small scale power generation is not economical. So large power
plants were usually built some distance away from end users.
For longer distance power transmission, it was technologically
viable to use step-up transformers to reduce currents along
transmission line in order to allow long distance transmission
without compromising transmission efficiency. But there was no
such kind of transformation for DC power at that time. Therefore
AC power dominated at the early development stage of power
systems.

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3. List down typical power generations in large-scale modern
power systems.
Answer:
Large-scale coal-fire generation;
Large-scale natural gas or diesel generation;
Large-scale hydropower generation;
Large-scale nuclear fission generation;
Large-scale solar farm generation;
Large-scale wind farm generation;
Small-scale solar generation;
Small-scale wind generation;
Energy-storage based generation, like battery storage,
hydroelectric storage, gravity potential energy storage, flywheel
storage, supercapacitor storage etc.
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4. List down the basic forming parts of a power system for a new
building from the point of supply.
Answer:
transmission lines or cables from the point of supply to step-down
transformer, either overhead or underground;
lightning protection lines for overhead transmission line;
step-down transformer (11kV/415V);
protections on both sides of the transformer;
grounding or earthing system installed at the transformer site;
transmission lines or cables to the loads;
surge arrester;
RCD at the user end;
local grounding system (case-by-case);
metering and protection for the building;
lightning protection system for the building etc.
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Example 1:

A(i)
d.Notes_C1: A(i)
B(i)
B(i)
e.Notes_C1: A(i)
i.Notes_C1: B(i)
B(ii)
C
F
A(ii)

Note: Assume supply voltage and equipment rating of 230V

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d.Notes_C1 24+2X10+1=45
e.Notes_C1
45=20+20+5

3000/230=13A

i.Notes_C1 26=20+6

10000/230

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Q & A?

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