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 CHAPTER 01
The Cold War Era and
Non‐Aligned Movement
Cold War
‐ In 1945, the Allied Forces (US, Soviet Union, Britain, and France) defeated the Axis Powers
(Germany, Italy, and Japan), ending World War II (1939‐1945).

‐ The end of World War II marked the beginning of the Cold War, triggered by the United
States dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, leading to
Japan's surrender.

‐ The Cold War was characterized by competition, tensions, and confrontations between
the United States and the Soviet Union.

‐ The superpowers were engaged in an ideological war, with the USA representing
capitalism and the Soviet Union representing communism.

‐ The principle of "deterrence" played a key role, whereby both sides had the capacity to
retaliate and cause immense destruction, making war an unaffordable option.

‐ The Cold War was not characterized by intense warfare but rather by the logic of
deterrence.

Cuban Missile Crisis

‐ In 1962, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev placed nuclear missiles in Cuba.

‐The Cuban Missile Crisis marked a crucial point in the Cold War.

‐ The Cold War involved competition, tensions, and confrontations between the United
States and the Soviet Union, supported by their respective allies.

‐ The Western alliance, led by the US, embraced liberal democracy and capitalism, while the
Eastern alliance, led by the Soviet Union, advocated for socialism and communism.
The Emergence of Two Power Blocs

‐ Following the end of World War II, two new powers, the US and USSR, emerged.

‐ The alliance systems led by these superpowers posed a threat of dividing the world into
two camps, with Europe being the initial battleground.

‐ Western European countries aligned with the US, while Eastern European nations joined
the Soviet camp, giving rise to the Western and Eastern alliances.

‐ The Western Alliance, also known as NATO, was established in April 1949 and comprised
twelve member states.

‐ The Eastern Alliance, known as the Warsaw Pact, was formed in 1955 with the primary
objective of countering NATO forces in Europe.

‐ In East and Southeast Asia, as well as the Middle East, the United States built alliance
systems called the South‐East Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO) and the Central Treaty
Organization (CENTO).

Arenas of the Cold War

‐ The arenas of the Cold War refer to regions where crises and potential conflicts occurred
between the alliance systems but did not escalate beyond certain limits.

‐ The US and USSR were on the brink of direct confrontations in Korea (1950‐53), Berlin
(1958‐62), the Congo (early 1960s), and various other locations.

‐ Arms control became a focus, and starting in the 1960s, the two sides signed three
significant agreements within a decade: the Limited Test Ban Treaty, the Nuclear Non‐
Proliferation Treaty, and the Anti‐Ballistic Missile Treaty.

Challenge to Bipolarity

‐ The Non‐Aligned Movement (NAM) was established during the Cold War, with its five
founders being Josip Broz Tito, Jawaharlal Nehru, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sukarno, and Kwame
Nkrumah.

‐ The first NAM summit took place in Belgrade in 1961 and was attended by 25 member
states.

‐ The 18th summit, held in Azerbaijan in 2019, saw the participation of 120 member states
and 17 observer countries.
New International Economic Order (NIEO)

‐ The newly decolonized and non‐aligned countries faced the challenge of achieving
economic development and lifting their people out of poverty.

‐ These countries were classified as Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and recognized that
without economic progress, they would remain dependent on wealthier nations.

‐ The NIEO was a set of proposals advocated by developing countries to eliminate economic
colonialism and dependency by establishing a new interdependent global economy.

‐ The NIEO initiative gradually faded by 1980, primarily due to strong opposition from
developed countries, who united against it, while the non‐aligned countries struggled to
maintain their unity in the face of this opposition.

India and the Cold War

‐ India, as a leader of the Non‐Aligned Movement (NAM), adopted a two‐fold approach in

response to the ongoing Cold War.

‐ Firstly, India maintained a careful distance from aligning with either of the two power
blocs. It prioritized non‐alignment and discouraged newly decolonized nations from joining
these alliances.

‐ Non‐alignment provided India with the flexibility to make international decisions and take
stances that aligned with its own interests rather than those of the superpowers and their
allies.

‐ However, India's non‐alignment policy faced criticism for being perceived as unprincipled.
Some argued that India exhibited inconsistency and contradictory postures.

Arms Control Treaties

Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT)

‐ The LTBT was signed on August 5th, 1963, in Moscow by the United States, United
Kingdom, and USSR.

‐ Its aim was to prohibit nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, outer space, and
underwater.

Nuclear Non‐Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

‐ The NPT was signed on July 1st, 1968, in Washington, London, and Moscow.

‐ It permits only nuclear weapon states to possess nuclear weapons and seeks to prevent
others from acquiring them.

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks‐I (SALT‐I)

‐ SALT‐I was signed on May 26th, 1972, in Moscow between Soviet leader Brezhnev and US
President Nixon.

‐ Its focus was on limiting strategic offensive arms.

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks‐II (SALT‐II)

‐ SALT‐II was signed on June 18th, 1979, in Vienna by Brezhnev and Carter.

‐ It aimed to further limit strategic offensive arms.

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty‐I (START‐I)

‐ START‐I was signed on July 31st, 1991, in Moscow between USSR President Mikhail
Gorbachev and US President George Bush.

‐ It focused on reducing and limiting strategic offensive arms.

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty‐II (START‐II)

‐ START‐II was signed on January 3rd, 1993, in Moscow by Russian President Boris Yeltsin
and US President George Bush.

‐ It aimed to continue the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Which countries were part of the Allied Forces that defeated the Axis Powers in World
War II?

(a) US, Soviet Union, Britain, and France

(b) Germany, Italy, and Japan

(c) China, Burma, and South‐East Asia

(d) None of the above

2. What event marked the beginning of the Cold War?

(a) The dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

(b) The end of World War II

(c) The formation of the Western alliance

(d) The Cuban Missile Crisis

3. What ideology did the United States represent during the Cold War?

(a) Capitalism

(b) Communism

(c) Socialism

(d) Fascism

4. What principle played a key role in the Cold War, ensuring that neither side would initiate
war?

(a) Deterrence

(b) Retaliation

(c) Aggression

(d) Collaboration

5. How would you describe the nature of the Cold War?

(a) Intense warfare between the superpowers

(b) Competition, tensions, and confrontations

(c) Peaceful coexistence

(d) Collaboration and cooperation

6. Who placed nuclear missiles in Cuba during the Cold War?

(a) Nikita Khrushchev

(b) Franklin D. Roosevelt

 (c) Winston Churchill

(d) Joseph Stalin

7. What was the significance of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

(a) It marked the end of the Cold War.

(b) It led to the formation of NATO.

(c) It heightened tensions between the US and the Soviet Union.

(d) It resulted in the reunification of Germany.

8. Which alliance embraced liberal democracy and capitalism during the Cold War?

(a) Western alliance

(b) Eastern alliance

(c) Non‐Aligned Movement

(d) NATO

9. Which country represented socialism and communism in the Cold War?

(a) United States

(b) Soviet Union

(c) France

(d) Japan

10. What was the main characteristic of the Cold War?

(a) Intense ideological warfare

(b) Direct military confrontation between superpowers

(c) Logic of deterrence and avoidance of war

(d) Peaceful resolution of conflicts

12. What were the three significant arms control agreements signed during the cold war?
 (a) Limited Test Ban Treaty, Nuclear Non‐Proliferation Treaty, Anti‐Ballistic Missile Treaty

(b) Warsaw Pact, NATO, SEATO

(c) START I, START II, Intermediate‐Range Nuclear Forces Treaty

(d) Cuban Missile Crisis Agreement, Helsinki Accords, SALT I

13.Who were the founders of the Non‐Aligned Movement (NAM)?

(a) Josip Broz Tito, Jawaharlal Nehru, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sukarno, Kwame Nkrumah

(b) Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin, Charles de Gaulle

(c) Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher, Mikhail Gorbachev, Fidel Castro

(d) Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, Che Guevara, Nelson Mandela

14.Where did first summit of the Non‐Aligned Movement take place?

(a) Belgrade

(b) Havana

(c) New Delhi

(d) Cairo

15. How many member states participated in the 18th summit of the Non‐Aligned
Movement held in Azerbaijan in 2019?

(a) 25

(b) 50

(c) 100

(d) 120

16. What was the main objective of the New International Economic Order (NIEO)?

(a) Achieving economic development and reducing poverty in developing countries

(b) Expanding colonialism and promoting economic dependency

(c) Strengthening the power of developed countries in the global economy

 (d) Establishing a new military alliance against the superpowers

17. How were the newly decolonized countries classified in terms of development?

(a) Least Developed Countries (LDCs)

(b) Advanced Economies (AEs)

(c) Emerging Markets (EMs)

(d) Developed Nations (DNs)

18. Why did the NIEO initiative face opposition from developed countries?

(a) They believed it would promote economic equality and fairness.

(b) They feared it would lead to the loss of their economic dominance.

(c) They saw it as a way to strengthen global cooperation and interdependence.

(d) They wanted to support the economic development of LDCs.

19.When did NIEO initiative start to fade?

(a) 1950

(b) 1961

(c) 1980

(d) 1991

20. When was the Nuclear Non‐Proliferation Treaty (NPT) signed?

(a) August 5th, 1963

(b) July 1st, 1968

(c) May 26th, 1972

(d) June 18th, 1979

21. Which agreement focused on limiting strategic offensive arms and was signed between
Brezhnev and Nixon?

(a) Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT)

 (b) Nuclear Non‐Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

(c) Strategic Arms Limitation Talks‐I (SALT‐I)

(d) Strategic Arms Limitation Talks‐II (SALT‐II)

22. What was the purpose of the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty‐I (START‐I)?

(a) To reduce and limit strategic offensive arms

(b) To promote nuclear proliferation

(c) To increase tensions between superpowers

(d) To expand military alliances

23. When was the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty‐II (START‐II) signed?

(a) August 5th, 1963

(b) July 1st, 1968

(c) May 26th, 1972

(d) January 3rd, 1993

24. Which country's presidents signed the START‐I treaty in Moscow on July 31st, 1991?

(a) United States and United Kingdom

(b) United States and USSR

(c) USSR and United Kingdom

(d) Russia and United States

25. What was the main criticism of India's non‐alignment policy during the Cold War?

(a) It favored one power bloc over the other.

(b) It lacked consistency and took contradictory postures.

(c) It aligned with both power blocs simultaneously.

(d) It ignored the interests of newly decolonized countries.

26. Which agreement aimed to further limit strategic offensive arms and was signed
between Brezhnev and Carter?

(a) Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT)

(b) Nuclear Non‐Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

(c) Strategic Arms Limitation Talks‐I (SALT‐I)

(d) Strategic Arms Limitation Talks‐II (SALT‐II)

27. What was the purpose of the Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT)?

(a) To limit strategic offensive arms

(b) To prohibit nuclear weapon tests in specific environments

(c) To promote nuclear proliferation

(d) To enhance military alliances1. Which alliance system was established in April 1949
and comprised twelve member states?

(a) NATO

(b) Warsaw Pact

(c) SEATO

(d) CENTO

28. Which region became the initial battleground of the Cold War, with Western European
countries aligning with the US and Eastern European nations joining the Soviet camp?

(a) Asia

(b) Europe

(c) Middle East

(d) Southeast Asia

29. Which treaty aimed to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons and permit only
nuclear weapon states to possess them?

(a) Limited Test Ban Treaty

(b) Nuclear Non‐Proliferation Treaty

(c) Anti‐Ballistic Missile Treaty

(d) START‐I

30. Who were the five founders of the Non‐Aligned Movement (NAM)?

(a) Josip Broz Tito, Jawaharlal Nehru, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sukarno, and Kwame Nkrumah

(b) Josip Broz Tito, Winston Churchill, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sukarno, and Nelson Mandela

(c) Joseph Stalin, Jawaharlal Nehru, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sukarno, and Kwame Nkrumah

(d) Nikita Khrushchev, Jawaharlal Nehru, Fidel Castro, Sukarno, and Nelson Mandela

31. What was the primary objective of the Eastern Alliance, known as the Warsaw Pact?

(a) To counter NATO forces in Europe

(b) To promote economic development in Eastern European countries

(c) To establish a third power bloc

(d) To maintain peace and stability in the Middle East

32. Which of the following regions became the main arena of conflict between the
superpowers?

(a) Asia

(b) Australia

(c) Europe

(d) Russia

33. Choose the incorrect option regarding the Eastern Alliance.

(a) It was also known as Warsaw Pact led by the Soviet Union.

(b) It was created in 1950.

(c) Its principal function was to counter NATO’s forces in Europe.

(d) It used military power to bring countries into their alliance.

34. Identify the leader who was not a founder member of NAM (Non‐Aligned Movement).

(a) Jawaharlal Nehru

(b) Sukarno

(c) Gamal Abdel Nasser

(d) Nikita Khrushchev

35. The First Non‐Aligned Summit was held at...

(a) Belgrade

(b) New Delhi

(c) Havana

(d) Bandung

36. Which one of the following statements about the Non‐Aligned Movement is NOT
correct?

(a) There are five founder members of NAM.

(b) The first Non‐aligned Summit was held in Belgrade.

(c) NAM became the third superpower.

(d) The first Non‐aligned Summit was attended by 25 states.

37. How many member states and observer countries were part of NAM’s 2019 Summit?

(a) 110 member states and 15 observer countries

(b) 120 member states and 17 observer countries

(c) 130 member states and 18 observer countries

(d) 140 member states and 19 observer countries

38. The founder of NAM, Sukarno, was from Indonesia, Joseph Broz Tito from , and
Kwame Nkrumah from .

(a) Afghanistan and Yugoslavia

(b) Indonesia and China

(c) Yugoslavia and Ghana

(d) Indonesia and Ghana

39. During the Cold War era, why did the two superpowers attempt to control smaller
nations?

(a) They aimed to expand their area of influence.

(b) They sought cooperation with smaller countries.

(c) They aimed to establish military bases in smaller countries.

(d) Both (a) and (c) were motivations.

40. In what way can it be argued that the Cold War contributed to ensuring human survival?

(a) By avoiding the risk of another world war.

(b) By exhibiting rational and responsible behavior from rival superpowers.

(c) By maintaining a deterrence relationship between the superpowers.

(d) All of the above reasons contribute to the argument.

ANSWERS
1. (a) US, Soviet Union, Britain, and France ‐ These countries formed the Allied Forces that
defeated the Axis Powers in World War II.

2. (b) The end of World War II ‐ The conclusion of World War II marked the beginning of the
Cold War.

3. (a) Capitalism ‐ The United States represented capitalism during the Cold War.

4. (a) Deterrence ‐ Deterrence played a key role in the Cold War, ensuring that neither side
would initiate war.

5. (b) Competition, tensions, and confrontations ‐ The nature of the Cold War can be
described as a period of competition, tensions, and confrontations between the
superpowers.
6. (a) Nikita Khrushchev ‐ Nikita Khrushchev placed nuclear missiles in Cuba during the Cold
War.

7. (c) It heightened tensions between the US and the Soviet Union ‐ The Cuban Missile Crisis
heightened tensions between the US and the Soviet Union.

8. (a) Western alliance ‐ The Western alliance embraced liberal democracy and capitalism
during the Cold War.

9. (b) Soviet Union ‐ The Soviet Union represented socialism and communism during the
Cold War.

10. (c) Logic of deterrence and avoidance of war ‐ The main characteristic of the Cold War
was the logic of deterrence and the effort to avoid direct war.

11. (a) Limited Test Ban Treaty, Nuclear Non‐Proliferation Treaty, Anti‐Ballistic Missile
Treaty ‐ These were three significant arms control agreements signed during the Cold War.

12. (a) Josip Broz Tito, Jawaharlal Nehru, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sukarno, and Kwame
Nkrumah ‐ These were the founders of the Non‐Aligned Movement (NAM).

13. (a) Belgrade ‐ The first summit of the Non‐Aligned Movement took place in Belgrade.

14. (b) 120 member states and 17 observer countries ‐ 120 member states and 17 observer
countries participated in NAM's 2019 Summit.

15. (a) Achieving economic development and reducing poverty in developing countries ‐ The
main objective of the New International Economic Order (NIEO) was to achieve economic
development and reduce poverty in developing countries.

16. (a) Least Developed Countries (LDCs) ‐ Newly decolonized countries were classified as
Least Developed Countries (LDCs) in terms of development.

17. (b) They feared it would lead to the loss of their economic dominance ‐ Developed
countries opposed the NIEO initiative because they feared it would lead to the loss of their
economic dominance.

18. (c) 1980 ‐ The NIEO initiative started to fade around 1980.

19. (b) July 1st, 1968 ‐ The Nuclear Non‐Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was signed on July 1st,
1968.
20. (c) Strategic Arms Limitation Talks‐I (SALT‐I) ‐ The agreement focused on limiting
strategic offensive arms and was signed between Brezhnev and Nixon.

21. (a) To reduce and limit strategic offensive arms ‐ The purpose of the Strategic Arms
Reduction Treaty‐I (START‐I) was to reduce and limit strategic offensive arms.

22. (d) January 3rd, 1993 ‐ The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty‐II (START‐II) was signed on
January 3rd, 1993.

23. (b) United States and USSR ‐ The START‐I treaty was signed in Moscow on July 31st,
1991, by the United States and the USSR.

24. (b) It lacked consistency and took contradictory postures ‐ India's non‐alignment policy
during the Cold War

25. (c) It aligned with both power blocs simultaneously.

26. (d) Strategic Arms Limitation Talks‐II (SALT‐II)

27. (b) To prohibit nuclear weapon tests in specific environments

28. (b) Europe

29. (b) Nuclear Non‐Proliferation Treaty

30. (a) Josip Broz Tito, Jawaharlal Nehru, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sukarno, and Kwame
Nkrumah

31. (a) To counter NATO forces in Europe

32. (c) Europe

33. (b) It was created in 1950.

34. (d) Nikita Khrushchev

35. (d) Bandung

36. (c) NAM became the third superpower.

37. (c) 130 member states and 18 observer countries

38. (c) Yugoslavia and Ghana

39. (d) Both (a) and (c) were motivations.

40. (d) All of the above reasons contribute to the argument.
 CHAPTER 02

THE END OF BIPOLARITY

● Prior to the disintegration of the USSR and US dominance, the world was characterized by bipolarity,
with the US and USSR as the two superpowers.

● The collapse of the Berlin Wall in 1989 marked a series of events that led to the end of the Cold War and
the dissolution of the second world.

Soviet System

● The Socialist Revolution of 1917 in Russia aimed to establish a society based on principles of equality.

● Following World War II, the Eastern European countries liberated by the Soviet army came under the
control of the USSR and adopted socialism.

● These countries, led by the USSR, were known as the Second World or the Socialist bloc.

● After World War II, the Soviet Union emerged as a major power with a developed economy, supported by
a sophisticated communication network, abundant energy resources, robust machinery production, efficient
transportation infrastructure, thriving domestic consumer industry, and low unemployment rates.

Gorbachev and the Disintegration of the Soviet Union

● Mikhail Gorbachev, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, aimed to reform
the Soviet system.

● His reforms faced opposition from leaders within the Communist Party, who eventually orchestrated a
coup in 1991, resulting in the disintegration of the Soviet Union.

● Boris Yeltsin emerged as a national hero, leading the resistance against the coup. Power shifted from the
Soviet Center to the republics, particularly the more Europeanized regions.

● In 1991, Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, three major republics of the USSR under Yeltsin's leadership,
declared the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Reasons for Soviet Union Disintegration

Gorbachev's Reforms and Nationalist Dissatisfaction

● Gorbachev's reforms led to an increase in nationalist dissatisfaction as party bureaucrats gained more
privileges than ordinary citizens.

Internal Weaknesses of Soviet Institutions

● The internal weaknesses of Soviet political and economic institutions, which failed to meet the aspirations
of the people, were responsible for the collapse of the Soviet system.

Consequences of the Disintegration

End of Cold War Confrontations and Arms Race

● The disintegration of the Soviet Union resulted in the end of Cold War confrontations and the arms race.

Emergence of the US as the Sole Superpower

● The United States emerged as the sole superpower in the world after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Dominance of Capitalist Economy

● The capitalist economy became the dominant economic system, with institutions like the World Bank and
IMF playing significant roles.

Emergence of Liberal Democracy

● The notion of liberal democracy emerged as the preferred way to organize political life in many regions.

Introduction of New Players on the Global Stage

● The disintegration of the Soviet Union led to the emergence of new players in international politics.

Shock Therapy in Post-Communist Regimes

Influence of World Bank and IMF

● The model of transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system in Russia,
Central Asia, and East Europe, influenced by the World Bank and IMF, was known as "Shock therapy."

Consequences of Shock Therapy

Economic Ruin

● Shock therapy resulted in the economic decline and ruin of many people in the affected regions.

Devaluation of Russian Currency

● The Russian currency, Ruble, experienced devaluation as a consequence of shock therapy.

Increased Poverty

● The removal of government subsidies as part of shock therapy contributed to increased poverty levels.

Unipolar World

US Dominance

● After the end of the Cold War, the United States became the dominant power in the world, leading to a
period described as US dominance or a unipolar world.

Deployment of Military and Ideological Resources

● The US played a predominant role in world politics, utilizing not only military power but also ideological
resources to shape the behavior of other powers.

Challenges to US Dominance

Constraints on American Power

1. Institutional Architecture of the American State

● The division of powers between the three branches of government in the United States serves as a
constraint on the unrestrained exercise of military power by the executive branch.

2. Open Nature of American Society

● The openness of American society poses a constraint on American power, as public opinion and societal
factors can influence the exercise.

Middle east-crisis Afghanistan

- It originated in 1978 and escalated with the Afghan Soviet war, which began in 1979 and lasted until 1989.

- The Afghan Civil War ensued from 1989 to 2001, characterized by ongoing fighting between the
government and various rebel groups.

- The conflict involved multiple actors, including Afghan government forces, Soviet Union troops,
mujahideen fighters, and later the Taliban.

- The war resulted in significant casualties, displacement of populations, and widespread devastation of
infrastructure.

- The conflict also had international implications, as it drew the attention and involvement of various foreign
powers.

Gulf War:

- The Gulf War took place from August 1990 to February 1991.

- It was a major international conflict sparked by Iraq's invasion of neighboring Kuwait.

- The invasion occurred on August 2nd, 1990, when Iraqi forces led by Saddam Hussein annexed Kuwait.

- The war saw the formation of a coalition of countries, led by the United States, to counter Iraq's aggression
and liberate Kuwait.

- The coalition forces launched a military operation known as "Operation Desert Storm" to expel Iraqi forces
from Kuwait.

- The war involved extensive aerial bombings, ground operations, and naval engagements.

- It resulted in the liberation of Kuwait and the restoration of its sovereignty.

- The Gulf War had significant geopolitical and economic implications for the region and the world,
including the establishment of a no-fly zone and economic sanctions on Iraq.

Operation Desert Storm:

- US hegemony began to emerge in 1991, although its foundations can be traced back to the end of the
Second World War. It became evident later that the world was experiencing a period of US hegemony.

- President George HW Bush referred to the emergence of a "new world order" during the UN operation
known as Operation Desert Storm. This operation, overwhelmingly led by the US, aimed to halt the Iraqi
invasion of Kuwait, also known as the First Gulf War.

- The Gulf War, or Operation Desert Storm, gained the nickname "Video Game War" due to the prominent
use of advanced technology and precision airstrikes during the conflict.

- The war came to an end on February 28th, 1991, when the US declared a ceasefire, marking the conclusion
of Operation Desert Storm.

Democratic Politics and Democratisation - CIS:

- The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a regional organization that was established in
December 1991. Its headquarters are located in Minsk, Belarus.

- Currently, the CIS consists of a total of 12 states. Among them are nine member states: Armenia,
Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. There is one
Associate State, Turkmenistan, and two observer states, Afghanistan and Mongolia.

Arab Spring in the 21st Century:

- The Arab Spring refers to a series of anti-government protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions that spread
across the Middle East in 2010.

- The Arab Spring originated in Tunisia, where public discontent with corruption, unemployment, and
poverty led to a political movement against autocratic dictatorship.

- The demand for democracy that started in Tunisia quickly spread to other Arab countries in West Asia,
which have Muslim-majority populations.

- The massive democratic protests during the Arab Spring resulted in the collapse of long-standing leaders,
such as Hosni Mubarak in Egypt.

- The influence of the Arab Spring extended to countries like Yemen, Bahrain, Libya, and Syria, where
similar protests by the people led to a widespread awakening and a push for democracy.

- The Arab Spring posed a challenge to US dominance in both economic and ideological aspects.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. What characterized the global order prior to the disintegration of the USSR and US dominance?
(a) Bipolarity
(b) Multipolarity
(c) Unipolarity
(d) Non-alignment
2. When did the collapse of the Berlin Wall occur?
 (a) 1961
(b) 1979
(c) 1989
(d) 1991
3. What was the objective of the Socialist Revolution of 1917 in Russia?
(a) Economic liberalization
(b) Political stability
(c) Social equality
(d) Religious freedom
4. Which countries came under the control of the USSR after World War II?
(a) Western European countries
(b) Middle Eastern countries
(c) Eastern European countries
(d) South American countries
5. What term was used to describe the countries led by the USSR after World War II?
(a) First World
(b) Second World
(c) Third World
(d) Fourth World
6. What factors contributed to the Soviet Union's emergence as a major power after World War II?
(a) Abundant energy resources and low unemployment rates
(b) Strong military presence and technological advancements
(c) Stable political system and diplomatic alliances
(d) Effective propaganda campaigns and cultural influence
7. Who sought to reform the Soviet system?
(a) Boris Yeltsin
(b) Joseph Stalin
(c) Mikhail Gorbachev
(d) Nikita Khrushchev
8. What event led to the disintegration of the Soviet Union?
(a) Warsaw Pact formation
(b) Cuban Missile Crisis
(c) Chernobyl disaster
(d) Coup attempt in 1991
9. Who emerged as a national hero during the coup against Gorbachev?
(a) Mikhail Gorbachev
(b) Boris Yeltsin
(c) Vladimir Putin
(d) Leonid Brezhnev
10. Which major republics declared the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991?
(a) Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus
(b) Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan
(c) Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Moldova
(d) Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Mongolia
11. What were the main factors contributing to the collapse of the Soviet system?
(a) External military pressure
(b) Internal weaknesses in political and economic institutions
(c) Ideological conflicts with other socialist countries
 (d) Lack of natural resources
12. What was the consequence of shock therapy on the Russian currency, Ruble?
(a) Appreciation
(b) Stability
(c) Devaluation
(d) Pegging to a foreign currency
13. How did the removal of government subsidies as part of shock therapy impact poverty levels?
(a) Poverty decreased significantly
(b) Poverty remained unchanged
(c) Poverty increased
(d) Poverty was eliminated entirely
14. What term describes the period of US dominance after the end of the Cold War?
(a) Multipolar world
(b) Bipolar world
(c) Unipolar world
(d) Nonaligned world
15. What resources did the United States deploy to shape the behavior of other powers?
(a) Economic incentives
(b) Diplomatic negotiations
(c) Military power and ideological resources
(d) Cultural exchanges
16. What challenges did the United States face in maintaining its dominance in the unipolar world?
(a) Opposition from other superpowers
(b) Lack of military capabilities
(c) Internal political divisions
(d) Absence of economic influence
17. How does the institutional architecture of the American state constrain the exercise of military power?
(a) It grants unlimited powers to the executive branch
(b) It imposes strict limitations on military interventions
(c) It divides powers between different branches of government
(d) It favors military dominance over political institutions
18. How does the open nature of American society limit American power?
(a) Public opinion has no influence on decision-making
(b) Foreign powers have a strong influence on American policies
(c) Socio-cultural factors shape the exercise of power
(d) American society is isolated from global affairs

19. What impact did the collapse of the Soviet system have on global power dynamics?
(a) It led to the rise of a new superpower
(b) It resulted in a power vacuum with no dominant force
(c) It increased the influence of regional powers
(d) It had no significant impact on global power dynamics
20. What were the main reasons for the disintegration of the Soviet Union?
(a) External invasions and military conflicts
(b) Economic mismanagement and corruption
(c) Strong opposition from socialist countries
(d) Lack of natural resources and energy reserves
21. When did US hegemony become more prominent?
 (a) During World War II
(b) After the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
(c) In the 21st century
(d) After 1991
22. Who referred to a "new world order" during Operation Desert Storm?
(a) President George H.W. Bush
(b) President Bill Clinton
(c) President George W. Bush
(d) President Barack Obama
23. Where is the headquarters of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) located?
(a) Moscow, Russia
(b) Minsk, Belarus
(c) Astana, Kazakhstan
(d) Tashkent, Uzbekistan
24. How many member states are currently part of the CIS?
(a) 12
(b) 9
(c) 3
(d) 5
25. Which country witnessed the origin of the Arab Spring?
(a) Egypt
(b) Tunisia
(c) Libya
(d) Yemen
26. What were the main factors that led to the Arab Spring?
(a) Economic prosperity and stability
(b) Autocratic dictatorship and corruption
(c) Religious conflicts and terrorism
(d) Foreign intervention and power struggles
27. How did the Arab Spring impact other Arab countries?
(a) It led to economic growth and development.
(b) It resulted in the establishment of democratic governments.
(c) It triggered anti-government protests and uprisings.
(d) It strengthened the dominance of the United States.

28. Who was overthrown as a result of the Arab Spring in Egypt?

(a) King Abdullah
(b) Bashar al-Assad
(c) Hosni Mubarak
(d) Muammar Gaddafi
29. What was the main impact of the Arab Spring on the United States?
(a) Economic growth and increased trade relations
(b) Enhanced military presence in the Middle East
(c) Weakening of US dominance in the region
(d) Strengthening of ideological influence
30. Which countries are currently observer states in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)?
(a) Afghanistan and Mongolia
(b) Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan
 (c) Armenia and Azerbaijan
(d) Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan
31. Which one of the following statements about the Berlin Wall is incorrect?
(a) It symbolized the division between the capitalist and the communist world.
(b) It was built immediately after the Second World War.
(c) It did not mark the unification of the two parts of Germany.
(d) It was broken by the people on 9th November, 1989.
32. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) came into being after the Socialist Revolution in Russia
in
(a) 1914
(b) 1917
(c) 1939
(d) 1991
33. Which one of the following statements was not a feature of the Soviet System?
(a) A minimum standard of living was ensured to all citizens.
(b) The Soviet Government subsidized the basic necessities.
(c) There was no unemployment.
(d) People had the right to property.
34. The Communist Party staged an abortive coup in August 1991, against which Soviet leader?
(a) Boris Yeltsin
(b) Mikhail Gorbachev
(c) Leonid Brezhnev
(d) Joseph Stalin
35. Which one among the following is a cause of the disintegration of the Soviet Union?
(a) Inability of the Soviet System to correct its own mistakes.
(b) Over aspirations of the people.
(c) Rapid economic development.
(d) Superiority of the Soviet system over Western Capitalism.
36. What does the term "Arab Spring" refer to?
(a) A season of the year in the Arab region
(b) A series of anti-government protests and uprisings in the Middle East
(c) A political movement promoting autocratic dictatorship
(d) A religious festival celebrated in Arab countries
37. Where did the Arab Spring originate?
(a) Egypt
(b) Syria
(c) Tunisia
(d) Yemen
38. What were the main causes of the Arab Spring?
(a) Religious conflicts
(b) Economic growth and development
(c) Public discontent with corruption, unemployment, and poverty
(d) External military interventions
39. Which region saw the spread of the Arab Spring protests?
(a) East Asia
(b) Sub-Saharan Africa
(c) Latin America
(d) West Asia (Middle East)
40. Who was one of the long-standing leaders who collapsed as a result of the Arab Spring?
(a) Saddam Hussein
(b) Muammar Gaddafi
(c) Bashar al-Assad
(d) Hosni Mubarak

ANSWERS
1. (c) Unipolarity - The global order was characterized by US dominance and a single superpower after the
disintegration of the USSR.
2. (c) 1989 - The collapse of the Berlin Wall occurred in 1989, marking a symbolic end to the Cold War.
3. (c) Social equality - The objective of the Socialist Revolution of 1917 in Russia was to establish social
equality among the people.
4. (c) Eastern European countries - After World War II, Eastern European countries came under the control
of the USSR.
5. (b) Second World - The term "Second World" was used to describe the countries led by the USSR after
World War II.
6. (b) Strong military presence and technological advancements - Factors such as a strong military presence
and technological advancements contributed to the Soviet Union's emergence as a major power.
7. (c) Mikhail Gorbachev - Mikhail Gorbachev sought to reform the Soviet system through policies such as
glasnost and perestroika.
8. (d) Coup attempt in 1991 - The coup attempt against Gorbachev in 1991 eventually led to the
disintegration of the Soviet Union.
9. (b) Boris Yeltsin - Boris Yeltsin emerged as a national hero during the coup against Gorbachev.
10. (a) Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus - The major republics that declared the dissolution of the Soviet Union
in 1991 were Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus.
11. (b) Internal weaknesses in political and economic institutions - Internal weaknesses in political and
economic institutions were one of the main factors contributing to the collapse of the Soviet system.
12. (c) Devaluation - The consequence of shock therapy on the Russian currency, Ruble, was devaluation.
13. (c) Poverty increased - The removal of government subsidies as part of shock therapy led to an increase
in poverty levels.
14. (c) Unipolar world - The period of US dominance after the end of the Cold War was characterized as a
unipolar world.
15. (c) Military power and ideological resources - The United States deployed military power and
ideological resources to shape the behavior of other powers.
16. (c) Internal political divisions - The United States faced challenges in maintaining its dominance in the
unipolar world due to internal political divisions.
17. (c) It divides powers between different branches of government - The institutional architecture of the
American state divides powers between different branches of government, constraining the exercise of
military power.
18. (c) Socio-cultural factors shape the exercise of power - The open nature of American society allows
socio-cultural factors to shape the exercise of power.
19. (b) It resulted in a power vacuum with no dominant force - The collapse of the Soviet system resulted in
a power vacuum with no dominant force in global power dynamics.
20. (b) Economic mismanagement and corruption - Economic mismanagement and corruption were among
the main reasons for the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
21. (d) After 1991 - US hegemony became more prominent after the disintegration of the USSR in 1991.
22. (a) President George H.W. Bush - President George H.W. Bush referred to a "new world order" during
Operation Desert Storm.
23. (a) Moscow, Russia - The headquarters of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is located in
Moscow, Russia.
24. (b) 9 - There are currently 9 member states in the CIS.
25. (b) Tunisia - Tunisia witnessed the origin of the Arab Spring.
26. (b) Autocratic dictatorship and corruption - Autocratic dictatorship and corruption were the main factors
that led to the Arab Spring.
27. (c) It triggered anti-government protests and uprisings - The Arab Spring impacted other Arab countries
by triggering anti-government protests and uprisings.
28. (c) Hosni Mubarak - Hosni Mubarak was overthrown as a result of the Arab Spring in Egypt.
29. (c) Weakening of US dominance in the region - The main impact of the Arab Spring on the United States
was the weakening of US dominance in the region.
30. (c) Armenia and Azerbaijan - Armenia and Azerbaijan are currently observer states in the
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
31. (b) It was built immediately after the Second World War - The Berlin Wall was not built immediately
after the Second World War.
32. (b) 1917 - The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) came into being after the Socialist
Revolution in Russia in 1917.
33. (d) People had the right to property - People did not have the right to property in the Soviet System.
34. (b) Mikhail Gorbachev - The Communist Party staged an abortive coup in August 1991 against Soviet
leader Mikhail Gorbachev.
35. (a) Inability of the Soviet System to correct its own mistakes - The inability of the Soviet System to
correct its own mistakes was a cause of the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
36. (b) A series of anti-government protests and uprisings in the Middle East - The term "Arab Spring" refers
to a series of anti-government protests and uprisings in the Middle East.
37. (c) Tunisia - The Arab Spring originated in Tunisia.
38. (c) Public discontent with corruption, unemployment, and poverty - Public discontent with corruption,
unemployment, and poverty were the main causes of the Arab Spring.
39. (d) West Asia (Middle East) - The Arab Spring protests spread in the West Asia region, also known as
the Middle East.
40. (b) Muammar Gaddafi - Muammar Gaddafi was one of the long-standing leaders who collapsed as a
result of the Arab Spring.
 CHAPTER 03
NEW CENTRES OF POWER
With the decline of bipolarity in global politics, it became increasingly apparent that new centers of
economic and political power were emerging, capable of challenging the dominance of the United
States. These new centers of power took the form of organizations such as the European Union (EU),
the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), SAARC, and BRICS, which spanned different
regions of the world. These organizations aimed to transform their respective regions into prosperous
economies. Additionally, the rise of China's economy has had a profound impact on global politics.

European Union (EU):

 The devastation caused by the Second World War shattered many assumptions and structures that
had governed European states' relations.
 The European economy was revitalized with financial support from the United States through the
Marshall Plan.
 In 1948, the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEE(C) was established under the
Marshall Plan.
 Another step towards political cooperation was the formation of the Council of Europe in 1949.
 This progress led to the establishment of the European Economic Community in 1957, marking a
significant milestone in the development of European capitalist countries.
 The collapse of the Soviet Bloc eventually led to the creation of the European Union (EU) in 1992,
formally established on November 1, 1993.
 While the EU does not have its own constitution, it has its own flag, anthem, founding date, and
currency. It wields economic, political, diplomatic, and military influence.

Economic Influence of the EU:

 The EU is the world's second-largest economy, with a GDP surpassing $17 trillion in 2016, second
only to the United States.
 The EU's currency, the Euro, has the potential to challenge the dominance of the US dollar. The EU's
share of world trade is larger than that of the US.
 It holds economic sway over neighbouring regions as well as in Asia and Africa.
 The EU plays a significant role in international economic organizations such as the World Trade
Organization (WTO).

Political and Diplomatic Influence of the EU:

 France, as an EU member, holds a permanent seat in the UN Security Council, alongside several
non-permanent members.
 The EU has the ability to influence certain US policies, such as the current US stance on Iran's
Nuclear Programme.
 Its diplomacy, economic investments, and negotiations have proven effective, particularly in dealing
with China on issues such as human rights and environmental degradation.

Military Influence of the EU:

 The EU possesses the world's second-largest combined armed forces, trailing only behind the United
States, and ranks second in defense expenditure.
 EU member states such as Britain and France also possess a nuclear arsenal of 550 nuclear warheads.
Additionally, the EU is a significant source of space and communication technology.
  The EU has the capacity to intervene in economic, political, and social domains. However, member
states often maintain their own foreign and defense policies, which can sometimes be at odds with
each other.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN):

 The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established in 1967 with the signing of
the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by its founding countries, namely Indonesia,
Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.

Objectives of ASEAN:

 Accelerating economic growth, social progress, and cultural development to create a prosperous and
peaceful community of Southeast Asian Nations.
 Promoting regional peace and stability through a commitment to justice and the rule of law.
 Establishing a common market and production base within ASEAN states to foster social and
economic development.

ASEAN Socio-cultural Community: The ASEAN Socio-cultural Community aims to unlock the full
potential of ASEAN citizens and works towards the following objectives:

 Fostering a committed, participative, and socially responsible community for the benefit of ASEAN
people.
 Building a sustainable community that promotes social development and environmental protection.

ASEAN Security Community: The ASEAN Security Community aims to prevent territorial disputes
from escalating into armed confrontation. The establishment of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) in
1994 facilitates coordination of security and foreign policy among member states.

ASEAN Economic Community: While ASEAN is primarily an economic association, the economies of
the ASEAN region are growing at a faster pace compared to the US, EU, and Japan. The objectives of
the ASEAN Economic Community include:

 Creating a common market and production base within ASEAN states to foster social and economic
development in the region.
 Enhancing the existing ASEAN Dispute Settlement Mechanism for resolving economic disputes.

ASEAN Vision 2020:

 ASEAN is rapidly growing into a significant regional organization with its Vision 2020, which aims
to define an outward-looking role for ASEAN in the international community.
 ASEAN has successfully mediated conflicts such as the Cambodian conflict and the East Timor
crisis, and it convenes annual meetings to discuss East Asian cooperation.
 The strength of ASEAN lies in its policies of interaction and consultation with member states,
discussion partners, and other non-regional organizations. It serves as the primary political forum for
Asia and other major powers to address political and security concerns.

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAAR(C):

 The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation was established with the signing of the
SAARC Charter in Dhaka on December 8, 1985.
 The idea of regional cooperation in South Asia was initially proposed in November 1980, and after
consultations, the foreign secretaries of the seven founding countries—Bangladesh, Bhutan, India,
Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka—met for the first time in Colombo in April 1981.
  The headquarters and secretariat of SAARC are located in Kathmandu, Nepal. Afghanistan joined
SAARC as the newest member at the 13th annual summit in 2005.
 Currently, SAARC has nine observers: Australia, China, the European Union, Iran, Japan, the
Republic of Korea, Mauritius, Myanmar, and the United States of America.

Objectives of SAARC:

Promoting the welfare of the people of South Asia and improving their quality of life.
Accelerating economic growth, social progress, and cultural development in the region, providing
individuals with the opportunity to live in dignity and realize their full potential.
SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) and its Importance:

 SAARC covers 3% of the world's area, 21% of the global population, and 3.8% of the global
economy.
 Creating Synergies: SAARC countries share common traditions, dress, food, culture, and political
aspects, allowing for synergistic actions. SAARC has initiated SAFTA (South Asian Free Trade
Are(a) to establish free trade zones throughout South Asia.
 Common Solutions: All SAARC countries face common problems and issues such as poverty,
illiteracy, malnutrition, natural disasters, internal conflicts, technological backwardness, low GDP,
and poor socio-economic conditions.

Significance of SAARC for India:

 Economic Integration: India's Look East Policy, connecting South Asian economies with Southeast
Asia, promotes economic integration and prosperity for India, particularly in the service sector.
 Geostrategic Significance: SAARC provides an opportunity for India to counterbalance China's
influence by engaging Nepal, Bhutan, the Maldives, and Sri Lanka in the development process and
economic cooperation.
 Regional Stability: SAARC contributes to the creation of mutual trust and peace within the region.
 Global Leadership Role: SAARC offers India a platform to showcase its leadership in the region by
taking on additional responsibilities.

Limitations of SAARC:

 Slow Pace of Growth: Political differences among member states have hindered the growth and
progress of SAARC.
 Bilateral Issues: Conflicts between India and Pakistan, such as the Kashmir issue, have affected
bilateral relations and hindered collaboration within SAARC.
 Perception of Dominance: India's neighbors have expressed concerns about India's intentions to exert
influence and dominate them politically and socially.
 Insufficiency of Funds: The majority of SAARC members belong to developing or least developing
countries, resulting in limited financial resources.

BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Afric(a):

 BRICS is an acronym for five emerging economies of the world: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and
South Africa. The term BRIC was coined by Jim O'Neill, the then Chairman of Goldman Sachs, in
2001.
 BRIC was founded in 2006 and became BRICS with the inclusion of South Africa in 2009.
 The annual BRICS summits bring together the supreme leaders of the five nations, and the
chairmanship of the forum rotates annually among the members.
 BRICS cooperation has expanded over the past decade to include a wide range of sectoral meetings
and collaborations.
Objectives of BRICS:

 Enhancing Trade and Investment Cooperation: BRICS aims to diversify and enhance trade and
investment cooperation among its member countries, supporting value addition and market
interlinkages.
 Reforming Global Financial Institutions: BRICS has emerged as a new and promising political-
diplomatic entity with objectives extending beyond the original aim of reforming global financial
institutions.

Importance of BRICS for India:

 Collective Strength and Consultation: India benefits from the collective strength of BRICS through
consultation and cooperation on global issues such as international terrorism, climate change, food
and energy security, and global governance reforms.
 NSG Membership: India remains engaged with other BRICS countries on its membership to the
Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG).
 New Development Bank (ND(B): The NDB provides India with resources for infrastructure and
sustainable development projects.
Nations: Russia, India, Israel, and China

After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, several nations emerged as global powers in the 21st
century.

Russia:

 Russia emerged as the strong successor of the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) after the
dissolution of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
 Russia is a nuclear state with a substantial stockpile of sophisticated weapons. It holds a permanent
membership in the UN Security Council, known as the P-5.
 Russia's economy is a mixed and transitional economy with an upper-middle-income status.
Currently, Russia ranks eleventh in the world in terms of GDP.

India:

 India has emerged as an important global power in the 21st century, with significant economic,
cultural, and strategic influence. With a population of 1.35 billion, the country holds a strong
position on multiple fronts.
 India possesses a self-sufficient military and has developed indigenous nuclear technology, making it
a nuclear power from a strategic perspective.
 Initiatives like Make in India have contributed to the country's economic milestones, further
solidifying its importance on the world stage.

Israel:

 Israel has also emerged as one of the most powerful nations in the 21st century, particularly in terms
of science and technology, defense, and intelligence.
 Despite being a small Jewish-Zionist nation, Israel holds a significant position in global politics,
especially in the Arab-dominated West Asian region.
 Israel's economy is well-developed and technologically advanced, with the second-largest number of
start-up enterprises in the world. It engages in the export of cut diamonds, high-tech equipment, and
pharmaceuticals while importing crude oil, foodstuffs, raw materials, and military equipment.

China:
  China has been experiencing substantial economic growth since 1978 and is projected to overtake
the United States as the world's largest economy by 2040.
 China's power stems from factors such as its large population, extensive landmass, abundant
resources, favorable regional location, and political influence, all supported by a strong economy.
 China's economic model focused on developing a state-owned heavy industries sector using capital
accumulated from agriculture. The country substituted imports with domestic goods due to limited
foreign exchange.
 China implemented a New Economic Policy in the 1970s, embracing market-oriented reforms and
opening up its economy to foreign investments, leading to higher productivity and increased trade.
 The privatization of agriculture and industry, elimination of trade barriers in Special Economic
Zones, and increased foreign direct investment have contributed to China's rapid economic growth
and its emergence as a global economic powerhouse.
 China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001 further facilitated its integration
with the global economy.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. When was the European Union (EU) formally established?
(a) 1949
(b) 1957
(c) 1992
(d) 1993
Answer: (d) 1993
2. What is the EU's position in terms of world economy?
(a) First largest economy
 (b) Second largest economy
(c) Third largest economy
(d) Fourth largest economy
Answer: (b) Second largest economy
3. Which currency is used in the EU?
(a) US dollar
(b) Pound sterling
(c) Euro
(d) Yen
Answer: (c) Euro
4. Which EU member country holds a permanent seat in the UN Security Council?
(a) Germany
(b) France
(c) Italy
(d) Spain
Answer: (b) France
5. Which regional organization was established in 1967 with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration?
(a) European Union (EU)
(b) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
(c) Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
(d) African Union (AU)
Answer: (c) Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
6. What are the objectives of the ASEAN Socio-cultural Community?
(a) Accelerating economic growth
(b) Promoting regional peace and stability
(c) Fostering a committed and socially responsible community
(d) Preventing territorial disputes
Answer: (c) Fostering a committed and socially responsible community
7. Which regional organization aims to prevent territorial disputes from escalating into armed
confrontation?
(a) ASEAN Socio-cultural Community
(b) ASEAN Security Community
(c) ASEAN Economic Community
(d) ASEAN Vision 2020
Answer: (b) ASEAN Security Community
8. What is the primary focus of the ASEAN Economic Community?
(a) Promoting regional peace and stability
(b) Fostering social development and environmental protection
(c) Resolving economic disputes
(d) Accelerating economic growth and development
Answer: (d) Accelerating economic growth and development
9. When was the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAAR(C) established?
(a) 1980
(b) 1981
(c) 1985
(d) 2005
Answer: (c) 1985
10. What are the objectives of SAARC?
(a) Promoting the welfare of the people of South Asia
(b) Accelerating economic growth
(c) Providing individuals with the opportunity to live in dignity
 (d) All of the above
Answer: (d) All of the above
11. How did Russia become a strong successor to the USSR?
Answer: Russia emerged as the successor to the USSR after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the
late 1980s and early 1990s.
12. What is one key characteristic of Russia as a nuclear state?
Answer: Russia possesses a substantial stockpile of sophisticated weapons and holds a permanent
membership in the UN Security Council.
13. In terms of GDP, what position does Russia currently hold in the world?
Answer: Russia ranks eleventh in the world in terms of GDP.
14. What factors contribute to India's emergence as an important global power?
Answer: India's emergence as a global power is attributed to its significant economic, cultural, and
strategic influence, along with its large population.
15. What makes India a nuclear power?
Answer: India possesses self-sufficient military capabilities and has developed indigenous nuclear
technology.
16. Which initiative has played a significant role in India's economy?
Answer: The Make in India initiative has contributed to India's economic milestones.
17. In which areas has Israel emerged as a powerful nation?
Answer: Israel has emerged as a powerful nation in terms of science and technology, defense, and
intelligence.
18. What is one notable aspect of Israel's economy?
Answer: Israel's economy is well-developed and technologically advanced, with a significant number of
start-up enterprises.
19. What factors contribute to China's economic growth and influence?
Answer: China's economic growth and influence stem from factors such as its large population,
extensive landmass, abundant resources, favourable regional location, and political influence.
20. What was China's economic model during its growth phase?
Answer: China's economic model focused on developing a state-owned heavy industries sector using
capital accumulated from agriculture.
21. What major policy decisions were taken by China in the 1970s?
Answer: China ended its political and economic isolation, proposed the Four Modernizations, and
announced the Open Door Policy and economic reforms.
22. How did China substitute imports during its economic development?
Answer: Due to a shortage of foreign exchange, China substituted imports by producing domestic goods.
23. How did China's accession to the WTO benefit its economy?
Answer: China's accession to the WTO in 2001 facilitated its integration with the global economy and
further contributed to its rapid economic growth.
24. Which of the following was not an impact of the New Economic Policy of China?
(a) New trading laws and creation of Special Economic Zones
(b) Privatization of agriculture led to the decline of agricultural production.
(c) China has become an important place for Foreign Direct Investment in the world.
(d) Due to large foreign exchange reserves, China was able to make big investments in other countries.
Answer: (b) Privatization of agriculture led to the decline of agricultural production.
25. The 13th conference of BRICS in June 2021 was held in which of the following countries?
(a) Russia
(b) USA
(c) India
(d) Brazil
Answer: (c) India
26. Which among the following statement about BRICS is correct?
 (a) BRICS was founded to promote the welfare of the people of South Asia and to improve their quality
of life.
(b) BRIC turned into BRICS after the inclusion of South Africa in its first meeting in the year 2009.
(c) BRICS was established to create a Free Trade Agreement (FT(A) for investment, labour, and
services.
(d) The headquarters of the BRICS are at Kathmandu (Nepal).
Answer: (b) BRIC turned into BRICS after the inclusion of South Africa in its first meeting in the year
2009.
27. What does BRICS stand for?
(a) Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa
Answer: BRICS is an acronym representing the five member countries: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and
South Africa.
28. When did BRIC become BRICS?
(a) 2009
Answer: BRIC transformed into BRICS in 2009 when South Africa joined the group.
29. Who are the participants at the annual BRICS summits?
(a) Supreme leaders of the member countries
Answer: The annual BRICS summits bring together the supreme leaders from Brazil, Russia, India,
China, and South Africa.
30. How has BRICS cooperation expanded over the past decade?
(a) Through a wide range of sectoral meetings and collaborations
Answer: BRICS cooperation has expanded by including various sectoral meetings and collaborations.
31. Which objective of BRICS focuses on trade and investment?
(a) Enhancing Trade and Investment Cooperation
Answer: One of the objectives of BRICS is to diversify and enhance trade and investment cooperation
among its member countries.
32. Apart from financial institution reform, what is another objective of BRICS?
(a) Acting as a promising political-diplomatic entity
Answer: Besides financial institution reform, BRICS aims to serve as a new and promising political-
diplomatic entity.
33. How does India benefit from being part of BRICS?
(a) Collective strength and cooperation on global issues
Answer: India benefits from the collective strength and cooperation of BRICS in addressing global
issues like international terrorism, climate change, food and energy security, and global governance
reforms.
34. What is the role of the New Development Bank (ND(B) for India?
(a) Providing resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects
Answer: The NDB offers India resources to support infrastructure and sustainable development projects
within the country.
35. The European Union (EU) was formally established on .
Answer: 1st November, 1993.
36. The economic influence of the European Union (EU) is demonstrated by its GDP, which is
.
Answer: More than $17 trillion in 2016.

37. The currency of the European Union (EU) that has the potential to challenge the dominance of the US
dollar is .
Answer: Euro.
38. The European Union (EU) holds an economic influence over its neighbouring regions as well as in
and .
Answer: Asia and Africa.
39. The European Union (EU) plays a significant role in .
Answer: International economic organizations such as WTO.
40. France, as a member of the European Union (EU), holds a permanent seat in .
Answer: The UN Security Council.
 CHAPTER 04

SOUTH ASIA AND CONTEMPORARY WORLD

South Asia, consisting of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka,
represents a diverse geopolitical space encompassing a group of seven countries. In addition to its
diversity, the region is characterized by various conflicts, including border disputes, water-sharing
disputes between states, insurgency, ethnic strife, and resource-sharing issues.

Regarding political systems in South Asia:

1. India and Sri Lanka have established and maintained democratic systems since their independence.

2. Pakistan and Bangladesh have experienced periods of both civilian and military rule. However, since
the Post-Cold War era, Bangladesh has maintained democracy consistently.

3. Pakistan also witnessed democratic governments under leaders such as Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz
Sharif after the Post-Cold War period. However, it faced a military coup in 1999 but returned to
civilian governance in 2008.

4. Nepal was under a Constitutional Monarchy until 2006 when monarchy was abolished, and
democracy was established. Bhutan transitioned to a constitutional monarchy in 2008, introducing a
multi-party democracy under the leadership of the King.

5. The Maldives, previously a Sultanate, transformed into a republic with a Presidential form of
government in 1968. In 2005, a multi-party system was introduced through Parliament voting. The
Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP) currently dominates the political landscape and emerged
victorious in the 2018 elections.

6. Afghanistan is often included as part of South Asia due to its cultural and historical ties with the
region. Afghanistan's political system has undergone significant changes over the years. It
transitioned from a monarchy to a republic in 1973 and experienced periods of communist rule,
followed by Taliban control. Since 2004, Afghanistan has been working towards establishing a
democratic system with regular elections and a multi-party political framework. Its political
landscape continues to evolve, shaping the dynamics of South Asia.

The political systems across South Asia exhibit a range of structures and experiences, reflecting the region's
dynamic political landscape.

Democratization in South Asia

Democratization in South Asia has been a significant trend in recent years, with a growing demand for
democracy across the region. While there is widespread support for democracy in all these countries, each
country's democratic journey has unique characteristics. Let's explore the democratization experiences in
South Asian countries:

Pakistan:

- Following the framing of the Constitution of Pakistan, General Ayub Khan assumed power and eventually
held elections. However, during Yahya Khan's rule, Pakistan faced the Bangladesh crisis and a war with
India in 1971, resulting in the emergence of Bangladesh as an independent country.

- After 1971, an elected government led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was formed but was later removed by
General Zia-ul-Haq in 1977. In 1988, a democratic government was established under the leadership of
Benazir Bhutto. However, Benazir Bhutto's tenure saw competition between her party, the Pakistan People's
Party, and the Muslim League.

- Subsequently, history repeated itself as General Pervez Musharraf assumed command in 1999, ousting
Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. General Musharraf later became the elected President in 2001. Since 2008,
Pakistan has been governed by democratically elected leaders.

These examples demonstrate the complex and evolving nature of democracy in South Asia, where periods of
military rule and political transitions have influenced the path towards democratization. Despite the
challenges, the region continues to make strides in consolidating democratic systems and promoting political
participation.

Factors Affecting Unstable Democracy in Pakistan:

1. Influence of Pro-Military Groups: The power and influence of pro-military groups have played a
significant role in hindering the establishment of a stable democracy in Pakistan. These groups often
prioritize the India-Pakistan conflict and hold views that are contrary to the principles of political
parties and democratic governance.

2. Lack of Genuine International Support: The absence of robust international support for democratic
rule in Pakistan has further perpetuated the dominance of the military. Without substantial external
backing for democratic institutions, the military has been able to assert its influence and intervene in
the country's political affairs.

3. Fragile Interplay of Political Parties: Pakistan has experienced a complex interplay of political
parties, often marked by internal divisions, competition, and power struggles. This fragmentation has
sometimes undermined the stability and effectiveness of democratic governance, creating an
environment conducive to political instability.

4. Weak Institutions and Governance: Pakistan has struggled with weak institutional frameworks and
governance structures, which have weakened the foundations of democracy. Issues such as
institutional corruption, lack of accountability, and inefficiency have eroded public trust in
democratic institutions.

Understanding these factors is crucial for comprehending the challenges faced by Pakistan in building a
stable and robust democracy. Addressing these issues will require concerted efforts to strengthen democratic
institutions, promote inclusivity, and address socio-economic disparities to foster a more stable democratic
environment.

Emergence of Bangladesh and Factors Affecting its Democracy:

Bangladesh:

Historical Background: Bangladesh was part of Pakistan from 1947 to 1971, resulting from the partition of
British India. The partitioned areas of Bengal and Assam formed East Pakistan, where protests emerged
against the discrimination faced by the Bengali culture and language, demanding fair representation and
political power.

Leadership of Sheikh Mujib-ur Rahman: Sheikh Mujib-ur Rahman emerged as a prominent leader who
led the popular struggle against the domination of West Pakistan and advocated for independence for the
Eastern region.
1970 Elections and Suppression: In the 1970 elections, the Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujib-ur
Rahman, secured a majority in the constituent assembly of East Pakistan. However, the government under
West Pakistan's leadership refused to call the assembly, leading to Sheikh Mujib's arrest. The oppressive rule
of Yahya Khan resulted in the killing of thousands of people to suppress mass movements.

Support for Independence: The people of East Pakistan received financial and military support from the
Indian Government in their struggle for independence. This led to a war between India and Pakistan in
December 1971. The conflict culminated in the surrender of Pakistan forces in East Pakistan, ultimately
leading to the formation of Bangladesh as an independent nation.

Internal Conflicts in Bangladesh:

Constitutional Shifts: The Constitution of Bangladesh was initially drafted with a commitment to
secularism, democracy, and socialism. However, in 1975, Sheikh Mujib Ur Rahman amended the
Constitution to transition from a parliamentary to a presidential form of government.

Assassination of Sheikh Mujib and Rise of Ziaur Rahman: Sheikh Mujib, the architect of Bangladesh's
independence, was assassinated in a military uprising in 1975. Following his death, Ziaur Rahman formed
his own political party, the Bangladesh National Party (BNP). Ziaur Rahman won the elections in 1979 but
was also later assassinated.

Military Rule under Lt. General HM Ershad: After Ziaur Rahman's assassination, military rule was
established in Bangladesh under the leadership of Lt. General HM Ershad. However, the people of
Bangladesh fervently demanded a return to democracy.

Pro-Democracy Movement and Transition: Despite restrictions, some limited political activity was
allowed by Ershad. In 1990, mass public protests and demonstrations forced Ershad's government to step
down. This marked a significant turning point in Bangladesh's political landscape.

Representative Democracy since 1991: Since the elections in 1991, representative democracy has been
functioning in Bangladesh. The country has witnessed multiple general elections and peaceful transitions of
power, allowing for the continued operation of democratic institutions.

Challenges of Political Stability: Bangladesh has faced challenges in maintaining political stability due to
inter-party conflicts, confrontations, and periodic violence. These challenges have sometimes posed
obstacles to the consolidation of democracy in the country.

Nepal

1. Historical Context: Nepal was a Hindu Kingdom and remained a constitutional monarchy for a
significant part of its modern history. The monarchy maintained control over the government and
limited the expansion of democracy through its influence over the army.

2. Demand for a New Constitution: In 1990, responding to pro-democracy movements, the king of
Nepal accepted the demand for a new democratic constitution. This marked a significant shift
towards democratization in the country.

3. Maoist Insurgency: During the 1990s, Maoist rebels initiated an armed insurgency against the
monarchy and ruling regimes, challenging the existing power structures. Their insurgency aimed at
achieving a more inclusive and equitable society.
 4. Imposition of Absolute Monarchy: In 2002, the king dismissed the elected government and
implemented absolute monarchy, curtailing democratic rights and suppressing political dissent. This
move was met with widespread opposition.

5. Pre-Democracy Protests: In 2006, massive countrywide protests erupted, demanding the restoration
of democracy. The Seven Party Alliance (SP(A), the Maoists, and social activists played crucial roles
in mobilizing the masses and exerting pressure on the king.

6. Restoration of the House of Representatives: As a result of the protests, the king was forced to
restore the dissolved House of Representatives in April 2002. This was a significant victory for the
pro-democracy movement and marked a turning point in Nepal's political landscape.

7. Maoist Inclusion and Interim Government: The Maoist rebels joined the interim government led
by GP Koirala. In 2007, Nepal made a shift towards democracy, with the Maoists actively
participating in the political process.

8. Elections and New Constitution: In 2008, elections were held in Nepal, including the participation
of the Maoists. The country adopted a new constitution in 2015, signaling a milestone in its
democratic journey.

Sri Lanka

1. Post-Independence Democracy: Sri Lanka gained independence in 1948 and has maintained its
democratic system since then. However, the country has faced significant challenges to its
democratic setup due to ethnic conflicts between the Sinhalese majority and the Tamil minority.

2. Indian Involvement in Ethnic Conflict: The Indian government has played a role in negotiating
with the Sri Lankan government to protect the interests of Tamils in Sri Lanka. This involvement
aimed to address the grievances and seek a resolution to the ethnic conflict.

3. 1987 Accord: In 1987, an accord was signed between India and Sri Lanka to stabilize relations
between the Sri Lankan government and the Tamil population. This agreement sought to address the
ethnic tensions and promote peace in the region.

4. Indian Peace Keeping Forces (IPKF): The Indian Peace Keeping Forces were deployed in Sri
Lanka in 1989 to assist in maintaining peace and stability. However, the presence of IPKF was
controversial and eventually, they were pulled out in 1990.

5. End of Armed Rebellion: In 2009, the long-standing armed rebellion led by the Liberation Tigers of
Tamil Eelam (LTTE) came to an end as the Sri Lankan government successfully defeated the LTTE.
This marked a significant milestone in the country's efforts to address the ethnic conflict.

6. Remarkable Achievements: Sri Lanka has achieved remarkable progress in the South Asian region.
The country has effectively controlled population growth and implemented economic liberalization
measures. It has consistently maintained one of the highest per capita GDP figures in the region.

7. Challenges to Democracy: Despite its achievements, Sri Lanka continues to face challenges in
consolidating its democracy. Issues such as human rights violations, ethnic tensions, political
polarization, and lack of accountability have posed obstacles to the full realization of democratic
ideals.
 8. Reconciliation and Inclusion: Sri Lanka's ongoing journey towards strengthening democracy
involves addressing past grievances, promoting reconciliation, and ensuring the inclusion of all
ethnic and religious communities in the political process.

Maldives

1. Attainment of Independence: Maldives, an island country, achieved full political independence

from British colonial rule in 1965. In 1968, a new republic was inaugurated, and the Sultanate was
abolished.

2. Presidential Succession: Ibrahim Nasr served as the country's first president, and in 1978, he was
succeeded by Maumoon Abdul Gayoom. Gayoom went on to win six consecutive terms, solidifying
his political dominance. Maldives became a member of the Commonwealth in 1982.

3. Adoption of a New Constitution: In 2008, Maldives adopted a new constitution aimed at

establishing greater governmental checks and balances. The constitution strengthened the powers of
the legislature and judiciary, and notably, it allowed women to run for the presidency, enhancing
inclusivity in the political system.

4. Progress in Democratic Governance: Since the adoption of the new constitution, Maldives has
made significant strides in strengthening its democratic governance. The country has witnessed the
successful conduct of elections, peaceful transitions of power, and increased participation of citizens
in the political process.

5. Socioeconomic Development: Alongside democratic progress, Maldives has focused on

socioeconomic development. The country has implemented policies to diversify its economy, with a
particular emphasis on tourism, infrastructure development, and sustainable practices. This approach
has contributed to improved living standards and economic growth.

6. Climate Change and Environmental Challenges: As an island nation, Maldives faces unique
challenges posed by climate change and environmental degradation. Rising sea levels, coastal
erosion, and coral reef degradation threaten the country's natural resources and coastal communities.
Maldives has been at the forefront of advocating for global climate action and implementing
measures to mitigate the impacts of climate change.

Conflicts and Efforts for Peace in South Asia

The South Asian region continues to grapple with persistent conflicts and tensions even in the post Cold
War era, indicating that peace remains an elusive goal. While internal struggles revolving around issues such
as democracy and ethnic disparities have been acknowledged as sources of conflict, it is imperative to also
consider the significant international conflicts that have shaped the region's dynamics. Given India's
strategic position in South Asia, it has become entangled in the majority of these conflicts, warranting a
closer examination of each as follows.

India and Pakistan

India and Pakistan, two countries of immense significance, have been embroiled in a series of complex
and deeply-rooted international conflicts. The following discussions shed light on the key issues
fueling tensions between them:
 1. The Kashmir conflict stands as the central point of contention between the two nations. Both the
Indian and Pakistani governments assert their rightful claims over the region. The partition of the
province in 1947-48 resulted in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir and the Indian province of Jammu and
Kashmir, divided by the Line of Control (Lo(C). Despite India's decisive victory in the 1971 war
against Pakistan, the Kashmir dispute has remained unresolved.

2. Strategic conflicts also arise between India and Pakistan, particularly concerning the control of the
Siachen Glacier and the arms race. Both nations have sought to expand their nuclear weapon and
missile arsenals, primarily targeting each other during the 1990s.

3. The Indian government alleges that Pakistan supported pro-Khalistani militants with arms and
ammunition between 1985 and 1995, adding another layer of tension to their relationship.

4. Likewise, Pakistan's intelligence agency, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), has been accused of
involvement in various anti-India campaigns in North-East India. Simultaneously, Indian security
agencies have faced similar accusations by the Pakistani government.

These conflicts underscore the deep-seated complexities and historical animosities between India and
Pakistan, creating persistent challenges on the path to peace and stability in the region.

Efforts towards Peace and Cooperation

Efforts aimed at fostering peace and cooperation between India and Pakistan have been undertaken,
as highlighted below:

1. Samjhauta Express: In July 1976, the Samjhauta Express train service was initiated to enhance
people-to-people connections between the two countries following the Shimla Agreement.

2. Increased Trade and Easier Visas: Trade between different regions of Punjab has witnessed a
significant upswing, and the process of obtaining visas has become comparatively more accessible,
facilitating greater economic and cultural exchange.

3. Kartarpur Corridor: The establishment and finalization of the Kartarpur corridor have provided a
glimmer of hope for resuming dialogue between India and Pakistan. This development emerged
following the 2019 Pulwama terror attack and has potential for fostering bilateral discussions.

India and Bangladesh

1. Water-sharing Disputes: The governments of India and Bangladesh have disagreements over sharing
the waters of the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers, which have been a source of ongoing contention.

2. Illegal Immigration: India has concerns regarding the issue of illegal immigration of Bangladeshi
people, which has been a point of contention between the two countries.

3. Refusal to Allow Troop Movement: Bangladesh's refusal to permit Indian troops to pass through its
territory to reach North-Eastern India has been a matter of disagreement between the two
governments.

Efforts Towards Peace and Cooperation:

1. India's Look East Policy: Bangladesh is a significant part of India's Look East Policy, which aims
to enhance cooperation and connectivity with South-East Asian countries through Myanmar. This
policy seeks to foster closer ties and regular collaboration between India and Bangladesh.
 2. Bilateral Agreements and Projects: In December 2020, India and Bangladesh signed seven
agreements and inaugurated three projects to deepen their partnership. These agreements covered
various sectors, including hydrocarbons, agriculture, textiles, and community development.
Additionally, trans-border elephant conservation was also emphasized.

India and Nepal

India and Nepal share a special and cordial relationship, strengthened by various agreements and
cultural ties. The treaty between the two countries allows citizens to travel and work in each other's
territories without the need for visas and passports. However, there are certain areas of conflict
between India and Nepal that deserve attention:

1. Displeasure Over Nepal-China Relations: The Indian government has expressed occasional
displeasure regarding the close relationship between Nepal and China. This has strained India-Nepal
relations and raised concerns about the implications of this friendship.

2. Concerns over Maoist Movement: Indian security agencies have expressed deep concerns about
the Maoist movement in Nepal. The presence and activities of Maoist groups have been a source of
tension between the two countries.

3. Allegations of Interference: The Nepalese government believes that the Indian government
interferes in Nepal's internal affairs. There are concerns that India has vested interests in Nepal's
river waters and hydroelectricity resources. Additionally, Nepal feels that its access to the sea
through Indian territory is restricted, as it is a landlocked country.

Efforts towards Peace and Cooperation between India and Nepal:

1. Strengthening Ties through Collaboration: Despite existing differences, India and Nepal have
recognized the importance of fostering cooperation in various areas. Their relations are characterized
by stable and peaceful engagement, with a focus on trade, scientific collaboration, shared natural
resources, electricity generation, and interlinked water management grids.

2. Cross-border Petroleum Pipeline: A significant milestone in the relationship between India and
Nepal is the establishment of South Asia's first cross-border petroleum products pipeline. This
momentous development was inaugurated by Prime Ministers Narendra Modi of India and KP
Sharma Oli of Nepal on September 10, 2019. The pipeline serves as a tangible symbol of cooperation
and mutual benefit in the energy sector, strengthening economic ties between the two countries.

3. Infrastructure Development Projects: Both India and Nepal have undertaken joint infrastructure
development projects to enhance connectivity and promote economic growth. This includes the
construction of roads, bridges, and other transport links, which facilitate smoother movement of
goods and people between the two nations.

4. Cultural Exchanges and People-to-People Connect: Efforts to foster peace and cooperation also
extend to cultural exchanges and people-to-people connections. Various initiatives, such as exchange
programs, cultural festivals, and tourism promotion, aim to strengthen the cultural bond and enhance
mutual understanding between the people of India and Nepal.

5. Bilateral Agreements and Treaties: India and Nepal have signed numerous bilateral agreements
and treaties in various sectors, including trade, investment, tourism, education, and defense
cooperation. These agreements provide a framework for collaboration and promote mutual interests,
creating a conducive environment for peace and stability.
Impact of Economic Globalization on South Asia:India and Sri Lanka

The Government of India and Sri Lanka have been primarily involved in a dispute concerning the ethnic
conflict within the island nation. However, there has been a notable shift in India's approach towards Sri
Lanka's internal troubles after the military intervention in 1987.

1. Ethnic Conflict: India and Sri Lanka have grappled with an ongoing ethnic conflict, marked by
tensions and disagreements. The nature of this conflict revolves around issues related to ethnic
identity, representation, and power-sharing within Sri Lanka.

2. Policy of Disengagement: Following the military intervention in 1987, the Indian Government has
adopted a policy of disengagement with Sri Lanka's internal troubles. This signifies a shift in
approach, where India has taken a step back from direct involvement in the resolution of Sri Lanka's
ethnic conflict.

Efforts towards Peace and Cooperation between India and Sri Lanka:

1. Free Trade Agreement and Post-Tsunami Reconstruction: Initiatives such as the Free Trade
Agreement and post-tsunami reconstruction efforts have played a crucial role in strengthening ties
between India and Sri Lanka. These measures have facilitated economic cooperation and contributed
to the development of both nations.

2. Trade Partnership: Sri Lanka ranks among India's largest trading partners within the South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation (SAAR(C) countries. Likewise, India holds the distinction of
being Sri Lanka's largest trade partner on a global scale. This robust trade partnership underscores
the economic interdependence and mutual benefits enjoyed by both countries.

3. High-Level Political Exchanges: Political relations between India and Sri Lanka have witnessed
frequent high-level exchanges of visits, demonstrating the significance of the bilateral relationship.
Notably, the first overseas visit of the Indian Prime Minister to Sri Lanka during his second term in
June 2019 served as a significant symbolic gesture, highlighting the special bond shared between the
two nations.

4. Collaboration on Countering Drug and Human Trafficking: In April 2019, India and Sri Lanka
concluded an agreement aimed at countering drug and human trafficking. This collaborative effort
showcases the commitment of both countries to address common challenges and promote regional
security.

India and Bhutan

Challenges Faced:

1. Bhutan's Concerns over Hydropower Projects: Bhutan has expressed concerns regarding the
profitability of its hydropower projects, as India has shifted its focus towards renewable energy
sources such as wind and solar power. This shift raises questions about the economic viability of
Bhutan's hydropower projects, which have traditionally been a significant aspect of India-Bhutan
cooperation.

2. Special Relationship and Counterinsurgency Efforts: Despite occasional conflicts, India and
Bhutan share a special relationship. Bhutan's government has played a crucial role in combating
guerrillas and militants from Northeast India, which has been beneficial for India's security interests.
This collaboration reflects the strong bilateral ties and mutual cooperation between the two nations.
 3. India's Development Aid and Hydroelectric Projects: India remains Bhutan's largest source of
development aid and has been involved in significant hydroelectric projects in the country. This
partnership demonstrates India's commitment to supporting Bhutan's socio-economic progress and
underscores the cooperative efforts between the two nations.

India and Maldives

1. Support during Tamil Sri Lankan Soldiers Attack: India maintains a cordial relationship with the
island nation of Maldives. In a time of need, India extended its support to Maldives when Tamil Sri
Lankan soldiers attacked the country. This assistance demonstrates the willingness of India to stand
by Maldives in times of crisis.

2. Contribution to Economic Development: India has contributed to the economic development of

Maldives, particularly in sectors such as tourism and fisheries. Through collaboration and assistance,
India has played a role in promoting economic growth and prosperity in the island nation.

Efforts towards Peace and Cooperation:

1. Defence Partnership: In April 2016, India and Maldives signed a comprehensive Action Plan for
Defence, aiming to strengthen and consolidate their defence partnership. This agreement reflects the
commitment of both countries to enhance their security cooperation and maintain regional stability.

2. Line of Credit Agreement: In March 2019, India and Maldives signed an $800 million Line of Credit
Agreement to support sustainable social and economic development in Maldives. This financial
assistance highlights the efforts made by India to foster economic cooperation and promote the well-
being of the Maldivian people.

Impact of Economic Globalisation on South Asia

1. Unique Characteristics of South Asian Globalization: The South Asian region is distinct due to its
diversity. The trade, capital flows, and economic management within this region differ from other
regions, showcasing the unique nature of globalization in South Asia.

3. Opportunities for Development: Globalization presents new opportunities for developing countries in
South Asia to engage in expanding trade, investment, and technological advancements. This offers
potential for economic growth and development, allowing South Asian nations to benefit from global
integration.

Efforts towards peace, cooperation, and economic development in India, Bhutan, Maldives, and the wider
South Asian region signify the commitment to enhance regional stability, foster mutual understanding, and
harness the opportunities presented by globalization for the betterment of the nations involved.
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. Which country is not considered as a part of South-Asia region?

(a) Nepal
(b) Bangladesh
(c) China
(d) Sri Lanka
2. Name the party that dominates the political affairs of Maldives.
(a) Maldivian Dictatorship Party
(b) Maldivian Democratic Party
(c) Maldivian People’s Party
(d) Maldivian Majority Party
3. Who took the administration after Pakistan framed its first constitution?
(a) General Zia-ul-Haq
(b) General Yahya Khan
(c) General Parwez Musharraf
(d) General Ayub Khan
4. When did Bhutan become a constitutional monarchy?
 (a) 2006
(b) 2007
(c) 2008
(d) 2009
5. Which two countries signed Indus Water Treaty with the World Bank as negotiator?
(a) India and Bangladesh
(b) India and Pakistan
(c) India and Afghanistan
(d) India and Nepal
6. Which among the following political leaders established democratic government in Pakistan in 1988?
(a) General Ayub Khan
(b) Benazir Bhutto
(c) General Pervez Musharraf
(d) Nawaz Sharif
7. On what principles was the Constitution of Bangladesh drafted?
(a) Secularism
(b) Democracy and Socialism
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Communism
8. Name the party which won the 1970s election under Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman.
(a) Awami League
(b) Jatiya Party
(c) Bangladesh Nationalist Party
(d) Bangladesh People’s League
9. With which country does India have a treaty that allows the citizens of the two countries to travel to and
work in the other country without visas and passports?
(a) Bangladesh
(b) Sri Lanka
(c) Nepal
(d) Israel
10. In which year the King of Nepal dismissed thegovernment and abolished the Parliament?
(a)2000
(b) 2003
(c) 2002
(d) 2004
11. What major events in 1971 led to the emergence of Bangladesh as an independent country?
(a) The signing of the Tashkent Declaration
(b) The formation of the All Pakistan Awami League
(c) The Bangladesh Liberation War
(d) The Indo-Pakistani War
12. Who assumed power in Pakistan after the framing of the Constitution in 1973?
(a) General Yahya Khan
(b) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
(c) General Pervez Musharraf
(d) Benazir Bhutto
13. Which political leader established a democratic government in Pakistan in 1988?
(a) Pervez Musharraf
(b) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
 (c) Benazir Bhutto
(d) Nawaz Sharif
14. Who ousted Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and assumed command in 1999 in Pakistan?
(a) General Pervez Musharraf
(b) Asif Ali Zardari
(c) Imran Khan
(d) General Zia-ul-Haq
15. Since which year has Pakistan been governed by democratically elected leaders?
(a) 1947
(b) 1958
(c) 1971
(d) 2008
16. What factors have hindered the establishment of a stable democracy in Pakistan?
(a) Religious conflicts
(b) Economic instability
(c) Military interventions
(d) Ethnic tensions
17. How has the influence of pro-military groups affected democracy in Pakistan?
(a) Strengthened democratic institutions
(b) Promoted political stability
(c) Undermined civilian authority
(d) Encouraged peaceful transitions
18. What role does international support play in promoting democratic rule in Pakistan?
(a) No significant role
(b) Sustains military rule
(c) Provides economic aid and assistance
(d) Promotes foreign interference
19. How has the interplay of political parties contributed to political instability in Pakistan?
(a) Fostering collaboration and cooperation
(b) Upholding democratic values
(c) Engaging in power struggles and corruption
(d) Promoting social equality
20. What challenges does Pakistan face regarding weak institutions and governance in building a stable
democracy?
(a) Lack of natural resources
(b) Absence of political parties
(c) Corruption and nepotism
(d) High literacy rates
21. Which one of the following statements about India’s relations with Pakistan is incorrect?
(a) India and Pakistan signed the Indus water Treaty which has survived in spite of various military
conflicts.
(b) India and Pakistan worked together to restore people who were separated from their families.
(c) India and Pakistan have signed a Treaty of Friendship to work against terrorism.
(d) India and Pakistan signed the Tashkent Agreement in 1966.
22. Choose the incorrect statement.
(a) Sheikh Mujib was assassinated in the year 1975.
(b) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was removed by General Zia-ul-Haq in 1977.
(c) Lt. Gen. HM Ershad stepped down in Bangladesh in 1990.
 (d) General Pervez Musharraf removed Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in 2000.
23. Choose the correct statements about India’s relations with Nepal.
1. India and Nepal enjoy a very special relationship.
2. India does not interfere in the internal affairs of Nepal.
3. India has always helped Nepal during natural disasters.
4. Citizens cannot travel to the other country without visas.
Choose the correct option.
(a) 1, 2, and 4
(b) 1, 3, and 4
(c) 1, 2, and 3
(d) 2, 3, and 4
24. Identify the country which has all four features.
(i) It is a part of India’s Look East Policy.
(ii) It came into existence with India’s help.
(iii) Its border touches the border of India.
(iv) It is a secular and democratic country.
Choose the correct option.
(a) Myanmar
(b) Nepal
(c) Bhutan
(d) Bangladesh
25. Select the correct statements.
1. Maldives became a member of the Commonwealth in the year 1987.
2. Samjhauta Express between India and Pakistan was started in 1982.
3. Armed rebellion ended in the year 1975.
4. Militant intervention of India and Sri Lanka took place in the year 1988.
Codes
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 1 and 3
(c) 1 and 4
(d) 3 and 4
26. Which among the following countries is one of India’s largest trading partners among the SAARC
countries?
(a) Bhutan
(b) Sri Lanka
(c) Nepal
(d) Pakistan
27. Which one pair of countries from the following is held together because of common natural resources,
electricity generation and interlocking water management grids?
(a) India and Nepal
(b) India and Bangladesh
(c) India and Sri Lanka
(d) India and Myanmar
28. Which one of the following factors has strengthened relations between India and Sri Lanka?
(a) Ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka.
(b) Free trade agreement with Sri Lanka.
(c) India’s peace keeping force.
(d) India’s attitude towards Tamils in Sri-Lanka.
29. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct with regard to India and Bangladesh relationship?
(a) Bangladesh is a part of India’s look East Policy.
(b) Both the countries have cooperated on issues like
disaster management and environmental issues.
(c) Both the countries also cooperate on improving
economic relations.
(d) All of the above
30. Arrange the following in correct sequence.
1. Sri Lanka agains independence.
2. Democracy restoration in Pakistan, Bangladesh
and Nepal.
3. Proclamation of Independence by leaders of
Bangladesh.
4. Pakistan joins the Cold War Military blocs.
31. Which among the following statements about South Asia is wrong?
(a) All the countries in South Asia are democratic.
(b) Bangladesh and India have signed an agreement on river-water sharing.
(c) SAFTA was signed at the 12th SAARC Summit in Islamabad.
(d) The US and China play an influential role in South Asian politics.
32. What is a commonality between Bangladesh and Pakistan in their democratic experiences?
(a) Both countries have experienced military rule in their history.
(b) Both countries have a unicameral legislature.
(c) Both countries have a presidential form of government.
(d) Both countries have a strong two-party system.
33. Which of the following is a challenge to democracy in Nepal? (Choose three)
(a) High levels of corruption
(b) Limited access to education
(c) Frequent natural disasters
(d) Ethnic and regional tensions
e) Lack of economic development
34. Who are the principal players in the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka?
(a) Sinhalese and Tamils
(b) Buddhists and Hindus
(c) Sri Lankan government and LTTE
(d) Muslims and Tamils
35. Which of the following are recent agreements between India and Pakistan? (Choose two)
(a) Indus Water Treaty
(b) Shimla Agreement
(c) Kartarpur Corridor Agreement
(d) Teesta River Water Sharing Agreement
36. What are two areas of cooperation and disagreement between India and Bangladesh?
(a) Cooperation: Trade and cultural exchange
Disagreement: Border disputes and water-sharing issues
(b) Cooperation: Defense cooperation and counter-terrorism efforts
Disagreement: Economic imbalances and immigration concerns
(c) Cooperation: Education and infrastructure development
Disagreement: Religious tensions and maritime disputes
(d) Cooperation: Sports diplomacy and environmental conservation
 Disagreement: Nuclear proliferation and territorial claims
37. How are external powers influencing bilateral relations in South Asia? Take any one example to
illustrate your point.
(a) External powers use economic aid to influence the policies of South Asian countries. For example,
China's Belt and Road Initiative has provided significant infrastructure investments in Pakistan,
influencing its strategic alignment.
(b) External powers engage in military interventions to shape the outcomes of conflicts in South Asia.
For instance, the United States has played a role in mediating between India and Pakistan during periods
of heightened tensions.
38. What is the role and limitations of SAARC as a forum for facilitating economic cooperation among
South Asian countries?
39. Is the impression that the Indian government tries to dominate and interfere in the domestic affairs of
smaller countries in the region correct?
(a) Yes, it is a correct impression as evidenced by India's history of intervention in neighboring countries'
political and security matters.
(b) No, it is an incorrect impression as India respects the sovereignty of its neighboring countries and
seeks peaceful cooperation and regional stability.
40. Identify the issue where the Government of India and Bangladesh have differences.
(a) Disaster management
(b) Environmental issues
(c) Export of natural gas
(d) India’s act east policy

ANSWERS
1. China
2. Maldivian Democratic Party
3. General Ayub Khan
4. 2008
5. India and Pakistan
6. Benazir Bhutto
7. Secularism
8. Awami League
9. Nepal
10. The King of Nepal dismissed the government and abolished the Parliament in (b) 2003.
11. The major events in 1971 that led to the emergence of Bangladesh as an independent country are (c)
The Bangladesh Liberation War.
12. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto assumed power in Pakistan after the framing of the Constitution in 1973.
13. Benazir Bhutto established a democratic government in Pakistan in 1988.
14. General Pervez Musharraf ousted Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and assumed command in 1999 in
Pakistan.
15. Pakistan has been governed by democratically elected leaders since (d) 2008.
16. The factors that have hindered the establishment of a stable democracy in Pakistan are (a) Religious
conflicts, (b) Economic instability, and (c) Military interventions.
17. The influence of pro-military groups has affected democracy in Pakistan by (c) Undermining civilian
authority.
18. International support plays a role in promoting democratic rule in Pakistan by (c) Providing
economic aid and assistance.
19. The interplay of political parties has contributed to political instability in Pakistan by (c) Engaging in
power struggles and corruption.
20. The challenges Pakistan faces regarding weak institutions and governance in building a stable
democracy include (c) Corruption and nepotism.
21. The incorrect statement about India's relations with Pakistan is (c) India and Pakistan have signed a
Treaty of Friendship to work against terrorism.
22. The incorrect statement is (c) Lt. Gen. HM Ershad stepped down in Bangladesh in 1990.
23. The correct statements about India's relations with Nepal are 1, 2, and 3.
24. The country that has all four features is (d) Bangladesh.
25. The correct statements are 1 and 4.
26. One of India's largest trading partners among the SAARC countries is (b) Sri Lanka.
27. The pair of countries held together because of common natural resources, electricity generation, and
interlocking water management grids is (b) India and Bangladesh.
28. The factor that has strengthened relations between India and Sri Lanka is (b) Free trade agreement
with Sri Lanka.
29. The correct statement(s) with regard to India and Bangladesh relationship is (d) All of the above.
30. The correct sequence is 3, 4, 1, 2.
31. The incorrect statement about South Asia is (a) All the countries in South Asia are democratic.
32. The commonality between Bangladesh and Pakistan in their democratic experiences is (a) Both
countries have experienced military rule in their history.
33. The challenges to democracy in Nepal are (a) High levels of corruption, (d) Ethnic and regional
tensions, and (e) Lack of economic development.
34. The principal players in the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka are (c) Sri Lankan government and LTTE.
35. The recent agreements between India and Pakistan are (c) Kartarpur Corridor Agreement and (d)
Teesta River Water Sharing Agreement.
36. The cooperation and disagreement between India and Bangladesh are (a) Cooperation: Trade and
cultural exchange, Disagreement: Border disputes and water-sharing issues.
37. External powers influence bilateral relations in South Asia by (a) External powers use economic aid
to influence the policies of South Asian countries. For example, China's Belt and Road Initiative has
provided significant infrastructure investments in Pakistan, influencing its strategic alignment.
38. The role and limitations of SAARC as a forum for facilitating economic cooperation among South
Asian countries are that SAARC serves as a platform for member countries to discuss and
collaborate on regional economic issues such as trade, investment, and connectivity.
39. (b) No, it is an incorrect impression as India respects the sovereignty of its neighboring countries and
seeks peaceful cooperation and regional stability
40. (d) India's act east policy
 CHAPTER-05
UNITED NATIONS AND ITS ORGANISATIONS
United Nations: Evolution and Reform

Establishment and Objectives

‐ In 1945, the UN was established immediately after the Second World War as an
intergovernmental organization, driven by the need to prevent future conflicts and promote
international cooperation.

‐ Serving as a successor to the League of Nations, the UN aimed to learn from the
shortcomings of its predecessor and create a more effective platform for global
governance.

‐ The organization was formed through the signing of the United Nations Charter by 51
states on 24th October 1945, symbolizing a collective commitment to peace, stability,
and progress.

‐ The primary objective of the UN is to prevent international conflicts by providing a forum

for dialogue, negotiation, and peaceful resolution of disputes.

‐ The UN seeks to facilitate cooperation among member states in various areas,

including human rights, social progress, sustainable development, and international law.

Reform After the Cold War

The end of the Cold War in the late 1980s and early 1990s prompted the UN to
undergo significant reforms to adapt to the changing global landscape.

‐ Structural and procedural changes were implemented to ensure the organization's relevance
and effectiveness in addressing emerging challenges.

‐ With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States emerged as the dominant
superpower, altering the dynamics of global politics and necessitating adjustments within the
UN.

‐ The relationship between Russia, as the successor to the Soviet Union, and the United
States evolved from intense rivalry to a more cooperative engagement on certain issues,
while regional power shifts occurred in other parts of the world.

‐ The unprecedented economic growth of Asian countries, particularly China and India,
reshaped the global balance of power and highlighted the need for greater representation and
inclusion of non-Western nations in UN decision-making processes.

‐ The UN witnessed an influx of new member states as countries gained independence

from the Soviet Union or transitioned from communist systems to democratic governance,
leading to increased diversity within the organization.

‐ The post-Cold War era brought forth a multitude of challenges requiring the UN's
attention, including genocides, civil wars, ethnic conflicts, terrorism, nuclear proliferation,
climate change, environmental degradation, and the spread of epidemics.

Reform of Structures and Processes

‐ In 1992, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution aimed at comprehensive
reforms to address perceived shortcomings within the organization's structures and
processes.

‐ The resolution highlighted the urgent need to modernize the Security Council,
whose composition no longer accurately represented contemporary political
realities.

‐ Calls were made for a more inclusive and representative Security Council, with expanded
membership to better reflect the diversity of the international community and ensure
equitable decision-making.

‐ It was recognized that the Security Council's decisions should be based on a broader
range of perspectives and interests, rather than being dominated solely by the interests of a
few powerful nations.

‐ Efforts were made to enhance the participation of non-permanent member states in the
decision-making processes of the Security Council.

‐ Strengthening the role of the General Assembly as the representative body of all member
states and enhancing its authority in shaping global policies were key aspects of the reform
agenda.

Jurisdiction of the UN

‐ In September 2005, a high-level meeting was convened to commemorate the 60th

anniversary of the United Nations, assess its performance, and discuss strategies for
addressing new challenges.

‐ The meeting recognized the need for the UN to adapt and respond effectively to evolving
global circumstances.

‐ Steps were taken to bolster the UN's capacity to address pressing issues, including the
establishment of the Human Rights Council to promote and protect human rights
worldwide.
‐ The creation of a democracy fund aimed to support democratic processes and institutions in
countries transitioning to democracy, reinforcing the UN's commitment to fostering
democratic governance globally.
UN Agencies

The United Nations (UN) comprises various specialized agencies and programs that work
towards the organization's goals in specific areas, fostering international cooperation and
addressing global challenges. These agencies play a vital role in promoting social and
economic development, advancing human rights, providing humanitarian aid, and preserving
cultural and natural heritage.

1. World Health Organization (WHO): The WHO focuses on global public health,
coordinating efforts to combat diseases, promoting healthcare systems, and providing
guidance on health-related policies and practices. It plays a crucial role in responding to
epidemics, ensuring equitable access to healthcare, and advancing research and
development in the field of medicine.

2. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): The UNDP works towards

sustainable development by supporting countries in achieving their socioeconomic goals. It
assists nations in areas such as poverty reduction, gender equality, environmental
conservation, governance, and inclusive growth. The UNDP also provides technical
expertise and resources to promote sustainable development practices globally.
3. United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC): The UNHRC is responsible for
promoting and protecting human rights around the world. It addresses human rights
violations, conducts investigations, and makes recommendations to member states on
upholding fundamental rights and freedoms. The council works to ensure equal treatment,
combat discrimination, and create a more just and inclusive world.

4. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR): The UNHCR is dedicated to
protecting and supporting refugees, internally displaced persons, and stateless individuals. It
provides emergency relief, facilitates resettlement and repatriation efforts, advocates for
refugee rights, and works towards finding durable solutions to displacement. The agency
plays a crucial role in responding to humanitarian crises and ensuring the well-being of
vulnerable populations.

5. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF): UNICEF works to promote the rights and
well-being of children worldwide. It focuses on ensuring access to quality education,
healthcare, nutrition, and protection for children. The agency advocates for child rights,
provides humanitarian assistance during emergencies, and supports initiatives to eliminate
child poverty, exploitation, and violence.

6. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO): UNESCO,

established on 4th November 1946, is headquartered in Paris, France. Its main objective is to
promote education, natural sciences, social sciences, culture, and communication. UNESCO
works towards preserving cultural heritage,
promoting intercultural dialogue, advancing scientific research, and facilitating inclusive and
quality education for all.

7. United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP): UNEP focuses on addressing

environmental challenges and promoting sustainable development globally. It works to
protect ecosystems, combat climate change, promote biodiversity conservation, and
encourage sustainable resource management. UNEP plays a crucial role in raising
awareness, facilitating international cooperation, and formulating policies to address
pressing environmental issues.

These agencies, along with other specialized bodies within the UN system, collaborate to
tackle multifaceted global problems, striving to create a more equitable, peaceful, and
sustainable world for all.

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)

‐ Established on 4th November 1946, UNESCO is an integral part of the United Nations
system with its headquarters situated in Paris, France.

‐ UNESCO's primary objective is to promote and foster international collaboration in the

fields of education, natural sciences, social sciences, culture, and communication.

‐ Education: UNESCO works towards ensuring inclusive and quality education for all,
promoting access to education, improving literacy rates, and advocating for educational
reforms worldwide.
‐ Natural Sciences: UNESCO plays a crucial role in advancing scientific research, promoting
the conservation and sustainable management of natural resources, and addressing
environmental challenges through scientific cooperation and knowledge-sharing.

‐ Social Sciences: UNESCO supports research and initiatives in social sciences, aiming to
enhance social inclusion, strengthen democratic governance, promote human rights, and
address social inequalities and global challenges.

‐ Culture: UNESCO is committed to safeguarding cultural heritage, promoting cultural

diversity, and fostering intercultural dialogue to strengthen mutual understanding and
respect among nations.

‐ Communication: UNESCO advocates for freedom of expression, media development, and

access to information, recognizing the role of communication and media in promoting
democracy, peace, and sustainable development.

‐ Additionally, UNESCO actively promotes the use of information and communication

technologies (ICTs) for educational purposes, cultural preservation, and knowledge sharing,
bridging digital divides and fostering digital literacy.

Through its diverse programs and initiatives, UNESCO strives to create a more inclusive,
knowledgeable, and culturally enriched world, recognizing the inherent value of education,
science, culture, and communication in fostering sustainable development and global
cooperation.
World Health Organization (WHO)

‐ The World Health Organization (WHO) is the specialized agency of the United Nations
dedicated to health. It was established on 7th
April 1948 when 26 members of the United Nations signed its Constitution.

‐ Every year, on 7th April, the world celebrates World Health Day, emphasizing the
importance of global health issues and raising awareness about specific health
concerns.

‐ The headquarters of WHO are located in Geneva, Switzerland, where experts and
professionals collaborate to address global health challenges.

‐ The primary objective of WHO is to achieve the highest possible level of health for all
people worldwide, promoting physical and mental well-being, preventing diseases, and
ensuring equitable access to quality healthcare.

‐ Pandemic Response: WHO plays a crucial role in coordinating international responses to

global health emergencies, including pandemics. The organization provides guidance,
technical expertise, and support to countries, facilitating the sharing of information,
coordinating research efforts, and assisting in the distribution of vaccines and medical
resources during crises.

International Labour Organization (ILO)

‐ The International Labour Organization (ILO) was founded in 1919, with its constitution
forming part of the Treaty of Versailles. In 1946, the ILO became the first specialized
agency of the United Nations.

‐ The ILO is distinguished as the only Tripartite UN agency, bringing together

representatives of governments, employers, and workers to address labor-related issues and
promote social justice.
‐ The headquarters of the ILO is located in Geneva, Switzerland, where it serves as a
hub for international cooperation on labor standards and decent work. General
Assembly

‐ The General Assembly is the primary deliberative organ of the United Nations.
‐ It consists of representatives from all member states, with each state having one vote.
‐ The General Assembly plays a crucial role in the establishment of international norms
and the development of international law.

‐ It provides a platform for member states to discuss and address global challenges, make
recommendations, and foster cooperation.

‐ The General Assembly promotes dialogue, cooperation, and consensus-building

among nations.

‐ It addresses a wide range of issues, including peace and security, development, human
rights, and global governance.

‐ The General Assembly's decisions, resolutions, and recommendations carry political

weight and influence international relations.
Security Council

‐ The Security Council has the primary responsibility for maintaining international peace
and security.

‐ It consists of 15 Members, with five Permanent Members (with veto rights) and ten Non-
permanent Members elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms.

‐ Each Member of the Security Council has one vote.

‐ The Security Council addresses threats to peace and acts of aggression, and it can authorize
peacekeeping operations and impose sanctions.

‐ It holds regular meetings to discuss and deliberate on international security issues.

‐ The decisions and resolutions of the Security Council carry legal obligations for all
member states.

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

‐ Established in 1945, the Economic and Social Council serves as a platform for discussing
and addressing the world's economic, social, and environmental challenges.

‐ It promotes international cooperation and coordination in these areas.

‐ The ECOSOC issues policy recommendations to guide member states in achieving
sustainable development and addressing global inequalities.

‐ It works closely with specialized agencies, non-governmental organizations, and

other stakeholders to foster collaboration and implement development initiatives.

‐ The ECOSOC plays a vital role in monitoring progress towards the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) and mobilizing resources for development projects.

Trusteeship Council
‐ The Trusteeship Council was established to provide international supervision for 11
Trust Territories.

‐ Its main purpose was to ensure that adequate steps were taken to prepare these territories
for self-government or independence.

‐ As most Trust Territories have achieved self-government or independence, the Trusteeship

Council has suspended its operations.

‐ However, it remains in existence and can be reconvened if needed to address any

outstanding issues related to the territories under its mandate.

Secretariat

‐ The United Nations Secretariat carries out the day-to-day work of the UN as mandated
by the General Assembly and other main organs.

‐ It provides administrative support, coordination, and logistical services to facilitate

the functioning of the UN.

‐ The Secretary-General, appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of

the Security Council, serves as the head of the Secretariat.

‐ The Secretariat plays a central role in organizing meetings, preparing reports, and
implementing programs and initiatives decided upon by the member states.

‐ It also serves as a channel for communication between member states and coordinates
efforts to address global challenges and advance the objectives of the UN.

International Court of Justice

‐ The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United
Nations.

‐ It is responsible for settling legal disputes between states and providing advisory
opinions to the UN and its specialized agencies.

‐ Decent Work Agenda: The ILO advocates for the promotion of decent work, emphasizing
the importance of fair wages, safe working conditions, social protection, and workers' rights.
It seeks to ensure that all individuals have access to productive and fulfilling employment
opportunities.
Principal Organs of the United Nations

‐ The United Nations (UN) comprises six main organs, each with distinct functions and
responsibilities. Five of these organs—the General Assembly, the Security Council, the
Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, and the Secretariat—are based at
the UN Headquarters in New York.

‐ The General Assembly serves as a forum for all member states to discuss and
coordinate international issues, deliberate on policy matters, and make
recommendations.

‐ The Security Council is responsible for maintaining international peace and security.
It has primary responsibility for determining threats to peace and can impose sanctions
or authorize military action if necessary.

‐ The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) focuses on promoting sustainable

development, fostering international cooperation, and addressing economic and social
challenges globally. It coordinates
the work of various specialized agencies, including the ILO and WHO, to achieve these
objectives.

‐ The ICJ is composed of 15 judges elected to nine-year terms by the General Assembly and
the Security Council.

‐ Its decisions are binding and serve as a basis for resolving international
disputes peacefully.

‐ The ICJ contributes to the development and clarification of international law

through its jurisprudence and interpretations.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. When was the United Nations (UN) established, and what was its purpose?
2. How many permanent members are there in the UN Security Council, and who are
they?

3. What were the two main types of reforms implemented within the UN after the Cold War?
4. What were some of the challenges the world faced after the Cold War?
5. What were the three main complaints highlighted regarding the UN Security Council
in the 1992 resolution?

6. When was the meeting held to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the United Nations,
and what steps were taken during that meeting?

7. Name three UN agencies that address social and economic issues.

8. What are the main objectives of UNESCO?
9. Where is the headquarters of UNESCO located?
10. What does the United Nations General Assembly and Security Council discuss
regarding state conflicts?

11. When was the World Health Organization (WHO) established?

a) 1945
b) 1948
c) 1950
d) 1960

12. Which day is celebrated as World Health Day?

a) 7th April
b) 14th February
c) 1st May
d) 25th December

13. Where is the headquarters of the World Health Organization located?

a) Paris, France
b) New York, USA
c) Geneva, Switzerland
d) London, UK

14. What is the primary objective of the World Health Organization?

a) Promote education and culture
b) Ensure international peace and security
 c) Achieve the highest level of global health
d) Address environmental challenges

15. What role does the World Health Organization play in pandemics?
a) Coordinating international responses
b) Providing financial assistance to countries
c) Conducting research on vaccine development
d) Regulating global healthcare systems

16. When was the International Labour Organization (ILO) founded?

a) 1919
b) 1945
c) 1950
d) 1960

17. What makes the ILO unique among UN agencies?

a) It is the oldest specialized agency
b) It focuses on environmental sustainability
c) It represents governments, employers, and workers
d) It is headquartered in New York

18. Where is the headquarters of the International Labour Organization

located?
 a) Paris, France
b) New York, USA
c) Geneva, Switzerland
d) London, UK

19. What is the purpose of the International Labour Organization?

a) Promote global trade and economic growth
b) Ensure equal distribution of wealth among nations
c) Advocate for workers' rights and social justice
d) Address political conflicts and human rights abuses

20. Which treaty is associated with the establishment of the ILO?

a) Treaty of Versailles
b) Geneva Convention
c) Kyoto Protocol
d) Universal Declaration of Human Rights

21. Which of the following statements about the United Nations is incorrect?
(a) The UN was founded as a successor to the League of Nations.
(b) It was established in 1946.
(c) Its primary objective is to prevent international conflict.
(d) It was intended to bring cooperation among states.
22. The main objective of the United Nations is to
(a) control the big powers to exploit small countries.
(b) check population growth.
(c) prevent international conflicts.
(d) manufacture medicines.

23. Which of the following changes occurred after the Cold War?
(a) The Soviet Union collapsed.
(b) The US became the strongest power.
(c) Growth of major military power.
(d) Both (a) and (b).

24. How many founder states signed the UN Charter in 1945?

(a) 45.
(b) 51.
(c) 52.
(d) 56.

25. Which one of the following is not a principal organ of the United Nations?
(a) Security Council.
(b) World Bank.
(c) International Court of Justice.
(d) General Assembly
26. The headquarters of UNESCO is located in which city?
(a) Paris
(b) Geneva
(c) Italy
(d) Netherlands

27. In which of the following areas does UNESCO work for their promotion?
(i) Print and Electronic Media
(ii) Education and Natural Science
(iii) Culture and Communication
(iv) Literacy, Technical and Educational Training Choose the
correct option.

(a) (i), (ii) and (iii)

(b) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(c) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i), (ii) and (iv)

28. What is the main function of UNICEF?

(a) To promote efficient conditions of social justice and work.
(b) To collect emergency funds for children.
(c) To promote education and science.
(d) To create safety, parity, and self-respectful conditions for both women and children.
29. Which one of the following statements does not justify India's claim to be a
permanent member of the UN Security Council?

(a) India is the world's largest democracy.

(b) India is the second most populous country.
(c) India has won two battles against Pakistan.
(d) India makes regular contributions to the United Nations.

30. The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) was created by which body?
(a) UN Development Council
(b) UN Development Group
(c) UN Security Council
(d) UN General Assembly

ANSWERS

1. The United Nations (UN) was established immediately after the Second World War in
1945, serving as the successor to the League of Nations. Its primary objective is to prevent
international conflicts and promote cooperation among member states.

2. The UN Security Council has five permanent members: the United States, Russia, the
United Kingdom, France, and China. These members have veto rights, and there are also
ten non-permanent members elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms.
3. After the Cold War, significant reforms took place within the UN. These reforms
included structural and procedural changes within the organization and a review of the issues
falling under the UN's jurisdiction.

4. After the Cold War, the world faced new challenges such as genocide, civil war,
ethnic conflict, terrorism, nuclear proliferation, climate change, environmental
degradation, and epidemics.

5. The three main complaints highlighted in the 1992 resolution regarding the UN
Security Council were:

1. The Council no longer represents contemporary political realities.

2. Its decisions primarily reflect Western values and interests, dominated by a few
powerful nations.

3. The Council lacks equitable representation.

6. In September 2005, a meeting was held to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the
United Nations. During that meeting, various steps were taken, including the establishment of
the Human Rights Council and the creation of a democracy fund, among others.

7. Three UN agencies that address social and economic issues are the World Health
Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and United
Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).
8. The main objectives of UNESCO are to promote education, natural sciences, society and
anthropology, culture, and communication.

9. The headquarters of UNESCO is located in Paris, France.

10. The United Nations General Assembly and Security Council discuss state
conflicts, working towards finding resolutions and maintaining international peace
and security.

11. The World Health Organization (WHO) was established in 1948.

12. World Health Day is celebrated on 7th April.
13. The headquarters of the World Health Organization is located in Geneva, Switzerland.
14. The primary objective of the World Health Organization is to achieve the highest
possible level of health for all people worldwide.

15. The World Health Organization plays a crucial role in coordinating international
responses to global health emergencies, including pandemics.

16. The International Labour Organization (ILO) was founded in 1919.

17. The ILO is distinguished as the only Tripartite UN agency, bringing together
representatives of governments, employers, and workers.

18. The headquarters of the International Labour Organization is located in Geneva,

Switzerland.

19. The International Labour Organization advocates for workers' rights and social
justice.

20. The establishment of the International Labour Organization is associated with the
Treaty of Versailles.

21. (b) It was established in 1946. (The correct year is 1945)

22. (c) prevent international conflicts. (Promoting peace and preventing conflicts
is one of the primary goals of the UN)

23. (d) Both (a) and (b). (Both the collapse of the Soviet Union and the rise of the US as
the dominant global power happened after the Cold War)
24.(b) 51. (51 states signed the UN Charter in 1945)

25. (b) World Bank. (While the World Bank is an important international institution, it
is not one of the principal organs of the UN)

26. (a) Paris

27. (a) (i), (ii) and (iii)
28. (d) To collect emergency funds for children.
29. (c) India has won two battles against Pakistan.
30. (d) UN General Assembly
 CLICK HERE FOR MORE CHAPTERS

CHAPTER 6 SECURITY IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

CHAPTER 7 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
CHAPTER 8 GLOBALISATION
CHAPTER 9 CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING
CHAPTER 10 PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER 11 INDIAS FOREIGN POLICY 2
CHAPTER 12 DEMOCRATIC RESURGENCE
CHAPTER 13 NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
CHAPTER 14 REGIONAL ASPIRATIOS
CHAPTER 15 INDIAN POLITICS TRENDS AND
DEVELOPMENT
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