Literature review

Salah et al.,[1] proposed a deep learning framework for individual cattle identification in precision livestock
management. The proposed approach combines Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Bidirectional Long Short-
Term Memory (BiLSTM) network methods. This approach allows for automated and accurate identification of cattle,
supporting precision livestock farming.
Daniela at el.,[2] proposed Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) has potential in enhancing health, welfare, and
production, while also impacting the sustainability pillars of environmental, economic, and social aspects. PLF is set to
play a crucial role in transforming farmers decision-making processes, altering their farm management approach,
enabling product traceability, and meeting the demands of policymakers and stakeholders
Fuyang tian et al.,[3] Proposed by developing multi-sensor system, particularly a collar-style data acquisition system
with geomagnetic and acceleration sensors, to collect and analyse behavioural data for accurate recognition and
potential applications in optimizing digital facilities and equipment for dairy cow management
Erika Gusterer et al.,[4] .Proposed by using 3D-accelerometer system in identifying health issues in dairy cows before
clinical signs emerge. the study aimed to leverage technology for early detection of health deviations in lactating
dairy cows, crucial for farm economic success.
Patrika Tassinari et al.,[5] This paper focuses on utilizing deep learning and computer vision to create a system for real-
time recognition, positioning, and tracking of individual cows in a dairy farm. Data augmentation techniques were
employed to enhance the network's performance, providing insights into image quantity and characteristics necessary
for efficient detection, especially in scenarios with challenging data acquisition for extended periods.
Wafa et al.,[6] The model likely explores various transmission routes, equilibrium points, stability analysis, parameter
values, graphical representations, and even a new method for solving fractional order systems to analyse disease
transmission dynamics. Additionally, there seems to be an exploration of sensitive parameters through numerical
simulations to assess their impact on disease transmission.
Kononov et al.,[7] Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease affecting cattle and water buffaloes, spreading rapidly
in Africa and parts of Europe and Asia .While vaccinations have helped, the disease's seasonal spread indicates
potential arthropod-based transmission, possibly by stable flies, mosquitoes, ticks, and even house flies like Musca
domestica.
Understanding transmission mechanisms is crucial for effective containment and eradication strategies. Current
evidence points to arthropods as potential vectors, but further clinical studies are needed to confirm their role
in transmitting LSDV.
Jean M et al.,[8] The study examined various aspects of lumpy skin disease (LSD) using modelling techniques,
focusing on risk factors, transmission behaviour, diagnosis, and intervention effectiveness. It found that weather
conditions and poor livestock management significantly contribute to LSD transmission. Additionally, the study
recommends advancing artificial intelligence tools for early LSD diagnosis, aiding prompt implementation of control
measures at the grassroots level.
Hanem Khater et al.,[9] .The study conducted genetic characterization of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) in
Egyptian cattle, detecting 70 positive samples out of 100 through PCR assays. Samples from Alexandria showed
similarity to the MN995838 strain, while Kafr ElSheikh's strains resembled MG970343 from Sharkia in 2016.
Phylogenetic analysis revealed closeness between certain strains and those from Menofia/Egypt/2019 and vaccine
strains. Kafr Elsheikh's strains aligned with previous ones from Menofia and Dakahlia, forming a distinct cluster.
Understanding this epidemiology aids in establishing an effective LSDV control program.
Brahim Achour et al.,[10] The approach involves a non-invasive system using image analysis to monitor and identify
individual dairy cows' feeding behaviour. This system utilizes Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to perform
various tasks: detecting cow presence in the feeder zone, determining their position (standing or feeding), recognizing
food availability and category, and conducting individual cow identification. Additionally, the study explores
combining CNNs with Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and using multiple CNNs for better identification.
Pandey et al.,[11] LSD affected animals showed symptoms like high fever, depression, loss of appetite, and round
nodules on the skin. Rapid speed at which the disease can spread in animal populations that were previously presumed
to be naïve and to quantity its impact with reference to subsistence agriculture in rural communities.
Shefaa et al.,[12] This study investigated the impact of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) on cattle. It found that
infected cattle showed changes in blood counts, increased protein levels, elevated enzymes indicating tissue damage,
and heightened oxidative stress markers. Recovered cattle displayed improvements in these markers. The research
suggests these findings could aid in quickly detecting and diagnosing LSDV infections in cattle
Ehsanallah et al.,[13] This study explores using machine learning algorithms, particularly artificial neural networks
(ANN), to predict Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) infection in cattle based on meteorological and geological
factors. They found that ANN showed high accuracy (97%) in forecasting LSDV occurrence in unseen data,
outperforming other methods. By leveraging geospatial and meteorological data, this predictive model could aid in
screening, awareness programs, and implementing preventive measures, such as vaccination, in high-risk LSDV
infection areas.
Matteo Mezzetti et al.,[14] The study examines metabolic changes during dry-off in Holstein cows, highlighting the
impact of milk yield (MY) on these alterations. It suggests that dry-off reduces liver function, prompts inflammation,
and depletes antioxidant systems, particularly in cows with higher MY before cessation of milking. Managing the dry-
off process emerges as crucial in understanding these metabolic shifts.
Paslarua et al.,[15] This study aimed to investigate Stomoxys calcitrans' role in transmitting Lumpy Skin Disease Virus
(LSDV) among cattle in Switzerland. The findings revealed that the virus could be detected in various body parts of the
flies, including heads, bodies, regurgitated blood, and feces for different periods after feeding on LSDV-spiked blood.
Infectious virus was isolated from the bodies and feces up to two days post-feeding and in regurgitated blood up to 12
hours post-feeding. The study suggested that S. calcitrans might act as mechanical vectors for LSDV due to their ability
to carry the virus without an increase in viral load. These flies were found across all investigated farms, even at high
altitudes, potentially implying the widespread dissemination of LSDV through these insects.

Dihua Wu et al.,[16] The study proposes a CNN-LSTM algorithm for recognizing the basic behaviours of
individual dairy cows. It uses a fusion of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory
(LSTM)
networks. Initially, the VGG16 model trained on ImageNet extracts feature vectors from video segments to avoid
laborious feature engineering. These features are then fed into a Bi-LSTM classification model, enabling
accurate recognition of dairy cow behaviours by capturing temporal information bidirectionally.
Petterson Valea et al.,[17] The study highlighted the expansion of intensive beef farming, particularly cattle
confinements, into the Brazilian Amazon, focusing on socio-environmental implications. They collected data on 201
cattle confinements in Mato Grosso, Pará, and Rondônia in 2017, noting that while well-established in Mato
Grosso, rapid expansion in Pará and Rondônia had largely gone unnoticed since 2012. Key findings included the
first
documentation of this expansion into the Amazon biome, higher productivity rates in confinements compared to
traditional pasture-based systems, increased crop production levels, and a tendency for confinements to potentially
slow down on-property deforestation, though the off-property effects still required further investigation.
Mukhit B et al.,[18] This study conducted in Kazakhstan in July 2016 identified lumpy skin disease in cattle in the
Makash rural district. The disease caused illness in 459 cattle, resulting in 34 deaths. Through sampling from sick and
deceased animals, insects, and ticks, the LSDV (Lumpy Skin Disease Virus) DNA was found in all samples from dead
animals and certain ticks and insects. The virus was successfully isolated and cultured from organs of deceased cattle
and insects, confirming its presence. Sequencing of the GPCR gene confirmed the identification of this virus as the
lumpy skin disease virus
Halima Rhazi et al.,[19] In this study, the sensitivity of various cell lines and primary cells for growing and detecting
Capripox viruses (CaPVs) like LSDV, SPPV, and GTPV was compared. Primary fatal heart cells and ESH-L cells
demonstrated the highest sensitivity for CaPVs growth and detection, while Vero cells could replicate the viruses
without displaying any visible effects. OA3.Ts cells showed a lower virus titer compared to primary and ESH-L cells.
ESH-L cells emerged as an effective alternative for the growth and detection of these viruses, highlighting their
potential usefulness in diagnostic and production purposes due to their heightened sensitivity and reproducibility
compared to primary cells.
Petra et al.,[20] This work focuses on studying Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV), a concerning pathogen affecting
cattle worldwide. Researchers explored how LSDV replicates and spreads using Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK)
cells, establishing new methods to quantify antibodies against LSDV and purify its genomic DNA for sequencing.
These methods provide valuable tools for researchers studying LSDV, aiding in the development of control and
prevention strategies against this virus, which has caused significant economic losses in affected regions.