Review of Related Literature and Studies

Jacob (2011) in his study, the Philippine National Police is continuing attemps
to improve delivery of basic police services through a more effective crime
prevention program anchored upon police community relationships, thus, will more
likely to reveal how responsive the two-way communication between the police and
the community could be firmly established with the on view of attaining better peace
and order situations in communities. Several programs had been implemented by
the Phillipine Nation Police wherein the enhancement of police community
partnership is the one major concern emphasized to bring closer to the community
and the creation of Community-Oriented Policing System. According to Joaquin
(2005) in her study on police community relations and effectiveness of PNP in the
Province of Ilocos Norte, the police force effectiveness depends in the training and
technology available in the organization. It is important to boost the morale of the
police authority by giving them much consideration and equal treatment on privileges
and opportunities. While on police-community relations, the chief of police and the
members of the local police force must establish a strong partnership to encourage
the community participation to make that policing system more efficient and effective.
Tuando (2003) made a study on the effectiveness of the police-community
partnership and the crime incidence in the province of Siquijor. The law enforcement
and police administration role was given a big emphasis to establish participation
from the community in all of the programs of local police authorities. The community
coordination is important to gain partnership and make the crime incidence lesser
and easy to resolve. The study is conducted by hodalgo (2008) found out that
residents of lucena city did not encounter problems in the implementation of the PCR
Programs in lucena city police it was supported by the data obtained on the extent of
implementation of PCR Programs where it was assessed as implementation and the
police officers of lucena city PNP did their job well in the community that they are
serving.
Ellison argues that any analysis needs to dig deeper and consider residential
fragmentation, the spatial distribution of power, specific modalities of police-
community relations across and between neighborhoods and problematic
assumptions about the nature of community" itself (Fazzini, 2003). The primary
argument is that by providing a more participatory management style in which
leadership is essential, officers feel more involved in the mission and goals of the
department. As a result, morale increases and is reflected within the community and
the ability to develop effective police community relations Local Literature According
to the Police Community Relations Manual (2012), it emphasize that partnership with
the community will be a central focus. Police managers will recognize the
interconnectedness between their activities and those of other public services, such
as housing, welfare and employment agencies. The police of the future will view
themselves as one part of community-wide effort to not only deal with crime but to
improve community life in general. Peckley and Eduardo (2010) discussed and
emphasized that police department s serve a critical and primary role in providing
immediate intervention and assistance to victims of crime. Unlike most social
services agencies, police departments are typically open every day of the year, 24-
hours a day. Manwong and Foronda (2009) in their book emphasize the relationship
of the police and the community established and maintained through police
community cooperation. The police enlist the support of the community to prevent
the commission of crime, to eradicate drugs, and to arrest suspects and criminals.
The prompt solution of crime and the immediate arrest of criminals are achieved
through strong and healthy police community partnership. The establishment of
community based anti-crime groups in the locality through police community
partnership helps enhanced and sustained public safety undertakings. Radalet and
Carter as cited in the article "Poor Community Relations" (2010) said that poor
communication between the police and communities served as the problem most
frequently, in a variety of ways, by police and community members surveyed. When
asked what the main problems are, when it comes to police community relations,
police listed "language barriers", "connecting with the community" and "lack of
meaningful communication on both sides" and "lack of understanding of police
practices as obstacles to better relations. This list is similar to the one provided by
community members, who listed lack of communications, "language barriers" and
"lack of relationships as barriers to getting along with the police. These findings
supported the result of the study conducted by Holgado in 2009 who found that the
residents of Lucena City did not encounter problems in the implementation of the
PCR programs of the Lucena City Police Foreign Studies Larson et al (2008) in their
study they found out that law enforcement agencies are entrusted with the protection
and safety of society. They are often faced with tasks that are tedious and time
consuming. In our changing society, the police are expected to be involved in both
the apprehension of criminals and in the reduction of crime through a relationship
with the society they serve. The better the relationship with the community, the more
successful the police are in apprehending criminals and reducing crime. The better
the relationship with the community, the more trust the community has in their police
Hinds and Fleming (2006) in their study emphasizes the importance of cooperative
and supportive relationships between police and the communities they serve. Yet,
community policing is characterized by conflict/s around a range of issues, including
goals, priorities and resources. A key factor that mitigates the impact of such
conflicts on public satisfaction with police is the extent to which people view police as
legitimate. This paper explores police legitimacy among people who have been a
victim of crime. Findings show that victims of crime had lower levels of satisfaction
with police performance and police-community relations general y, but these views
did not translate into negative judgements of police legitimacy. The paper suggests
that the findings have significant implications for police practice specifically and
contribute to existing theory on victimization and attitudes towards police legitimacy.
It is suggested that if police are to retain their legitimacy overtime more effort may
need to be expended in building on existing levels of satisfaction. Such an objective
would require a more proactive approach to working with victims of crime. In order
for this to be a realistic policy option, changes to police practice, key performance
indicators and measurement generally would need to be considered. Docobo (2005),
in his study that crime is a major problem in many cities, citizens' fear of crime often.
The study of Blanes (2018) entitled “Police Patrols and Crime” which aims to
increase police presence in more than 6,000 well-defined areas, by economically –
realistic amounts and under relatively normal circumstances. The casual relationship
between police street deployment and crime represents one of the most common
tests of the deterrence mechanism underlying the standard economic model of
crime.
The study of Dr. Karm (2013) entitled “Policing and Crime Reduction the
Evidence and its implications for Practice “which aims to Police Effectiveness in a
Changing World. Much police work is reactive and incident focused rather proactive
and strategic. Efforts to shift policing towards a more effective and sustainable
approach to crime reduction have been few and far between. Long term socio-
economic and technological changes in patterns of crime and demands for security,
present enormous operational challenges for the police service in working across
borders (both local/regional and national) and in keeping up to speed with rapid
changes in the modus operandi of criminals and their associates Police Patrol
The study of Telep, Weisburd, Wire, Farrington (2016) entitled “Protocool:
Increased Police Patrol Presence Effects on Crime and Disorders” the objective of
this systematic review is to synthesize the extend empirical evidence on the effects
of increased police patrol presence on crime and disorders. Ratcliffe, Taniguchi,
Graff, and Wood, (2011) evaluated the impact of using foot patrol to increase patrol
levels in high crime areas Philadelphia. Results suggested significant declines in
violence in the treatment hot spots compared to the control sites. The intervention
was particularly effective for hot spot that reached a threshold of violence.

Durlauf and nagin (2011) also argue that the certainty of punishment is key to
understanding the detterent effects of police patrol. Telep, Mitchelle & Weisburd
(2014) additional rigorious studies have focused on increasing police patrol presence
in high crime or at risk places. Nagin (2013) finds overall support for using increased
presence in small geographic units to reduce crime. He argues “The evidence is
clear that large changes in police presence do affect crime rates. The change in
presence maybe the results of an unplanned event, such a terror alert that triggers a
large increase in police officers in public spaces, or it may be a strategic response to
a known crime problem, such as in hot spot policing deployments. In either case,
crime rates are reduced in places where police presence has been materially
increased.”
Sherman (2013) moderator analysis in this review will hopefully allow for
comparison of increased police presence in beat-based random patrol vs. hot spots
policing an important comparison for examining the relative benefit of adopting hot
spots policing over a more standard patrol model.
Christopher A. Vail, in the Professional Officer, 2010. There are two basic
types of patrol: foot and mobile. With each type of patrol, different methods may be
used, depending on many factors. Mobile patrols include the use of automobiles,
bicycles, mopeds, and golf carts. Helicopters and horses are other means of mobile
patrol, but are not all that common. Foot patrols are normally conducted by one
officer “walking a beat”. Areas to be patrolled are both indoors and outdoors. The
major advantage to this type of patrol is that officers can can learned their assigned
areas well. While this this is not an all-inclusive list of what a foot patrolman can
learn, he or she will learn what doors and windows are normally locked or unlocked,
what lights are normally left on at night, what personnel are authorized in certain
areas, where emergency equipment is located, and what potential hazards exist.
Such knowledge will assist the officer in determining if anything is amiss. It is also a
good opportunity for the officers to become known to the employees and to establish
a positive professional relationship to everyone they contact. One way to accomplish
this is by discussing the above-mentioned items, or any other official matter, with the
people involved. Another advantage of foot patrol is that an officer could place
himself or herself. In zones with a high risk of security breaches, frequent and
unpredictable presence makes it challenging for potential criminals to infiltrate. Patrol
officers on foot can utilize their five senses - vision, smell, taste, touch, and hearing -
to their maximum physical capability, effectively covering a more extensive area by
employing one or several of these senses.
Patrol officers typically spend their time answering emergency calls from the
public, preventing crime through their visible presence, and executing specific tasks
assigned by their superiors. Over the years, it has been increasingly acknowledged
that police departments can positively affect crime and disorder (Lum, Koper, &
Telep, 2011; National Research Council, 2004; Telep & Weisburd, 2012; Weisburd &
Eck, 2004). Police patrol officers likely play a significant role in effective crime control
as they represent a considerable share of police resources and are the first
responders to crime and public concerns daily. A key question is how much an
increased police presence through more patrols influences crime and disorder. If the
presence of police can discourage crime, does enhancing this presence contribute to
reducing crime and disorder? Being visible isn't the only duty patrol officers perform,
but it's a crucial part of patrolling that needs systematic examination because police
departments worldwide invest so much in police patrols.
Telep, Cody W., David Weisburd, Sean Wire, and David Farrington, in 2016, outlined
in their protocol titled "Increased Police Patrol Presence Effects on Crime and
Disorder" for The Campbell Collaboration (July), that foot patrol, when increased,
can help diminish violence. Foot patrols, although not a panacea, can effectively
reduce and prevent violence when strategically deployed in areas with high crime
rates. A comprehensive review by Braga and colleagues (2019) found that policing in
such hot spots can indeed help curb crime. Out of 78 studies included in the review,
62 reported a decline in crime in areas specifically targeted for police presence and
activity, compared to non-targeted locations. One research found that property crime
decreased by 31% in hot spots where marked police cars patrolled, compared to
those where regular activities were maintained (Ratcliffe and others, 2020).
However, there was no reduction in property crime. In areas patrolled by unmarked
police cars, there was no reduction in crime, emphasizing the significance of visible
police deterrence. Other studies suggest that visible patrol in high-crime areas may
only be effective if a certain level of crime is already prevalent (Ratcliffe, 2011). The
impact of targeted patrol on reducing crime may also be relatively temporary. For
instance, a study by Novak and others (2016) found that increased foot patrol
decreased violence in targeted high-crime areas compared to control areas, but this
effect lasted only for the initial 30 days of the three-month intervention period.
It is worth noting that comprehensive reviews have demonstrated that focused
police interventions in high-crime areas typically do not result in crime displacement.
In fact, the benefits of crime reduction may even extend to the surrounding areas
adjacent to the targeted locations (Braga and others, 2019; Santos, 2014; Ariel and
others, 2016). Considering that patrols concentrated in crime hot spots are more
likely to be effective, what actions should officers take when they find themselves in
such areas? The systematic review conducted by Braga and colleagues (2019)
revealed that problem-solving approaches in hot spots have generally had a greater
impact on reducing crime compared to simply increasing patrols or enforcement
efforts.
A study conducted in the United States compared the effectiveness of various
policing strategies by randomly assigning 83 high-crime areas affected by street
violence to receive either high-intensity foot patrol, problem-solving interventions, or
the standard police response (Taylor and others, 2011). During the 90-day
intervention period, the hot spots with intensive patrol witnessed significant initial
reductions in violence compared to the other areas. However, this effect was not
sustained, and crime levels returned to their previous state during the 90-day follow-
up period when the intervention was withdrawn. On the other hand, although
problem-solving took slightly longer to reduce crime, it had a more substantial and
longer-lasting impact overall. These findings suggest that a combined approach,
utilizing targeted foot patrol to initially decrease crime and problem-solving
interventions for a more enduring effect, could be an effective strategy. Analysis of
the Crime Survey of England and Wales has also indicated that both police numbers
and perceptions of police visibility are independently associated with public
confidence in the police (Sindall and Sturgis 2013). There is also casual evidence to
suggest targeted patrol-particularly targeted foot patrol can have a positive impact on
public perceptions.
Nicole Billante argues that a visible police presence in the community and
increased police resources must form a key part of a crime prevention strategy in
Australia. She analyses successful policing initiatives which have dramatically
reduced crime in America and Britain, to argue that Australian policy makers and
police should take note if this country's escalating crime rate is to be reduced.
Australia needs to provide police with resources to implement preventative policing,
including more police and Police Community Support Officers.
According to Drilon (2013) In particular in high-risk and vital areas, police
visibility is essential to reducing the volume of crimes. However, the number of
officers in the Philippine National Police is far short of what is needed and ideal to
combat crime and uphold law and order across the nation. The ideal ratio of one (1)
policeman for every 500 civilians in their jurisdiction to oversee the upkeep of peace
and order was not met by the number of uniformed personnel of the Philippine
National Police.