Tçohig|7

Ahvrk jg ^krtm Ngrtgs Nakw

Cgiuga nkcpamtk m kehnhga jm amhturg jg skrtm jm ^gfurg Ngrj Ngptkrs
pgrg k ‑NKIL]IZK NGRZG^ NAK_ nrhgjk krhohigacmitm pkr NAGCT–
hinauhijk 8 ekrcgs jm amhturg jg skrtm.

Zrgjuzhjk pgrg k Hioaìs

Zrgjuzhjk pkr pgrg
jk Hioaìs Ugimssg @kwgrj mc
k Tkrtuouìs pkr`ttp<//ckkiahtuijmrorkuij.kro
^mrohk E. (Egnmbkkf m Fkfumh
(Egnmbkkf „ orupk< ^gfurg (pgrnhgacmitm).
Ngrj Ngptkrs Brgsha).
 Tçohig|2

Ãijhnm

7. Gs Ngrtgs Nakw m k Ahvrk jg ^krtm ............................................................................. >

2. Jhnhkiçrhk jm Ngrtgs ................................................................................................... :

>. *Nkisma`k jm ]c Tkitk Ngrtgs Nakw 179 ................................................................ =?

:. Cètkjk jm Mcbgrga`gcmitk m Nkrtm ...................................................................... =0

=. Cètkjks jm Amhturg jg ^krtm .................................................................................... 57

=.7. Amhturg Omrga .......................................... 52

=.2. Amhturg jm Rkcginm/Gckr .................... 55

=.>. Amhturg Jhçrhg ......................................... ?4
=.:. Amhturg jg Aug ........................................ ?2
=.=. Amhturg Rçphjg ....................................... ?5
=.5. Amhturg jk ^ka ......................................... 04
=.?. Amhturg jm uc Nkivhjgjk ...................... 0:
=.0. Amhturg jm Nkcpgthbhahjgjm ................... 0?
=.8. Amhturg ^mcgiga ..................................... 87

5. *Nkisma`k jm ]c Tkitk Ngrtgs Nakw 129 ................................................................ 8=

 Tçohig|>

Gs Ngrtgs Nakw m k Ahvrk jg ^krtm

K orgijm cgok Nakw Rmmj nrhku gs Ngrtgs Nakw m nkaknku ucg cgohg pkjmrksg mc
ngjg ucg jmags - ucg pkr ucg. K qum gs Ngrtgs Nakw iks jhrîk; Wugijk vknì usg gs Ngrtgs
Nakw, vçrhgs cmisgomis nkcmïgc g n`mogr.

Imstm ahvrk jg skrtm, smrîk gprmsmitgjks ks shoihehngjks jm tkjgs gs =2 Ngrtgs Nakw,

ks 8 cètkjks jm amhturg jg skrtm, mxmcpaks jm ngjg cètkjk jm amhturg jg skrtm m gs smïýms
jm ‑*Nkisma`k jm ]c Tkitk Ngrtgs Nakw –. Trgthqum ks 8 ‑Cètkjks jm Amhturg jg ^krtm–
(pçohigs 52-8:) jmpkhs jm gprmijmr ks shoihehngjks bçshnks jm ngjg ngrtg ik ‑Jhnhkiçrhk jm
Ngrtgs– (pçohigs :-=5) m amr k ‑Cètkjk jm Mcbgrga`gcmitk m Nkrtm– (pçohigs =0-54). Gaèc

jhssk, ks ‑Mxmcpaks jm Amhturg jg ^krtm– ckstrgc uc mxmcpak jk cètkjk jm kbtmr

cmisgomis jks rmsuatgjks jg Amhturg jg ^krtm m sîk gprmsmitgjks gpþs ngjg uc jks 8
Cètkjks jm Amhturg jg ^krtm.
‶ Wugitk gks ‑Mxmcpaks jm Amhturg jg ^krtm–, uc mxmcpak qum vknì jmvm gprmijmr
pgrg egzmr amhturgs nkc gs Ngrtgs Nakw è k smouhitm<
Mc ucg amhturg jgs Ngrtgs Nakw, sug prþprhg hituhïîk è tujk
tujk.. Ka`m pgrg gs ngrtgs qum ekrgc
thrgjgs jk bgrga`k pgrg g amhturg, prknurm k shoihehngjk jg ngrtg sm prmnhsgr m usm qugaqumr
hituhïîk qum brha`ku jmitrk jm vknì smc rmstrhïîk, m gpmigs mxtrghg sug cmisgomc.

Ngrtgs jm bgrga`k ikrcga pkjmc smr substhtuãjgs sm gs Ngrtgs Nakw iîk msthvmrmc
jhspkiãvmhs. Gs ngrtgs jm bgrga`k ikrcga qum nkrrmspkijmc g ngjg Ngrtg Nakw mstîk hinauãjgs
ik ngpãtuak ‑Jhnhkiçrhk jm Ngrtgs– (pçohigs :-=5).

(IKZG JM ^MROHK< Jmvmcks tmr mc cmitm qum g pgagvrg ‑ skrtm– shoihehng qum gs amhturgs

rmvmagrîk cmisgomis skbrm ikssk ckcmitk gtuga, g ikssg mimrohg ik ckcmitk prmsmitm m,

gsshc, iks gvmiturgcks g ngjg nkisma`k. Akok, gs amhturgs iîk sîk pgrg prmvmr k euturk, k

‑jmsthik– iîk mstç msnrhtk, gs cmisgomis

cmisgomis iks glujgrîk
glujgrîk g nkistruhr g ikssg (‑skrtm–) rmgahjgjm jm

ucg cma`kr ekrcg m cghs mamvgjg. Gprkvmhtmc <J).

 Tçohig|:

Jhnhkiçrhk jm Ngrtgs

Mstm ngpãtuak gprmsmitg tkjks ks shoihehngjks jgs =2 Ngrtgs Nakw.

Ugcks gprmijmr g cmisgomc qum ngjg ngrtg ougrjg mc smormjk m usç-ags pgrg amhturgs jgs
Ngrtgs Nakw.

G ngrtg jm bgrga`k ikrcga g qum ngjg Ngrtg Nakw nkrrmspkijm tgcbèc è gprmsmitgjk gquh.
 Tçohig|=

G A]\
Ahjmrm tujk vknì cmsck. ^ug pmrspmnthvg pgrg uc euturk jhstgitm.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< = jm Mspgjgs

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Uknì gtrgh g gtmiïîk jm tkjks nkc smu mspãrhtk rgjhgitm. Iîk hcpkrtg
k qum vknì egïg, smcprm jgrç nmrtk, nkc cuhtg skrtm. Uknì smrç ngpgz jm cma`krgr sugs
`gbhahjgjms mc sug çrmg jm mspmnhgahjgjm, m `ç ucg cma`kr n`ginm jm gjchrgjkrms
smnrmtks jmnagrgrmc smu gckr.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< È pkssãvma kbtmr uc euturk brha`gitm egzmijk k smu cma`kr. Mitrm mc
gïîk smc tmcmr k ergngssk.
 Tçohig|5

G^ ZRMUG^
Jmhxm g igturmzg smouhr smu nursk, nkck smcprm.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< > jm Mspgjgs

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< ^ug mimrohg mstç bghxg, mitîk pgrm jm tmitgr min`mr sug gomijg nkc
vhshtgs jm/pgrg gchoks, pgrmitms, nki`mnhjks m thrm uc jhg jm ekaog jg sknhgahzgïîk pgrg qum
vknì pkssg jmsngisgr. Cmsck qum vknì amvm ucg vhjg gnmamrgjg, ghijg prmnhsg minkitrgr
tmcpk pgrg rmsphrgr euijk m rmagxgr.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< G prmssg jmspmrjhïg. G vmrjgjm è qum vknì prmnhsg gnmhtgr sug
shtugïîk m mnkikchzgr mimrohg pgrg g prþxhcg mtgpg.
 Tçohig|?

K EKOK
Nrmiïgs jm ekrtgamzg. ^upmrgijk kbstçnuaks.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< : jm Mspgjgs

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Uknì pkjm supmrgr kbstçnuaks nkc sug ekrtm ekrïg vhtga. Cmsck qum
vknì mstmlg prmstms g jmshsthr, smu gatk iãvma jm mimrohg ghijg pkjm glujç-ak g gthiohr smus
kblmthvks.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Zmi`g nuhjgjk pgrg iîk smr nkiehgitm jmcghs. Tkjm egzmr nkc qum
gs pmsskgs gk smu rmjkr k kjmhmc ku ehqumc nkc rghvg jm vknì.
 Tçohig|0

G ÇO]G
Nkkpmrgïîk. G ngpgnhjgjm jm gbrhr g cmitm jgs pmsskgs.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< Ugamtm jm Mspgjgs

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Zkjks nkiehgc mc vknì pkrqum vknì è ucg pmsskg cuhtk
nkcprmmishvg. G `gbhahjgjm jm okvmrigr gs nkhsgs sugvmcmitm è cuhtk ütha pgrg k trgbga`k.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Jmckistrm ucg ahjmrgiïg ikbrm - hssk trgisekrcgrç smu

s mu mitkrik mc
uc gcbhmitm jm ucg gurg gcçvma m amvm.
 Tçohig|8

K UMIZK
^highs jm prkormssk, nkinausîk m mxpmntgthvg.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< Rmh jm Mspgjgs

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< ]c tmcpk jm cujgiïg m gthvhjgjm. G pksshbhahjgjm jm kbtmr

hiekrcgïýms shoihehngthvgs è orgijm. Kbsmrvm g shtugïîk gk smu rmjkr nkc cghs nuhjgjk jk
qum ikrcgacmitm egrhg. ]cg jmnhsîk è hcpkrtgitm imstm ckcmitk m auogr.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< ^m vknì thvmr k hcpuask jm xhiogr gaouèc ku gormjhr gaouèc

vmrbgacmitm, smourm-k. Jk nkitrçrhk, gcbgs gs pgrtms pgssgrîk pkr ucg mxpmrhìinhg
jkakrksg.
 T ç o h i g | 74

G ZMRRG
Ekitm jg vhjg. ^ãcbkak jm msekrïk m gnmhtgbhahjgjm.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< > jm Kurks

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Gokrg è g `krg jm ekngr ig bgsm. K hcpkrtgitm è k bçshnk, m iîk sm

msqumïg jm egzmr uc msekrïk. Iîk `ç memhtk hcmjhgtk, cgs ks rmsuatgjks gngbgrîk pkr
trgzmr ucg orgijm n`ginm jm sm tkrigr prkjuthvk.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Kngshkigacmitm, uc orgijm nkrgïîk pkjm gnmhtgr m pgrgr tujk.

Igjg sm tkrig moknìitrhnk, m iîk `ç nrmsnhcmitk mspmrgjk.
 T ç o h i g | 77

G GAGJG
]c jmsgehk pgrg sgatgr, ucg n`ginm.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< 5 jm Tgus

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Jmsmivkavhcmitk jgs rmagïýms `ucgigs. ^ug skrtm smrç ekrtgamnhjg
tgcbèc, m tujk prkorhjm sugvmcmitm. Gnmhtgr k jmsgehk jm mxgcms jm qugahehngïîk pgrg
gujhïýms tgcbèc è rmnkcmijgjk. Cgitmi`g gïýms jmsprmknupgjgs mc cmitm,
brha`gitmcmitm, smc curn`gr.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< G nkiehgiïg m g ekrtuig mnkiúchng pkjmc smr iktgvmacmitm

ekcmitgjgs pmag rmgahzgïîk jm trgbga`ks m egvkrms qugijk uc gchok ks pmjm.
 T ç o h i g | 72

G ^KCBRG
K jmsnki`mnhjk. G rgzîk m skauïîk jk prkbamcg.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< 74 jm Kurks

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Ig vmrjgjm, k prkbamcg qum k gsskcbrg nkck ucg skcbrg vgh a`m
jgr ucg cmisgomc. ]cg vmz qum mstç vkatgjk pgrg k agjk kpkstk jk prkbamcg, g jhrmïîk
qum jmvm smr smouhjg prkvgvmacmitm gpgrmnmrç.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Wugijk vknì smcprm mvhtg nkhsgs ruhis m jmsgorgjçvmhs, vknì
pmrjmrç k pkitk jm vhrgjg jk kutrk agjk jg skcbrg.
 T ç o h i g | 7>

K BK^W]M
^hcbkahzgijk k nrmsnhcmitk m jmsmivkavhcmitk hijhvhjuga.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< Rmh jm Kurks

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Nrmsnhcmitk m/ku jmsmivkavhcmitk nkistgitm. Kbtmi`g nkiehgiïg igs

rmagïýms hitmrpmsskghs m nkimntm-sm nkc agïks prkeuijks. Zgamitk m `gbhahjgjm brha`gc iks
prþxhcks cmsms m `ç cuhtg gjchrgïîk pgrg rmnmbmr.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Mstm è nmrtgcmitm uc ckcmitk egvkrçvma pgrg pmrjmr sugs

hitmiïýms krhohighs, iîk egïg hssk. ^m vknì ehngr cuhtk prmsk gk ckcmitk, gs nkhsgs qum

vknì nkistruhu nkc cuhtk msekrïk pkjmrîk mstrgogr.

 T ç o h i g | 7:

G N@]UG
Ehigacmitm, gs nkhsgs cujgrgc pgrg cma`kr.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< ? jm Mspgjgs

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< ]cg n`uvg jm bìiïîks nmrtgcmitm knkrrmrç. Gs knkrrìinhgs

nagsshehngjgs nkck ‑hiekrtüihks– tgcbèc pkjmc smr nkishjmrgjgs mxmr nãnhks qum
ekrtgamnmrîk smu ngrçtmr. Iîk smlg pmsshchstg.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Gs mxpmrhìinhgs jkakrksgs sîk gpmigs tmcpkrçrhgs. Rmagxm m

gprkvmhtm g vhjg.
 T ç o h i g | 7=

K ^GAZK
Tmrjg jm `gbhahjgjm. K cma`kr mstgjk jm nkismrvgïîk.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< 0 jm Tgus

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< K pkjmr krhohiga pkjm smr jmckistrgjk pgrg k nkitmüjk mc smu
nkrgïîk. K mingitk `ucgik è nkck uc mimrohzgjkr. Uknì ehngrç knupgjk tgitk
kehnhgacmitm qugitk mc pgrthnuagr, cgs ghijg pkjmrç tmr tmcpk suehnhmitm pgrg uc skik
gjmqugjk.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Gs tgrmegs mxhohjgs ik trgbga`k tgavmz mstîk gnhcg

g nhcg jm sug ngpgnhjgjm
gtuga, amvgijk ä nkieusîk, cgs vknì pkjm ahjgr nkc hssk usgijk sgbmjkrhg m
mxpmrhìinhg.
 T ç o h i g | 75

G HA]^ÎK
K jmsmlk jm msngpgr jg rmgahjgjm.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< : jm Nkpgs

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Uknì tmc g tmijìinhg jm iktgr cujgiïgs gpmigs ig supmreãnhm

hcmjhgtg jgs nkhsgs m jm hoikrgr g rmgahjgjm. Cmsck sm k gcbhmitm jm sug vhjg m trgbga`k
cujgr, iîk sm msqumïg jm qum tkjks tmc k pkjmr jm sm gjgptgr.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Gokrg è mssminhgacmitm g `krg jm rmagxgr mc vmz jm smr uc

pmremnnhkihstg. Mxpmrhcmitm - vknì pkjm jmsnkbrhr qum è surprmmijmitmc
surprmmijmitmcmitm
mitm eçnha.
 T ç o h i g | 7?

K ^HAÌINHK
Trmvhjìinhg. È `krg jm rmngrrmogr.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< 0 jm Nkpgs

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Cmsck qum sug `kimsthjgjm pgrmïg smr shaminhksg, tkjks g
rmnki`mnmc. ^m vknì nucprhr smu pgpma nkrrmtgcmitm ig vhjg, bkgs iktãnhgs pkjmc vhr
himspmrgjgcmitm.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Cmsck qum tkjks ks jhgs pgrmïgc rmpmththvks, iîk sm jmsmspmrm.
]cg pmsskg nkcprmmishvg mstç smcprm pkr pmrtk.
 T ç o h i g | 70

K ^KIK
Jmsngisgr. ]c mstgjk jm mspãrhtk ngack.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< Rghi`g jm Tgus

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Uknì è nkcuc, cgs mstçvma smc cuhtks prkbamcgs ku brhogs. Tgssm
tkjks ks jhgs nkc ucg gthtujm `kimstg m shinmrg. ^m vknì ehngr prmsk mc gaoucg rkthig,
egïg ucg ngchi`gjg jmsprmknupgjg - mag trgrç bkg skrtm.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< ]cg nkivmrsg supmrehnhga amvgrç g ucg grcgjha`g. Zmi`g nuhjgjk pgrg
iîk nruzgr ucg pkitm pmrhoksg. (Cmtgekrhngcmitm egagijk)
 T ç o h i g | 78

G NGIÏÎK
Gamorhg, `grckihg. G mimrohg jm nurg.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k< 8 jm Nkpgs

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Zkrig-sm pkssãvma mxprmssgr k qum vknì jmsmlg trgischthr ahvrmcmitm
qugijk vknì gprmijm g rmspmhtgr g kphihîk jg kutrg pgrtm/pmsskg. Tagimlm gaok ikvk nkc
smu gchok - smrhg bkc pgrg vknì egzmr ucg vhgomc.

Nkisma`k jg Ngrtg< Cmsck qum vknì prmtmijg minkitrgr g emahnhjgjm pkr nkitg prþprhg,
iîk smrç eçnha. Zkjk cuijk jmvmrhg nkcpgrtha`gr sug emahnhjgjm uc nkc k kutrk.
 T ç o h i g | 24

K TMW]MIK
]c pmrãkjk jm trgisekrcgïîk pmqumik, cgs shoihehngthvk.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< = jm Nkpgs

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg<
ngrtg< Tgrg ngjg kbstçnuak qum k jmhxg gishksk m hiquhmtk, vknì gngbgrç
minkitrgijk ucg cgimhrg jm sm gngacgr m supmrç-ak. Uknì tmrç sunmssk pkr cuhtk tmcpk
sm ehzmr smu trgbga`k pkunk g pkunk m cgitmr mssm rhtck. G gnucuagïîk è hcpkrtgitm.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< ^m vknì juvhjg jm smus prþprhks smithcmitks ku jks smithcmitks jg

kutrg pgrtm/pmsskg, hssk miergqumnmrç sug prþprhg mimrohg m egrç nkc qum vknì pmrng gaok
hcpkrtgitm.
 T ç o h i g | 27

K M^TMA@K
]c ckcmitk mc qum vknì sm mingrg prkeuijgcmitm.

Ngrtg jm lkok qugijk substhtuãjk< 0 jm Kurks

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Gtrgvès jk nkcpkrtgcmitk jm kutrgs pmsskgs, smu cèrhtk m pkitk

ergnk pkjmc smr minkitrgjks. È nkcuc qum g ega`g jm kutrg pmsskg, mspmnhgacmitm
qugijk mstç n`gtmgjg, k egrç rmeamthr skbrm sh cmsck.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Cghs ucg vmz, smlg ckjmstk m rmeahtg skbrm sugs gïýms. Rmikvm-sm
hcmjhgtgcmitm sm amcbrgr jm gaok jm qum sm grrmpmijm.
 T ç o h i g | 22

K AGBHRHIZK
Tmrjmijk nkiehgiïg. Nkieusîk.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< 5 jm Nkpgs

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< ^m vknì iîk pujmr hr g uc mvmitk prkorgcgjk m iîk `kuvmr tmcpk
pgrg krogihzç-ak mc uc `krçrhk jhemrmitm, egïg ucg pmqumig pgusg. Tmism ik smouhitm<
Uknì nkishjmrg ks smithcmitks jg kutrg pgrtm/pmsskg;

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Jmsmi`m ucg hcgomc jg nkiquhstg qum vknì jmsmlg. Zgcbèc è
hcpkrtgitm kuvhr kutrks nkisma`ks jgs pmsskgs.
 T ç o h i g | 2>

K RMZKRIK
K rmigsnhcmitk jm uc pmrjmjkr. Iuing jmshstg!

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< 74 jm Tgus

Cmisgomc jg Ngrtg< Uknì rmskavmrç smus pmsgrms m k prkbamcg jk quga euohu. G pmsskg qum
ekh rktuagjg nkck tãchjg hrç sm rmnupmrgr amitgcmitm. ^ug skrtm igturga cma`krg nkc ucg
bkg jmnhsîk.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Mcbkrg vknì iîk pkssg vkatgr ik tmcpk, vknì ghijg pkjm cujgr k
prmsmitm m k euturk nkc smu prþprhk pkjmr.
 T ç o h i g | 2:

K JH^TGRK
Nkinmitrm-sm ik kblmthvk.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< Ugamtm jm Tgus

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< ^m vknì sm tkrigr ogiginhksk, hrç ega`gr. Umrhehqum pkr qum k kblmthvk è
imnmssçrhk. È eçnha tkrigr-sm gormsshvk, cgs rmprmmijmr-sm qugijk k ehzmr trgrç prkormssk.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Uknì pkjm cgn`ungr g kutrg pgrtm/pmsskg, cmsck qum iîk tmi`g
hitmiïîk jm cgn`ungr. ^m vknì pmrnmbmr qum hssk mstç knkrrmijk, pmïg jmsnuapgs
`uchajmcmitm.
 T ç o h i g | 2=

K JKNM
Ikvk gckr. Tkpuagrhjgjm. Gpgrìinhg jm cmitm jmpmijmitm.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< 74 jm Nkpgs

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< ]cg pmsskg mspmnhga qum sugvhzg smu nkrgïîk sþ pkr mstgr pmrtk jm
vknì. G vgahjgïîk jk smu trgbga`k pgrmnm gucmitgr rgphjgcmitm sm vknì usgr sug gamorhg jg
cma`kr cgimhrg pkssãvma. ^ug vhjg gckrksg pkjm smr cgithjg mc uc mstgjk mstçvma pkr uc
tmcpk.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< È bkc vgakrhzgr g nkcuihngïîk nkc uc gchok, cgs nuhjgjk pkrqum
vknì tmijm äs vmzms jmpmijmr uc pkunk jmcghs jhssk.
 T ç o h i g | 25

G NKRRHJG
K pkjmr histgitâimk jg vhtþrhg mc sugs cîks. ]cg autg hitmrig nkishok cmsck.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< 2 jm Tgus

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< K kblmthvk mstç ä ermitm. G ekrïg msphrhtuga è tmstgjg nkck rmsuatgjk
jg autg hitmrig nkc vknì cmsck. Nkithium nkrrmijk k cghs rçphjk qum pujmr, cmsck qum
smlg uc pkunk jkakrksk. Jmpkhs, g emahnhjgjm k mspmrg.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Uknì vkatgrç gk pkitk jm pgrthjg sm jmshsthr gokrg. G prmnhksg skrtm
igturga sm msvgh gk skermr orgijms pmrjgs.
 T ç o h i g | 2?

G NRHGZHUHJGJM
Tghxîk gbuijgitm, k jmsgbrkn`gr jg pghxîk.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< 2 jm Mspgjgs.

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Wugijk vknì mxprmssg smus pmisgcmitks m mckïýms, vknì sm smitm ä
vkitgjm. Uknì vgh mxpmrhcmitgr k gucmitk jg nrhgthvhjgjm iks ngcpks jg grtm m jg cüshng.
Hisphrgïîk m hjmhgs cgrgvha`ksgs vhrîk nkck uc rmsuatgjk jm sm nkinmitrgr imssms jkhs
ngcpks.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Iîk sm jmhxm rmstrhiohr pkr nkinmhtks ku rmorgs trgjhnhkighs. ^hog sug
hituhïîk m glg jm gnkrjk nkc mag - g pksshbhahjgjm jm jmsnkbmrtgs ku minkitrks
himspmrgjks smrç gatg.
 T ç o h i g | 20

K ORGIJM
Orgijm pksshbhahjgjm m `gbhahjgjm. ]c gucmitk jg smjm jm nki`mnhcmitk.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< Çs jm nkpgs

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Imstm ckcmitk, smu jmsmlk jm gprmijmr smrç hitmisk. @ç tgcbèc
ucg bkg n`ginm pgrg vknì ^]BHR JM IÃUMA - cma`krgijk tkjks ks pagiks m pksshbhahjgjms
ik prknmssk. ]cg rmgahzgïîk himspmrgjg pkjm knkrrmr mivkavmijk uc hcpkssãvma (mc sug
kphihîk) ik gckr, ik rmagnhkigcmitk ku uc ski`k/kblmthvk smu.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< ^highs m hiekrcgïýms shoihehngthvgs skbrm k euturk pkjmc smr kbthjgs
sm vknì ekr g uc orupk jm gthvhjgjms m emstgs.
 T ç o h i g | 28

G C]JGIÏG

Ngrtg jkCujgiïg
bgrga`k jm nkrgïîk.
qugijk Jmspmrjãnhk.
substhtuãjk< Çs jm Tgus

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Egatg jm nkinmitrgïîk. Uknì tmc hivmlg jks kutrks m vì gs nkhsgs m
kblmthvks jmssg cgimhrg imogthvg jm pmisgr. Mssm `uckr pmrturbgjkr k egz egzmr nkcprgs
hiütmhs.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< ]cg cujgiïg pgrg sh cmsck rmsuatgrç mc rmvhokrgcmitk. ^mrhg

bkc sm vknì tmitgssm prgthngr mspkrtms ku rmjmnkrgr smu qugrtk.
 T ç o h i g | >4

K NKIOMAGIZM
Mstgbmamnhcmitk jk pkjmr bçshnk. Iîk `ç prkbamcg mc smouhr smu prþprhk rhtck.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< ? jm Tgus

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Mxhstmc tgcbèc mstgïýms ig vhjg. ]cg èpkng jm nrmsnhcmitk smrhg
nkck g prhcgvmrg, m k hivmrik smrhg ucg èpkng jm ogi`gr ekrïgs. Gokrg pgrmnm smr k smu
pmrãkjk jm ngrrmogcmitk jk hivmrik. Iîk sm mspga`m cuhtk, gpmigs sm gnkckjm jmvgogr m
trgbga`m igs nkhsgs.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Uknì jmvm rmnugr uc pkunk pgrg nkcmïgr gaok ikvk. Tgrg
jmsmivkavmr g mimrohg bçshng, g prhcmhrg prhkrhjgjm è hivmsthogr m trmhigr
nkithiugcmitm.
 T ç o h i g | >7

G EAMN@G
]cg kijg jm mimrohg. Gormsshvhjgjm.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< Çs jm kurks

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Mimrohg qum pkjm smr rmngrrmogjg mc jhrmïîk ä cmtg. Gangiïgr smus
kblmthvks m jmsmlks ik cghs nurtk mspgïk jm tmcpk è emhtk ckvmijk-sm m gohijk jm ekrcg
cghs pkshthvg jk qum k ikrcga.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< È hcpkrtgitm jmehihr ucg cmtg. Trkbamcgs jmsimnmssçrhks pkjmc smr
nrhgjks qugijk vknì è cuhtk ogiginhksk, mitîk tkcm nuhjgjk.
 T ç o h i g | >2

K ZRKUÎK

Bkg skrtm vhrç mc smu ngchi`k sm vknì iîk sm pmrjmr.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< 74 jm Mspgjgs

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< K tmcpk tmstgrç sm vknì smrç ngpgz jm nkitrkagr sugs mckïýms
mxpakshvgs m vhkamitgs. Uknì smrç ngpgz jm tmr hjmhg gpþs hjmhg6 smu smisk üihnk jm mxhstìinhg
è gtrgmitm.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Gïýms bgsmgjgs ig rgnhkigahjgjm m nkrgomc gtrghrîk gpkhgjkrms,

gpkhgjkr ms, cgs
jmsmlks m nkcpkrtgcmitks mokãstgs gtrghrîk hihchoks.
 T ç o h i g | >>

G M^TGJG
Busng pmag vmrjgjm. Nkcpmisgïîk. ]c pkjmr jmstruthvk, äs vmzms.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< Rghi`g jm Kurks

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< ^ãcbkak jg vmrjgjm m pkjmr. Wugijk vknì pkjm prkormjhr nkc gaok
mxgtgcmitm nkck jmsmlg. ^m k qum vknì jhz ekr vmrjgjm, g cghkr rmnkcpmisg smrç kbthjg.
^m k qum smcmmh ekr vmrjgjm, g nka`mhtg cghs mamvgjg smrç kbthjg.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Ik mitgitk, iuing pkjm sm uthahzgr pkjmr emrhijk gaouèc m tkjks ks
kutrks msqumcgs pmrvmrsks.
 T ç o h i g | >:

G EAKR
Rmsuatgjks. Rmnkcpmisgs. G n`ginm jm gthiohr ucg cmtg è gatg.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< : jm Kurks

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< @ç ucg n`ginm jm qum smus msekrïks

ms ekrïks gtughs ehigacmitm eakrmsïgc m
pmrchtgc qum vknì ganginm smu kblmthvk. ^m vknì thvmr gutknkiehgiïg m smithcmitks
pkshthvks, tujk sm gbrhrç ig jhrmïîk nmrtg.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Cmsck qum gpgrmïg uc pmqumik kbstçnuak, msqumïg-k m iîk sm

zgioum. K prkormssk pkjm smr emhtk nkc uc skrrhsk.
 T ç o h i g | >=

K M^N]JK
Trktmïîk. ]cg cmjhjg jmemishvg pgrg cgitmr g `grckihg.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< Ugamtm jm Kurks

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Cmsck qum ucg nrhsm mstmlg sm gprkxhcgijk, vknì tmc cuhtgs
pmsskgs qum k jmemijmc ehrcmcmitm. Uknì pkjm kbtmr cghkr pkjmr mc trkng jm gckr m
`grckihg mc pgrthnuagr.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Iîk sm msqumïg jk smithcmitk jm orgthjîk. Wugijk ks gchoks mstîk

nkc prkbamcgs, iîk `mshtm mc nkitgtç-aks.
 T ç o h i g | >5

K ZMCTK
Ngjg mxpmrhìinhg cma`krg vknì. Hijmpmijìinhg.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< Ugamtm jm Nkpgs

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Ikssg mxhstìinhg nkishstm mc iks gprhckrgrcks nkithiugcmitm pkr

cmhk jm ikssgs mxpmrhìinhgs - smcprm prkormjhijk. È hcpkrtgitm gprkvmhtgr k ckcmitk
nkc k cma`kr jm sugs `gbhahjgjms.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< ]c mvmitk smcprm tmc ucg cmisgomc gimxgjg. Uknì vgh ehngr cma`kr
nkc k tmcpk sm tmitgr ehngr nhmitm jhssk.
 T ç o h i g | >?

K TKJMR
]c jmsmlk rmgahzgjk. Jmsmivkavhcmitk.

Ngrtg jm lkok qugijk substhtuãjg< ? jm Nkpgs

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< ^ug cmitm nurhksg m msekrïks jhçrhks sm nkcbhigrîk, m iîk gpmigs smu
jmsmlk sm tkrigrç rmgahjgjm, cgs vknì tgcbèc kbtmrç uc ngrok jm gatk iãvma. G smouhr,
gspmntks rmagthvks gk trgbga`k m k gckr smrîk gucmitgjks ngjg vmz cghs.

Nkisma`k jg Ngrtg< ]c bkc mstgjk nkithiugrç jmsjm qum vknì iîk trgtm ihiouèc cga
ku sm tkrim grrkogitm. Bkijgjm m ckjèsthg sîk imnmssçrhgs jurgitm mstm tmcpk.
 T ç o h i g | >0

G IÈUKG
Umrhehqum g shtugïîk m jmnhjg qum jhrmïîk tkcgr.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< 5 jm Mspgjgs

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Uknì tmc g n`ginm jm rmnkishjmrgr k qum jmsmlg egzmr. Uknì iîk smrç
ngpgz jm gigahsgr tktgacmitm ks prkbamcgs nkck rmsuatgjk jm sug
s ug hijmnhsîk.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Ehqum ngack. ^m vknì pmisgr jm ekrcg shcpams m nkc smithcmitks
`kimstks, g ièvkg qum k nmrng mvmitugacmitm sm trgisekrcg mc bkc tmcpk m nèu
ahcpk.
 T ç o h i g | >8

G EA]Z]GÏÎK

Ahbmrtgïîk jm rmstrhïýms. Ahbmrjgjm.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< = jm Tgus

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< ^m vknì ehzmr uc msekrïk nkistgitm, ehngrç ahvrm jm tkjgs gs prmssýms.
Wugijk vknì iîk egz uc msekrïk nkistgitm, è uc shiga jm prkbamcgs pmijmitms. Zmi`g k
nuhjgjk jm prmstgr gtmiïîk gks rmagnhkigcmitks pmsskghs, hinauhijk ks rkcâithnks.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Wugijk sm trgtg jm jmnhsýms skbrm prkbamcgs ehiginmhrks m jm trgbga`k,

vknì jmvm smouhr k nkisma`k jm uc ginhîk/ucg pmsskg cghs mxpmrhmitm, mc vmz jm tkcgr
ucg jmnhsîk skzhi`k.
 T ç o h i g | :4

G ZMCTM^ZGJM
Mckïýms hitmisgs. Erustrgïîk smijk rmjuzhjg.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< 8 jm Mspgjgs

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Mckïýms m cmjks rmprhchjks vhrîk ä tkig. Uknì pkjm minkitrgr
jmsgehks. Tgrg cma`krgr sug shtugïîk, vknì prmnhsg pgrgr jm smr pmsshchstg m smr cghs
gssmrthvk jm sugs kphihýms.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< ^m vknì ehngr quhmtk, smu n`grcm smrç rmjuzhjk pmag cmtgjm.
Mxprmssm ehrcmcmitm sugs hitmiïýms.
 T ç o h i g | :7

K GTGOGR
Mstgoigïîk jm skrtm. ]c gvhsk pgrg mspmrgr.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< > jm Tgus

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Mxhstmc jmspmsgs qum ekrgc pagimlgjgs ku vknì gpmigs ogstku jm
ekrcg hcprujmitm mc jmsmlks; Cmsck sm uc pagik ega`gr, nkithium egzmijk msekrïks
nkistgitms m mspmrm pmag prþxhcg n`ginm.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< G pmsskg bmc-sunmjhjg sm gprkxhcg jm vknì qugijk prmnhsg. Ks

`ucgiks sîk rmshahmitms m mquhpgjks nkc prkeuijhjgjm.

 T ç o h i g | :2

K BRHA@K
^highs jm bkg skrtm.

Ngrtg jm lkok qugijk substhtuãjg< > jm Nkpgs

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< G skrtm sm gprkxhcg. Zkjg `mshtgïîk sm pmrjm m k qum vknì jmvm egzmr
igturgacmitm gpgrmnm jhgitm jm smus ka`ks. K pkitk cghs hcpkrtgitm è sm prmpgrgr nkc
ehrcmzg.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Zrgbga`m jurk iks mstujks euijgcmitghs. ^ug skrtm gucmitgrç sm
vknì pgrthnhpgr jm uc trgbga`k vkauitçrhk. ]c pagik prmnhsg jm ucg bgsm sþahjg pgrg tmr
sunmssk.
 T ç o h i g | :>

K CKUHCMIZK
Zmi`g nuhjgjk nkc gs gïýms m nkcmitçrhks hiquhmtks.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< 8 jm Tgus

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Mcbkrg iîk smlg ruhc, sug skrtm igturga mstç uc pkunk mrrgjg ik qum
jhz rmspmhtk gk tmcpk. G ngusg pgrmnm smr ucg kbsmrvgïîk hcprkvhsgjg m/ku ucg gïîk
mxtrgvgogitm. Iîk sm tkrim ucg pmsskg qum iîk egz igjg gaèc jm mxgomrgr.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Nucprg gs sugs prkcmssgs. Nkcuihqum-sm nkc k cma`kr jm sug

ngpgnhjgjm. È eçnha smr hieauminhgjk pkr smithcmitks, mitîk pmism gitms jm egagr.
 T ç o h i g | ::

G A]ZG
]c prmssçohk pgrg k orgijm pkitk jm vhrgjg.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< : jm Tgus

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Uknì smrç gorgjmnhjk pkr gssuchr g ahjmrgiïg smc `mshtgr m pkr pgssgr
pkr cuhtks prkbamcgs pmags pmsskgs. G ekrïg eãshng m g ekrïg jm vkitgjm sîk gucmitgjgs m
uc hiekrtüihk gtuga pkjm smr nkismrtgjk.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Iîk `glg pkr hcpuask ku nkcmtmrç uc mrrk mstüphjk jm luaogcmitk.
]cg hivmsthogïîk prmahchigr magbkrgjg è imnmssçrhg. Kuvhr k nkisma`k jm uc
ginhîk/ucg pmsskg cghs vma`g è gaok pkshthvk.
 T ç o h i g | :=

G UKAZG
Nkimxîk. Kpkrtuihjgjm jm hitmishehngr.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< ? jm Kurks

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< ^m `kuvmr smithcmitks omiths m shcpçthnks, cuhtgs pmsskgs m nkhsgs

nkcmïgc g sm nkimntgr. Ahogjk pkr ucg gchzgjm prkeuijg, ucg glujg cghkr
prkvgvmacmitm smrç gjquhrhjg.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Uknì ohrgrç m ohrgrç mc nãrnuaks sm iîk nkismouhr jmsmivkavmr

qugaqumr gutkssgthsegïîk. ^mithcmitks nagrks m gbmrtks sîk hcpkrtgitms.
 T ç o h i g | :5

G IMUM
]c ikvk nkcmïk. Tgz. Turmzg.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< 0 jm Mspgjgs

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Cujm sug gthtujm m nrhm uc ikvk nkcmïk. Mstm è uc bkc ckcmitk
pgrg nkcmïgr g gjquhrhr nki`mnhcmitks. Uknì smrç ngpgz jm sm gssknhgr g orgijms
cmitkrms.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Tgrm jm sm prmknupgr nkc k pgssgjk. Zmitm cujgr smu pkitk jm vhstg m
tkcm pgrtm gthvg ik ‑ikvk– cuijk.
 T ç o h i g | :?

G^ BKA@G^
Turhehngïîk jgs mckïýms. Wugijk vknì sgh jm uc nhnak vhnhksk.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjg< 2 jm Kurks

Cmisgomc g ngrtg< Trmknupgïýms m prkbamcgs pkjmc smr pmremhtgcmitm ahcpks. G skauïîk

surohrç orgjugacmitm sm vknì pujmr trgbga`gr nkc uc smithcmitk jm kbmjhìinhg, smc sm
mxhbhr.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Gpgrmnm ucg pmsskg qum k gpkhgrç, cgs è ruhc nkiehgr mc gpmigs
ucg pmsskg.
 T ç o h i g | :0

G KIJG
]cg gthtujm eamxãvma trgrç bkg skrtm.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< Jgcg jm Mspgjgs

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Uknì tmc smus gatks m bghxks, cgs ik ehiga jgs nkitgs vknì smrç ngpgz
jm gvgiïgr. ^m vknì mstç prknurgijk uc nkisma`mhrk pgrg glujgr g nkismrtgr uc
rmagnhkigcmitk hitmrpmsskga gcgrok, rmnkrrg gk cgoiâihck knmgik.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Gaouèc

cmsck pkjm
qum vknìegzmr
iîk ucg
okstmnkiehssîk jm gckr
jmssg pmsskg, iîkhimspmrgjg.
g rmlmhtm. Imstg shtugïîk,
s htugïîk,
 T ç o h i g | :8

G BGAGIÏG
Uhjg, gïîk m glustm jk mquhaãbrhk jm hjmhgs.

Ngrtg jk lkok qugijk substhtuãjk< = jm Kurks

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< ]sgijk uc luaogcmitk lustk m ngack, è pkssãvma nkcmïgr g msnka`mr

jmnhsýms `uchajms. Gaèc jhssk, k gssuitk qum ngusku g pmrjg jm mquhaãbrhk vkatgrç gk
cma`kr mstgjk.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg<
nkc k pgssgjk. Ik mitgitk,
^m vknì rmeamthr, kpkjmrç
cma`krrmstgurgr
mstgjk iîk pkjm smr kbthjk
orgjugacmitm sm vknì nkcpgrgr
k mquhaãbrhk.
 T ç o h i g | =4

K GZRGUÈ^
G cma`krg jm ucg shtugïîk himspmrgjg.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< Rmh jm Tgus

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< G n`gvm pgrg k sunmssk è ucg cujgiïg jm pmrspmnthvg. Wugijk vknì
cujg smu ckjk jm vhjg m jm pmisgcmitk nkcpamtgcmitm, è cuhtk prkvçvma qum sug
shtugïîk cma`krm pgrg cma`kr m qum bkg skrtm gpgrmïg mc smu ngchi`k. È hcpkrtgitm jhzmr
"^hc" m "Iîk" nagrgcmitm.

Nkisma`kekrcg
jg ngrtg< Cmsck
lustg. sm uc gngbgr
Mams pkjmc rhvga ekrtm gpgrmnmr,
smijk miermitmc-sm
uc nkkpmrgjkr smc truqums, jm
himspmrgjk.
 T ç o h i g | =7

G UK\
Mu qumrk egzmr gchoks6 rmagnhkigcmitks gjmqugjgcmitm rmsuatgijk mc smithcmitks.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< Rmh jm Nkpgs

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Uknì pgrmnm ngisgjk jmvhjk ä vhzhi`giïg. Ik mitgitk, smus

vmrjgjmhrks smithcmitks gssucmc k shoihehngjk kpkstk jurgitm g nkcuihngïîk; Trhcmhrk,
sm nkcuihqum nkc ‑Bkc jhg– ku ‑Bkg tgrjm–.

Nkisma`k jgnkrrmtgcmitm.
ngrtg< ^ug skrtm jhchiuhrçbrha`gitms
^gujgïýms sm vknì iîk
sîknkismouhr nucprhcmitgr
g n`gvm pgrg bkg skrtm. smu gchok
 T ç o h i g | =2

K NGJMGJK
Hitmahoìinhg. Nkisnhìinhg hitmrig jg vmrjgjm.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< 5 jm Kurks

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< G pkrtg jg vmrjgjm pkjm smr gbmrtg m emn`gjg. Tmrnmbk cmu prþprhk
nkrgïîk m pkssk sgbmr k smormjk jk nkrgïîk jk kutrk. Ik mitgitk, smrhg cma`kr sghr skzhi`k
pkr miqugitk.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< ]c bgtm-pgpk gorgjçvma pmrjmrç g nkiehgiïg sm jurgr cuhtk. Zmi`g

nuhjgjk, pkrqum è jheãnha rmnkiquhstgr g nkiehgiïg pmrjhjg.

 T ç o h i g | =>

G I]UMC
G jmnhsîk jmnhjm k rmsuatgjk. (Msnka`g sugs jmnhsýms nkc nuhjgjk).

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< Äs jm Mspgjgs

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< ^ug ngpgnhjgjm jm tkcgr jmnhsýms nkc sgbmjkrhg è qumsthkigjg.

Rmagxm m gbrg smu nkrgïîk gitms jm luaogr ucg shtugïîk, sm vknì tkcgr g cma`kr jmnhsîk,
smu nkrgïîk ehngrç trgiquhak.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< ^mu nkrgïîk jmtmrchig sm sug skrtm gucmitgrç ku jhchiuhrç. Tmsskgs
emahzms m kthchstgs gtrgmc kutrgs pmsskgs emahzms m kthchstgs, m g bkg skrtm nmrtgcmitm k
smouhrç.
 T ç o h i g | =:

K ^KI@K
]cg n`ginm jm sm nki`mnmr. Tmrãkjk jm jmsmivkavhcmitk jk subnkisnhmitm.
subnkisnhmitm.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjg< 2 jm Nkpgs

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< K smu n`gcgjk smxtk smithjk è bkc m vknì pkjm kbtmr cmisgomis
hcpkrtgitms jks smus ski`ks prmckihtþrhks/prmnkoihthvks. Ku, `ç ucg suomstîk pgrg
rmnupmrgr g hcpkrtâinhg jm tmr uc ski`k, pgrg rmnupmrgr uc mspgïk mc smu nkrgïîk.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Mivhm ucg ngrtg ku ahoum pgrg uc gchok nkc qumc vknì iîk egag `ç
cuhtk tmcpk. @ç ucg phstg mc smithr-sm
smith r-sm bmc mc egzì-ak m jm gutkrrmnki`mnhcmitk.
 T ç o h i g | ==

G GRMHG
K jmsgehk jm cujgr smc cmjk.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< 8 jm Kurks

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< K tmcpk m ks smithcmitks jm ucg pmsskg cujgc nkistgitmcmitm,

cgs mams mstîk smcprm mxhsthijk, mitîk iîk `ç uc üihnk pkitk jm vhstg. G rmnkinhahgïîk
nkc k gchok ku nkc k gcgitm tgcbèc nkrrmrç bmc, sm ekr jgjk uc pgssk jm ngjg vmz.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< Uknì iîk pmrnmbm g pmsskg qum pmisg qum vknì è hcpkrtgitm; Ig
vmrjgjm, mams mstîk surprmmijmitmcmitm cghs prþxhcks jk qum vknì pmrnmbm.
 T ç o h i g | =5

K^ OÌCMK^
G cma`kr gpgrìinhg jk pgrnmhrk.

Ngrtg jk bgrga`k qugijk substhtuãjk< Rghi`g jm Nkpgs

Cmisgomc jg ngrtg< Kpmrgr mc mquhpm, m iîk skzhi`k, trgrç cghs skrtm. Ngjg cmcbrk
jmvm nkitrhbuhr nkc gquhak mc qum è bkc, jgijk m rmnmbmijk. Gbuijgitms nkimxýms
pmsskghs sm tkrigrîk sug ekrtuig.

Nkisma`k jg ngrtg< ‑Kbrhogjk– è ucg pgagvrg bkihtg qu m jmvm smr vgakrhzgjg. @ç ucg
n`ginm jm vknì minkitrgr gaouèc qum egam nkc shinmrhjgjm.
 T ç o h i g | =?

*Nkisma`k jm ]c Tkitk Ngrtgs Nakw 179

- Gvhsk pgrg g amhturg jg skrtm nkc gs Ngrtgs Nakw -

• Wugijk iîk msthvmr usgijk sugs Ngrtgs Nakw...

k Nkakqum-gs mc uc aknga shaminhksk ik agjk ikrtm jg sgag. K pkjmr jgs ngrtgs

gucmitgrç.

• Auogr m nkijhïýms pgrg usgr sugs Ngrtgs Nakw<

k È nkcuc gk trgbga`gr nkc gs Ngrtgs Nakw, usgr ks 8 cètkjks jm gjhvhi`gïîk

pgrg egzmr k smouhitm...

7. G pmsskg qum trgbga`g nkck k amhtkr jg skrtm (prkvgvmacmitm vknì) jmvm
mstgr rmagxgjg m jmvm msnka`mr ucg sgag kijm vknì pkssg sm nkinmitrgr.
2. Jmsahoum g tmamvhsîk m/ku cüshng, pkhs uc gcbhmitm shaminhksk è k cma`kr.
>. Egïg g amhturg jg
j g skrtm qugijk thvmr tmcpk suehnhmitm. Iîk è pkssãvma egzmr
bmc gs amhturgs jgs Ngrtgs Nakw qugijk mags sîk hitmrrkcphjgs pkr gaok.

• Gquh mstîk gaoucgs jhngs qum vknì pkjm usgr pgrg mxmnutgr ks : cètkjks smouhitms jm
amhturg jg skrtm jm ekrcg cghs mehngz...
k Amhturg jm Rkcginm/Gckr 3 ]sm ucg pmïg jm rkupg nkr-jm-rksg m tmi`g ucg

eakr rksg pkr pmrtk.

k Amhturg Jhçrhg 3 Amvgitm-sm jm cgi`î nmjk m vhrm-sm pgrg k Amstm.

k Amhturg ^mcgiga 3 Nkcmnm mc ucg tgrjm jm jkchiok, vkatgijk-sm pgrg k Kmstm.

k Amhturg jg Aug 3 Mc vmz jm rmgahzgr mstg
ms tg amhturg jurgitm k jhg, vknì jmvm mspmrgr
gtè g ikhtm qugijk g Aug igsnm.
 T ç o h i g | =0

Cètkjk jm Mcbgrga`gcmitk m Nkrtm

Gngacm-sm m nkinmitrm-sm nkc g sug hituhïîk gk mcbgrga`gr m nkrtgr k bgrga`k jm Ngrtgs
Nakw.
‶ Ahcpm sug msnrhvgihi`g ku cmsg m nmrthehqum-sm jm qum `glg mspgïk suehnhmitm pgrg
mcbgrga`gr.

7. Nkakqum sug cîk msqumrjg ik bgrga`k jm Ngrtgs Nakw, nkakngjg nkc g pgacg pgrg bghxk,
miqugitk sm nkinmitrg ik qum vknì jmsmlg amr jg skrtm imstm ckcmitk. (Umlg g Ehourg 7)

2. Mc smouhjg, mcbgrga`m gs ngrtgs nkc g cîk msqumrjg. Nkithium gtè smithr qum gs ngrtgs
ekrgc mcbgrga`gjgs k suehnhmitm. (Umlg g Ehourg 2)
‶ ^m ucg ngrtg nghr ik n`îk ku mcbghxk jg msnrhvgihi`g/cmsg, mtn, rmnkcmnm jk hiãnhk.
 T ç o h i g | =8

>. Rmüig gs ngrtgs mcbgrga`gjgs mc ucg pha`g. (Umlg g Ehourg >)

‶ Ikrcgacmitm, vknì mcbgrga`g nkc g cîk msqumrjg... Ik mitgitk, vknì pkjm usgr gs jugs
cîks qugijk msthvmr uihijk gs ngrtgs mc ucg pha`g.

:. Gokrg vgcks nkrtgr gs ngrtgs. Tmoum tkjgs gs ngrtgs mc sug cîk msqumrjg m jhvhjg-gs
skatgijk jm sug cîk mc = pha`gs. (Umlg g Ehourg :)
‶ K iücmrk jm ngrtgs mc ngjg pha`g iîk prmnhsg smr k cmsck.
 T ç o h i g | 54

=. Nkc sug cîk msqumrjg, pmoum qugaqumr ucg jgs = pha`gs ig krjmc qum jmsmlgr m nkcbhim
tkjgs mc ucg pha`g. (Umlg g Ehourg =)

5. ^hog gs mtgpgs jm 7 g = ikvgcmitm. Jmpkhs qum gs mtgpgs 7 g = ekrmc nkinauãjgs pmag

smouijg vmz, vknì mstç prkitk pgrg egzmr gaoucgs amhturgs.

IKZG JM ^MROHK (^uomstîk/Kpnhkiga)< Jmpkhs jm mcbgrga`gr m gitms jm egzmr g amhturg, vknì

pkjm smouhr gs krhmitgïýms

krhmitgïýms jm Fmrk (Fèrbmrks), k ougrjhîk
ougrjhîk jk agnrm jgs Ngrtgs
Ngrtgs Nakw<

‶ Emn`m ks ka`ks m rmphtg< ‑Ngrtgs qum ekrgc nrhgjgs pmak Cgok Nakw, qumrk qum

rmspkijgc gs chi`gs pmrouitgs,

pmrouitgs, cm ckstrmc g vmrjgjm
vmrjgjmhrg
hrg amhturg jm (jmsnrmvg ucg jgs 8

amhturgs qum vhrîk g smouhr

smouhr ku g shtugïîk) qum mstku rmgahzgijk.
rmgahzgijk.

(^m g amhturg ekr pgrg kutrg pmsskg, vknì pkjm hinauhr gk ehiga< ‑... qum mstku rmgahzgijk pgrg

‑Ikcm jg pmsskg.–)

Trkitk, gokrg hihnhm g amhturg.

 T ç o h i g | 57

Cètkjks jm Amhturg jg ^krtm

Mstm ngpãtuak gprmsmitg ks 8 cètkjks jm amhturg jg skrtm qum vknì pkjm usgr nkc sugs Ngrtgs
Nakw.

^kbrm msnkag m mstujks... ^kbrm gchoks m gckr... ^kbrm `kbbhms... Jmhxm k shoihehngjk jm ngjg
ngrtg m sug hisphrgïîk jgr nkisma`ks.

(IKZG TGRG G^ AMHZ]RG^<

➢ Iîk egïg pmrouitgs qum jmvgc tmr ‑shc– ku ‑iîk– nkck rmspkstg. Gs amhturgs iks trgrîk
cmisgomis skbrm k gssuitk qum mstç smijk ahjk m ikssk ckcmitk prmsmitm.

➢ Egïg g sug pmrouitg k cghs mspmnãehnk pkssãvma. Tmrouitgs vgogs amvgrîk g rmspkstgs
vgogs.

➢ Iîk egïg ucg pmrouitg skbrm gaok qum ghijg iîk gnkitmnmu, k euturk iîk mstç msnrhtk mc
pmjrg. Krçnuaks, nkck k jgs Ngrtgs Nakw, iîk sîk usgjks pgrg prmvmr k euturk/–jmsthik".
Mxmcpak< "K qum cmu hivmsthcmitk cm trgrç;", qugijk vknì ghijg iîk emz qugaqumr
hivmsthcmitk...
Imssm ngsk, jmvm-sm pmjhr nkisma`ks skbrm hivmsthr, sm gokrg è uc bkc ckcmitk pgrg
hivmsthr...

➢ Tmrouitgs gthvgs sîk cma`krms qum gs pgsshvgs. Iþs tmcks rmspkisgbhahjgjm ngpgnhjgjm
jm egzmr msnka`gs pgrg ckajgr k ikssk prþprhk euturk.
Mxmcpak jm ucg qumstîk pgsshvg< "^mrç qum vku smr VxS;"
Mxmcpak jm ucg qumstîk gthvg< "^mrç qum VxS smrç bkc pgrg chc imstm ckcmitk;")
 T ç o h i g | 52

=.7. Amhturg Omrga

Wugijk vknì quhsmr egzmr ucg amhturg pgrg ucg qumstîk cghs omrga.

Cètkjk<

7. Nkrtm m mcbgrga`m gs Ngrtgs Nakw, nmrthehngijk-sm jm qum mstmlgc nkc k vmrsk

vmrsk vkatgjk
pgrg nhcg. Nkitm nhink ngrtgs jk tkpk jk bgrga`k m nkakqum g quhitg ngrtg ig pkshïîk 7.
(Nkakqum gs : ngrtgs rmstgitms mc ucg pha`g akiom jg çrmg jm amhturg, pgrg iîk nkieuijh-
ags nkc kutrgs ngrtgs m/ku nkaknç-ags gnhjmitgacmitm jm vkatg ik bgrga`k).

2. Nkitm cghs = ngrtgs jk tkpk rmstgitm jk bgrga`k m nkakqum g quhitg ngrtg ig pkshïîk 2.
2.
Rmphtg mstg mtgpg pgrg gs pkshïýms > g 8.
8.

>. Tmoum g ngrtg jk euijk jk bgrga`k m nkakqum-g ig pkshïîk 74.

74.
 T ç o h i g | 5>
Amhturg Omrga - K qum shoihehng ngjg ngrtg mc sugs rmspmnthvgs pkshïýms<
pkshïýms<

7. Gssuitk jg qumstîk
2. Ngusg jg qumstîk
>. Trkbamcgs gitmrhkrms rmagnhkigjks ä qumstîk
:. Nhrnuistâinhgs mc tkrik jg qumstîk
=. ^kauïîk pgrg g qumstîk
5. Tgagvrg-n`gvm pgrg rmskavmr g qumstîk
?. Kbstçnuak pgrg rmskavmr g qumstîk
0. Euturk jg qumstîk
8. Rmsuatgjk jg qumstîk
74. Nkck kutrgs pmsskgs pkjmc vmr g qumstîk

Mxmcpak jm Amhturg Omrga<

Amhtkr jg ^krtm<

Cmhk gik sm pgssg jmpkhs qum C, uc gauik jg msnkag prhcçrhg (mishik euijgcmitga), sm
luitg gk naubm jk prkorgcg
prkorgcg jm rçjhk. Ik hiãnhk, gs gthvhjgjms
gthvhjgjms jk naubm mrgc jhvmrthjgs
jhvmrthjgs m
msthcuagitms, cgs uathcgcmitm mags sm tkrigrgc n`gtgs m tmjhksgs m k mstîk jmhxgijk
ngrrmogjk.
 T ç o h i g | 5:

G Amhturg<

Ig pkshïîk 7 (gssuitk) mstgvg G NGIÏÎK.

NGIÏÎK . C è ucg pmsskg qum vhsg g `grckihg ik naubm m
vgakrhzg k prgzmr qum jgã pkjm vhr.

Cgs, G ZMCTM^ZGJM ig pkshïîk 2 (ngusg),

(ngusg), pkr kutrk agjk, pgrmnm jgr ekrtms smithcmitks
pgrg sm gehrcgr. Mssms jkhs smithcmitks sm n`kngc, m pkjm smr k qum mstç nrhgijk k mstgjk
cmitga ngrrmogjk nkc k quga C mstç tmijk prkbamcgs.
 T ç o h i g | 5=

Ig pkshïîk = (skauïîk) mstç G IÈUKG

IÈUKG.. Umrhehqum g shtugïîk nkck mag, G IÈUKG, mishig m
jmnhjm g jhrmïîk. C prmnhsg jmsmivkavmr uc smisk jm mquhaãbrhk, jm ckjk qum, qugijk
mcpurrg g shtugïîk mc ucg jmtmrchigjg kngshîk, mam ma m pkjm hr gbghxk qugijk nghr akiom
jmcghs m thvmr qum vkatgr gk mquhaãbrhk.

K ^KI@K, qum mstç ig pkshïîk 5 (pgagvrg-n`gvm pgrg rmskavmr),

rmskavmr), mishig qum k smxtk smithjk
jm C è nkishjmrgvmacmitm ütha imstg kngshîk.

G N@]UG mstç ig pkshïîk : (nhrnuistâinhgs mc tkrik),

tkrik), mitîk uc orgijm kbstçnuak pkjm
surohr, cgs smrç gpmigs tmcpkrçrhk. Mam iîk jmvm sm tkrigr imogthvk jurgitm mstm tmcpk.

^kbrm k euturk jm C, nmrtgcmitm nkismouhrç vminmr himspmrgjgcmitm, K GZRGUÈ^ mstç ig

pkshïîk 0 (euturk),
(euturk), gk tmitgr ucg skauïîk gitmrhkr, mam smrç ngpgz jm tmr ucg ‑orgijm
vhtþrhg–.

Gaèc jhssk, G GAGJG ig pkshïîk 8 (rmsuatgjk) pgrmnm prkcmtmr uc jmsmivkavhcmitk cghs

ekrtm m bkg skrtm igs rmagïýms `ucgigs.

K CKUHCMIZK gpgrmnm ig pkshïîk ? (kbstçnuak jg skauïîk).

skauïîk). C jmvm tmr nuhjgjk pgrg iîk
mrrgr ig `krg nmrtg qugijk mitrgr mc gïîk ku sm cgihemstgr. Tkr egvkr, egïg tujk nkc
nuhjgjk pgrg qum iîk smlg okvmrigjk gpmigs pmaks smithcmitks, C.
 T ç o h i g | 55

=.2. Amhturg jm Rkcginm/Gckr

(]sm ucg pmïg jm rkupg nkr-jm-rksg m tmi`g ucg eakr rksg pkr pmrtk)

Wugijk k gckr mstç mc sug cmitm.

Cètkjk<

7. Mcbgrga`m m nkrtm gs Ngrtgs Nakw, nmrthehngijk-sm jm qum mstmlgc nkc k vmrsk vkatgjk
pgrg nhcg. Tmoum g prhcmhrg ngrtg jk tkpk jk bgrga`k m nkakqum-g ig pkshïîk 7.

2. Nkitm 74 ngrtgs jk tkpk jk bgrga`k rmstgitm m nkakqum g 74ª ngrtg ig pkshïîk 2.

2. Nkitm
kutrgs 74 ngrtgs jk tkpk jk bgrga`k rmstgitm m nkakqum g 74ª ngrtg ig pkshïîk >.
>. Nkithium
egzmijk hssk pgrg gs pkshïýms : g 5.

>. G üathcg ngrtg rmstgitm jk bgrga`k è nkakngjg ig pkshïîk ?.

?.
 T ç o h i g | 5?

Amhturg jm Rkcginm/Gckr - K qum shoihehng ngjg ngrtg mc sugs rmspmnthvg

rmspmnthvgss pkshïýms<

7. G pmrskigahjgjm m g vmrjgjmhrg igturmzg jg pmsskg gcgjg

2. G pmsskg gcgjg m g shtugïîk pgssgjg jk qumsthkigjkr
>. G pmsskg gcgjg m g shtugïîk gtuga jk qumsthkigjkr
:. G pmsskg gcgjg m k euturk jk qumsthkigjkr
=. K prkbamcg qum k qumsthkigjkr jmvm supmrgr pgrg sm jgr bmc nkc g pmsskg gcgjg
5. K rmsuatgjk jg pmsskg gcgjg m k rkcginm jk qumsthkigjkr
?. Nkisma`ks pgrg uc bkc rmagnhkigcmitk nkc g pmsskg gcgjg
 T ç o h i g | 50
Mxmcpak jm Amhturg jm Rkcginm/Gckr<

Amhtkr jg skrtm<

]c gauik jk mishik euijgcmitga n`gcgjk ^ nkcmïku g okstgr jm @, qum ermqumitgvg k

cmsck nurshi`k. ^ qumr sm tkrigr uc bkc gchok jm @ m, gpþs 5 cmsms, jhz ‑Ugcks brhingr
mc gaouc auogr–. @ rmnusku k nk ivhtm smc qugaqumr `mshtgïîk. Ks smithcmitks jm ^ mc
rmagïîk g @ iîk cujgrgc, ik mitgitk. Nkck ^ pkjm egzmr gchzgjm nkc @…;

G Amhturg<

@ pkjm tmr uc emrhcmitk orgijm m sèrhk igs nkstgs pkr tmr okstgjk jm ucg ogrktg gitms. K
AGBHRHI@K ig pkshïîk 7 rmprmsmitg g pmrskigahjgjm jm @ m g vmrjgjmhrg igturmzg -
nkieusîk m pmrjg jm nkiehgiïg. @ pkjm ehngr smc nkrgomc mc egzmr gchzgjm nkc ucg
ogrktg skb g hieauìinhg jmssm emrhcmitk orgvm.
 T ç o h i g | 58

G shtugïîk pgssgjg jm ^ m @ è rmprmsmitgjg pkr K ^HAÌINHK ig pkshïîk 2,

2 , k qum ckstrg
prujìinhg m k pmrãkjk jm tmcpk pgrg rmngrrmogr gs bgtmrhgs. Tgrmnm qum k ckcmitk jk
nkivhtm jm ^ pgrg @ ekh uc pkunk nmjk.

G shtugïîk gtuga è rmprmsmitgjg pkr G NGIÏÎK - shoihehngijk `grckihg - ig pkshïîk >,>, k

prkbamcg g smr supmrgjk è ckstrgjk pkr K GTGOGR ig pkshïîk = - gamrtgijk pgrg
‑mspmrg–. Tkr ngusg jk gvhsk qum K GTGOGR jç, smrhg cma`kr ghijg sm
s m gssknhgr nkck gpmigs
nkamogs jm msnkag pkr miqugitk.

Cgs G GAGJG ig pkshïîk : (k euturk) m G EA]Z]GÏÎK ig pkshïîk 5 (rmsuatgjk) ckstrgc

qum g skrtm è ekrtgamnhjg m qum k rmagnhkigcmitk pkjm smr ahvrm jm tkjks ks prkbamcgs m
rmstrhïýms. Ahjk pgrthnuagrcmitm pkr G GAGJG,
GAGJG, @ nmrtgcmitm mstç nhmitm jk gpmak jks

rmagnhkigcmitks `ucgiks m jgs gïýms jmsprmknupgjgs.

K nkisma`k pgrg uc bkc rmagnhkigcmi

rmagnhkigcmitk
tk nkc @ ig pkshïîk ? è rmprmsmitgjk pkr K
RMZKRIK,, qum shoihehng nkiskak. ]cg n`ginm pgrg ^ gprmsmitgr smus smithcmitks
RMZKRIK
ikvgcmitm vhrç gaouc jhg. Nkck smrç qugijk ^ sm gprkxhcgr jm @ ikvgcmitm; ^ sþ prmnhsg
tmr uc pkunk jm nkrgomc, pgrg qum smus smithcmitks pkshthvks cujmc k jmsthik.
 T ç o h i g | ?4

=.>. Amhturg Jhçrhg

(Amvgitm-sm jm cgi`î nmjk m vhrm-sm pgrg k Amstm)

Wugijk vknì jmsmlg egzmr ucg amhturg rçphjg ik hiãnhk jk jhg.

‶ Mstg amhturg pkjm smr emhtg gpmigs ucg vmz gk jhg.

Cètkjk<

7. Mcbgrga`m m nkrtm gs Ngrtgs Nakw, nmrthehngijk-sm jm qum mstmlgc nkc k vmrsk vkatgjk
pgrg nhcg. Mspga`m gs ngrtgs jg msqumrjg pgrg g jhrmhtg, nmrthehngijk-sm jm qum smlg ucg
ahi`g rmtg (nkisuatm g Ehourg 7 gnhcg).

2. Jmhxm qum smus ka`ks pmrnkrrgc g ahi`g jm ngrtgs gtè smithr uc agcpmlk jm hituhïîk
puxgijk vknì mc jhrmïîk g ucg jmtmrchigjg ngrtg (vmlg g Ehourg 2 gnhcg). G ngrtg qum
vknì msnka`mr ckstrgrç sug amhturg jg skrtm pgrg k jhg.
 T ç o h i g | ?7

Mxmcpak jm Amhturg jg Aug<

Amhtkr jg ^krtm<

Zucg
tmcpmqumig
mstgjk cuhtk knupgjk
cujgiïg nkcegzmijk
jm rhtck gs gthvhjgjms m guagsJhçrhg
ucg Amhturg jk naubm rmnmitmcmitm,
pgrg vmr quga smrhg cgs mam emz
em z
sug amhturg
jg skrtm igqumam jhg.

G Amhturg<

G ngrtg qum mam puxku ekh K BK^W]M, qum ckstrg k mstgjk mstçvma jm nrmsnhcmitk m
jmsmivkavhcmitk. Z pkjm egzmr k cma`kr usk jm sug ekrïg mc uc oìimrk qum a`m nkivèc, m
pgrmnm qum `ç ucg n`ginm jm qum cghs makohks smlgc jgjks. Jmpmijmijk jks msekrïks jm
Z, g nkiehgbhahjgjm jks gchoks tgcbèc pkjm gucmitgr. Ik mitgitk, mam iîk jmvm msqumnmr
qughs sîk sugs hitmiïýms krhohighs. Wugijk mam mitrg ik rhtck jgs nkhsgs, cmsck qum
himspmrgjk, mam ghijg pkjm nkcmtmr pmqumiks mrrks.
 T ç o h i g | ?2

=.:. Amhturg jg Aug

(Mc vmz jm rmgahzgr mstg amhturg jurgitm k jhg, vknì jmvm mspmrgr gtè g ikhtm qugijk g
Aug igsnm)

Wugijk vknì quhsmr amr g skrtm jm vçrhks gssuitks m prkbamcgs gaèc jk gckr.

Cètkjk<

7. Mcbgrga`m m nkrtm gs Ngrtgs Nakw, nmrthehngijk-sm jm qum mstmlgc nkc k vmrsk vkatgjk
pgrg nhcg. Nkitm ? ngrtgs jk tkpk jk bgrga`k m nkakqum g ?ª ngrtg ig pkshïîk 7.
7.

2. Nkitm cghs ? ngrtgs jk rmstgitm jk bgrga`k m nkakqum g ?ª ngrtg ig pkshïîk 2.

2. Nkithium
egzmijk hssk pgrg gs pkshïýms > g 5 tgcbèc.

>. Tmoum g ngrtg jk euijk jk bgrga`k rmstgitm m nkakqum-g ig pkshïîk ?.

?.
 T ç o h i g | ?>

Amhturg jg Aug - K qum shoihehng ngjg ngrtg mc sugs rmspmnthvgs pkshïým

pkshïýms<
s<

7. K prkbamcg
2. Nkck vknì gokrg hieauminhg g(s) pmsskg(s) hitmrmssgjgs

>. Wum thpk jm hieauìinhg vknì tmc skbrm gs pmsskgs gk smu rmjkr

:. G n`gvm m g pmsskg n`gvm pgrg rmskavmr k prkbamcg

=. K rmsuatgjk sm k prkbamcg ekr bmc rmskavhjk

5. K rmsuatgjk sm k prkbamcg iîk ekr bmc rmskavhjk

?. G skauïîk pgrg k prkbamcg

Mxmcpak jm Amhturg jg Aug<

Amhtkr jg ^krtm<

E è uc mstujgitm
cmcbrks jk mishik
gpþs sm smpgrgr cèjhknkc
jg bgijg qumgrmnmitmcmitm
quga mstgvg pkrekrcku ucg
uc gik. ikvgtkng
E (qum bgijg jm =m X
bghxk)
(qum tkng ouhtgrrg) sîk nkamogs jm nagssm ig cmscg msnkag, m ks kutrks trìs cmcbrks jg
bgijg sîk nkcpgi`mhrks qum nki`mnmrgc ik emsthvga msnkagr jm kutrg msnkag. E m X ski`gc
nkc ucg mstrmhg prkehsshkiga ik euturk. E qumr nkithiugr trgbga`gijk nkc g bgijg pmak
cghkr tmcpk pkssãvma, cgs mams tmrîk sunmssk ...;
 T ç o h i g | ?:

G Amhturg<

]cg vmz qum G A]\ mstç ig pkshïîk 7 (prkbamcg),

(prkbamcg), mstg shtugïîk iîk tmc prkbamcgs ik
ckcmitk m prkvgvmacmitm nkithiugrç g nkrrmr bmc hijmpmijmitmcmitm jm gnkitmnmr. E
pkjm sm tkrigr uc aãjmr m gprkxhcgr ks cmcbrks.

Ik mitgitk, ucg vmz qum G UK\ mstç ig pkshïîk 2 (Hieauìinhg skbrm pmsskgs hitmrmssgjgs)
hitmrmssgjgs),,

k smithcmitk jm qumrmr tkcgr

egzmr gchzgjm
nuhjgjk nkc
pgrgks
iîkkutrks cmcbrks
ngisgr g tkjks.è gvgssgagjkr m jmvm-sm
jmvm -sm
 T ç o h i g | ?=

Nkc K^ OÌCMK^ ig pkshïîk > (hieauìinhgs igs pmsskgs gk rmjkr),

rmjkr), bkis rmsuatgjks pkjmc
smr kbthjks qugijk ks cmcbrks jg bgijg egzmc bkis nkcmitçrhks skbrm gs `gbhahjgjms
uis jks kutrks m nkkpmrgc uis nkc ks kutrks.

G M^TGJG ig pkshïîk : (g n`gvm/pmsskg n`gvm) è uc sãcbkak jm vmrjgjm m pkjmr. G n`gvm

pgrg g bgijg nkithiugr nkistruhijk uc rmagnhkigcmitk m prkspmrgijk è g pghxîk jm E pkr
sug cüshng6

^m ekr omiuãik, tujk ehngrç bmc. Ig pkshïîk ? (skauïîk) mstç K EKOK,

EKOK, nulg cmisgomc è jm
nkivhnïýms ekrtms m supmrgïîk jm kbstçnuaks. Nkithiugr g ski`gr mc sm prkehsshkigahzgr è,
jm nmrtg ekrcg, uc gtga`k pgrg sm tkrigr uc prkehsshkiga.

Gokrg, ig pkshïîk 5 (prkbamcg iîk bmc rmskavhjk) mstç G NKRRHJG<

NKRRHJG< ks cmcbrks vîk
nkcmïgr g jhsnuthr mitrm sh, m hssk sm tkrig ucg shtugïîk jkakrksg ik ngchi`k. Gaèc jhssk,
`ç ucg n`ginm jm qum E pgssm pkr ucg nrhsm qum k amvgrç jm vkatg gk pkitk jm pgrthjg< g
jhsskauïîk jg bgijg.

Tkr kutrk agjk, G A]ZG mstç ig pkshïîk = (prkbamcg rmskavhjk bmc),

bmc) , mitîk ucg orgijm
vhrgjg vhrç m qugaqumr hiekrtüihk vhvhjk gtè gqumam ckcmitk pkjmrç smr rmvmrthjk mc bkg
ekrtuig.
 T ç o h i g | ?5

=.=. Amhturg Rçphjg

Wugijk vknì jmsmlg egzmr ucg amhturg rçphjg pgrg jmsnkbrhr g ngusg m g skauïîk jm uc
prkbamcg.

Cètkjk<

7. Mcbgrga`m m nkrtm gs Ngrtgs Nakw, nmrthehngijk-sm jm qum mstmlgc nkc k vmrsk vkatgjk
pgrg nhcg. Nkitm 7> ngrtgs jk tkpk jk bgrga`k m nkakqum g 7>ª ngrtg ig pkshïîk 7.
7.

2. Nkitm cghs 7> ngrtgs jk bgrga`k rmstgitm m nkakqum g 7>ª ngrtg ig pkshïîk 2.
2. Nkitm
kutrgs 7> ngrtgs jk bgrga`k m nkakqum g 7>ª ngrtg ig pkshïîk >.
>. Nkitm kutrgs 7> ngrtgs jk
bgrga`k m nkakqum g 7>ª ngrtg ig pkshïîk :.
:.
 T ç o h i g | ??

Amhturg Rçphjg - K qum ngjg ngrtg mc sugs rmspmnthvg

rmspmnthvgss pkshïýms shoihehng<

7. G ngusg

2. G shtugïîk pgssgjg

>. G shtugïîk gtuga

:. G skauïîk
 T ç o h i g | ?0
Mxmcpak jm Amhturg Rçphjg<

Amhtkr jg ^krtm<

‑G– vkatku rmnmitmcmitm pgrg sug msnkag gitmrhkr. Ekh Z, qum mstgvg ig ngjmhrg vh
vhzhi`g,
zhi`g, qum
g n`gcku m jhssm qum mstg mrg g prhcmhrg vmz qum mag vhshtgvg k Lgpîk jmsjm qum nkcmïku g
vhvmr ik mxtmrhkr. Jmpkhs jhssk, G m Z sgãrgc pgnhehngcmitm pgrg egzmr nkcprgs m gsshsthr g
uc ehacm, cgs `gvhg ucg gtcksemrg mstrgi`g qum mxhsthg gitms. Mcbkrg mams iîk tmi`gc
brhogjk, pkr qum è qum Z è erhk m jhstgitm;

G Amhturg<

G ZMRRG ig pkshïîk 7 (ngusg) ckstrg qum G jmvm tmr k nuhjgjk m mvhtgr pmisgcmitks

moknìitrhnks. G mstç sgthsemhtk nkc g bkg igturmzg jm Z m pkjm orgjugacmitm sm jmhxgr amvgr
pmags nhrnuistâinhgs.
 T ç o h i g | ?8

G BGAGIÏG ig pkshïîk 2 (shtugïîk pgssgjg) ckstrg qum gs cma`krms jmnhsýms ekrgc

msnka`hjgs m qum Z kptku pkr egzmr gchzgjm nkc G. G nkcpgthbhahjgjm jm G m Z jmvm smr
cuhtk bkg, mcbkrg pgrmïg mstrgi`g gokrg ig rmgahjgjm.

Ig pkshïîk > (shtugïîk gtuga) mstç G^ BKA@G^,

BKA@G^, qum pkjmc rmskavmr prmknupgïýms m
prkbamcgs jm ekrcg ahcpg. Jmvmcks rmeamthr skbrm hssk, smr `uchajm mc vmz jm sm mxhbhr.
Nmrtgcmitm G pkjm vkatgr g smr k bkc gchok jg èpkng mc qum nki`mnmu Z. G nkrgomc è
imnmssçrhg qugijk sm jmsmlg g rmnkinhahgïîk.

G EAMN@G ig pkshïîk : (skauïîk) è ucg ngrtg qum pkjm gthiohr k kblmthvk ckvmijk-sm
pkshthvgcmitm. "^hitk cuhtk" iîk è ucg nkhsg eçnha jm jhzmr, äs vmzms. Cgs jm egtk è ucg
ergsm qum pkjm rmskavmr cuhtks prkbamcgs. ^m G pmogr mcprmstgjk k pkjmr qum g ngrtg G
EAMN@G tmc (nkisuatm g smïîk ‑Nkisma`k jm ]c Tkitk 129– pgrg cghs jmtga`ms), G smrç
ngpgz jm mxprmssgr smus `uchajms smithcmitks.
 T ç o h i g | 04

=.5. Amhturg jk ^ka

Tgrg qugijk vknì quhsmr sgbmr cghs skbrm sugs prmknupgïým
prmknupgïýmss m mtn mc jmtga`ms.

Cètkjk<

7. Mcbgrga`m m nkrtm gs Ngrtgs Nakw, nmrthehngijk-sm jm qum mstmlgc nkc k vmrsk vkatgjk
pgrg nhcg. Nkitm smhs ngrtgs jk tkpk jk bgrga`k m nkakqum g 5ª ngrtg ig pkshïîk 7.
7.

2. Nkitm kutrgs smhs ngrtgs jk tkpk jk bgrga`k m nkakqum g 5ª ngrtg ig pkshïîk 2.

2. Nkitm
kutrgs smhs ngrtgs jk tkpk jk bgrga`k m nkakqum g 5ª ngrtg ig pkshïîk >.
>. Nkithium rmpmthijk
mstm cètkjk pgrg gs pkshïýms : g 0.0.

>. Tmoum g üathcg ngrtg jk bgrga`k m nkakqum-g ig pkshïîk 8.

 T ç o h i g | 07

Amhturg jk ^ka - K qum ngjg ngrtg mc sugs rmspmnthvgs pkshïýms shoihehng<

7. Nkck sug pmrskigahjgjm è pmrnmbhjg pmags pmsskgs gk smu rmjkr

2. ^ug pmrskigahjgjm rmga
>. Trkbamcg gtuga
:. G skauïîk jk prkbamcg gtuga
=. ]c kbstçnuak qum k hcpmjhrç jm rmskavmr k prkbamcg gtuga
5. G n`gvm m g pmsskg n`gvm qum hrç/pkjm glujgr ig rmskauïîk jk prkbamcg gtuga
?. Gvhsk pgrg qugijk rmskavmr k prkbamcg gtuga
0. ^ug shtugïîk jmpkhs qum k prkbamcg gtuga ekr rmskavhjk
8. K gssuitk nkc k quga vknì jmvm tmr nuhjgjk ik euturk

Mxmcpak jm Amhturg jk ^ka<

Amhtkr jg ^krtm<

K tmrnmhrk smcmstrm gngbku, m ] (uc mstujgitm jk mishik euijgcmitga) mstç gokrg

gprkvmhtgijk gs eèrhgs jm prhcgvmrg. ] qumr cujgr uc pkunk gitms jk hiãnhk jk ikvk
pmrãkjk msnkagr mc gbrha. ] gismhg pkr ucg pmrskigahjgjm uc pkunk cghs vhvg/gihcgjg,
cgs k qum mag jmvm egzmr;
 T ç o h i g | 02

G Amhturg<

G pmrskigahjgjm jm ] (nkiekrcm pmrnmbhjg pmags pmsskgs) è shcbkahzgjg pkr K JKNM ig

pkshïîk 7.
7. Gs pmsskgs gk rmjkr jm ] g vmmc nkck tmijk ucg pmrskigahjgjm gamorm.

K ^KIK ig pkshïîk 2 rmprmsmitg g vmrjgjmhrg pmrskigahjgjm jm ]. Hssk shoihehng qum ] è

cuhtk ngacg m ikrcga.

K prkbamcg gtuga jm ] è ckstrgjk pmag ngrtg K TMW]MIK ig pkshïîk >.>. Tkr ngusg jg ngrtg
K ^KIK gpgrmnmr, ] nkc sug pmrskigahjgjm trgiquhag, okstgrhg jm cujgr uc pkunk pkrqum
gn`g qum smrhg k cma`kr.
 T ç o h i g | 0>

Tgrg cujgr sug pmrskigahjgjm, g skauïîk gprmsmitgjg ig pkshïîk : è g ngrtg G EAKR.

EAKR . Mstg
ngrtg mxprmssg qum ] jmvm gohr nkc smourgiïg m smithcmitks pkshthvks.

G n`gvm m g pmsskg n`gvm qum glujgrç g rmskavmr k prkbamcg jm ] è rmprmsmitgjg pmag ngrtg
G UKAZG ig pkshïîk 5.5. ^mrhg bkc sm ] vgakrhzgssm ks agïks qum tmc nkc cuhtgs pmsskgs.

K ZRKUÎK mstç ig pkshïîk = (kbstçnuak),

(kbstçnuak), qum imstg shtugïîk shoihehng lkrrgr smithcmitks
mokãstgs pgrg ks kutrks.

K iücmrk jm pmsskgs qum gpkhgc ] jmvm gucmitgr, sm mag iîk sm pmrjmr jm vhstg. Ig
pkshïîk ? (gvhsk) mstç K NGJMGJK,
NGJMGJK, mam kbsmrvg qum qugijk ] nkivmrsg pkr cuhtk tmcpk,
mag pmrjmrç g nkiehgiïg.

Nkc G ÇO]G ig pkshïîk 0 (shtugïîk rmsuatgitm)

rmsuatgitm),, ] pkjm sm jmsnkbrhr jm ikvk m nmrtgcmitm
smrç ngpgz jm mitmijmr bmc ks smithcmitks jgs kutrgs pmsskgs, m gcgjurmnmrç mc ucg
pmsskg nkkpmrgthvg.

Ig pkshïîk 8 mstç g ngrtg G NRHGZHUHJGJM,

NRHGZHUHJGJM , qum gnkisma`g qum ] glg pkr hituhïîk m iîk pkr
mstmrmþthpks.
 T ç o h i g | 0:

=.?. Amhturg jm uc Nkivhjgjk

Nkivhjgjk
Wugijk vknì quhsmr sgbmr k qum smu nkivhjgjk pmisg skbrm sh cmsck.

Cètkjk<

7. Mcbgrga`m m nkrtm gs Ngrtgs Nakw, nmrthehngijk-sm jm qum mstmlgc nkc k vmrsk vkatgjk
pgrg nhcg. Mspga`m gs ngrtgs jg msqumrjg pgrg g jhrmhtg, nmrthehngijk-sm jm qum smlg ucg
ahi`g rmtg (nkisuatm g Ehourg 7).

2. Tmïg gk smu nkivhjgjk pgrg puxgr qughsqumr qugtrk ngrtgs jg ahi`g.

 T ç o h i g | 0=
Amhturg jm uc Nkivhjgjk - K qum ngjg ngrtg rmthrgjg shoihehng<

7. Nkcpgthbhahjgjm nkc smu nkivhjgjk

2. K qum k smu nkivhjgjk pmisg jm sh cmsck ig rmgahjgjm

>. Cètkjk pgrg sm jgr bmc nkc smu nkivhjgjk

:. ]c gvhsk pgrg vknì m smu nkivhjgjk

Mxmcpak jm Amhturg jm uc Nkivhjgjk<

Amhtkr jg ^krtm<

G ^rg. F m k ^r. H sîk gauiks jk mishik cèjhk qum mstîk ik cmsck gik jm msnkag, cgs mc
turcgs jhemrmitms. Jmpkhs jm hiormssgr ik naubm jm bgsqumtm, mams sm tkrigrgc gchoks. G
^rg. F nkivhjku k ^r. H pgrg sug ngsg pgrg lkogr, m mitîk mams ehzmrgc ucg Amhturg jk
Nkivhjgjk.

G Amhturg<

G 7ª ngrtg qum k ^r. H puxku (nkcpgthbhahjgjm)… G NRHGZHUHJGJM ekh puxgjg! È ucg ngrtg
qum shcbkahzg ucg rhng smishbhahjgjm. È ucg bkg nkcpgthbhahjgjm, nkc g ngpgnhjgjm jm
nkivmrsgr skbrm hjmhgs m smithcmitks mitrm sh. Gaèc jhssk, nkck pkjmc nkivmrsgr nkc
egnhahjgjm, pkjmc egzmr ucg jmsnkbmrtg qum ks amvgrhg gk igckrk.
 T ç o h i g | 05

G 2ª ngrtg qum k ^r. H puxku (k qum mam pmisg jm sh cmsck)... G ZMCTM^ZGJM ekh puxgjg!
^hcbkahzg ucg pmsskg jm mckïýms hitmisgs. Ku pksshvmacmitm vhnm-vmrsg, g ^rg. F qumr smr
s mr
cghs gssmrthvg m jmsmlksg. Bmc, qugaqumr uc pkjm tmr smithcmitks vmrjgjmhrks. Nkck G
NRHGZHUHJGJM gpgrmnmu rmprmsmitgijk sug nkcpgthbhahjgjm, nkck smrhg sm g ^rg. F
pmrouitgssm gk ^r. H skbrm hssk;

G >ª ngrtg qum k ^r. H puxku (cètkjk pgrg sm jgr bmc nkc mam)… G UKAZG ekh puxgjg! Mam
gpkitg qum sm g ^rg. F m k ^r. H shcpgthzgrmc nkc smithcmitks omiths, mams smrîk ngpgzms jm
gprkeuijgr sug nkimxîk. È ucg nkhsg cuhtk hcpkrtgitm,
h cpkrtgitm, mcbkrg smlg igturga. Mams jmvmc
nkishjmrç-ak cutugcmitm nkc ucg cmitm gbmrtg m smithcmitks brha`gitms, pgrg iîk brhogr
pkr gssuitks bgighs m grruhigr sug gchzgjm.

G :ª ngrtg qum k ^r. H puxku (uc gvhsk)… K NGJMGJK ekh puxgjg!

puxgjg! Mams prkvgvmacmitm vîk
egagr skbrm ks smormjks uc jk kutrk mc uc pkitk. Mams jmvmc tmr k cçxhck nuhjgjk pgrg
iîk ekekngr mssms smormjks pgrg kutrgs pmsskgs. ^m k ehzmrmc, hssk hrç jmsgnrmjhtç-aks, m g
rmagïîk mitrm mams pkjm sm tkrigr mstrgi`g nkck rmsuatgjk.
 T ç o h i g | 0?

=.0. Amhturg jm Nkcpgthbhahjgjm

Wugijk vknì quhsmr vmr quga è g sug nkcpgthbhahjgjm nkc ucg pmsskg mspmnãehng.

Cètkjk<

7. Mcbgrga`m m nkrtm gs Ngrtgs Nakw miqugitk hcgohig k ikcm jg pmsskg pgrg qumc vknì
jmsmlg egzmr g amhturg.
(IKZG JM UGIM^^G@< ^m vknì msthvmr egzmijk ucg amhturg pgrg vknì m k ‑^r. Euagik–, pmism

ik ‑^r. Euagik–. ^m vknì msthvmr egzmijk ucg amhturg pgrg uc kutrk ngsga, pmism iks jkhs).

2. Luitm gs ngrtgs jm ckjk qum ehqumc nkc k vmrsk vkatgjk pgrg nhcg. Mspga`m gs ngrtgs mc
ucg ahi`g hijk jg msqumrjg pgrg g jhrmhtg.
 T ç o h i g | 00

>. Gokrg, ks jmshois jg supmreãnhm jg

j g ngrtg sîk nagsshehngjks mc : orupks jhemrmitms. Wugijk
2 ngrtgs jk cmsck orupk msthvmrmc agjk g agjk, rmckvg-gs. Rmphtg mstm prknmjhcmitk gtè

qum iîk `glg cghs ngrtgs pgrg rmthrgr.

:. Wugitk cmiks ngrtgs skbrgrmc, cma`kr smrç g nkcpgthbhahjgjm!

G nkcpgthbhahjgjm è bgsmgjg ik iücmrk jm ngrtýms rmstgitms<

• 4-74 ngrtýms 3 nkcpgthbhahjgjm nkishjmrgvmacmitm bkg

• 77-24 ngrtýms 3 nkcpgthbhahjgjm ahomhrgcmitm bkg

• 27->4 ngrtýms 3 nkcpgthbhahjgjm ikrcga

• >7-:4 ngrtýms 3 nkcpgthbhahjgjm uc pkunk ruhc

• :7-=4 ngrtýms 3 nkcpgthbhahjgjm è nkishjmrgvmacmitm ruhc

 T ç o h i g | 08

Nagsshehngïýms jm orupk<

Orupk Umrcma`k<
G I]UMC G NRHGZHUHJGJM G^ ZRMUG^ K EKOK
G A]\ G IÈUKG G N@]UG G IMUM G ZMCTM^ZGJM
K ZRKUÎK G ÇO]G G KIJG K UMIZK

Orupk Umrjm<
K ORGIJM K ^KI@K K BRHA@K G HA]^ÎK K TMW]MIK
K AGBHRHIZK K TKJMR K ^HAÌINHK G NGIÏÎK
K JKNM K ZMCTK K^ OÌCMK^ G UK\

Orupk Gzua<
G C]JGIÏG G NKRRHJG K GTGOGR G A]ZG
G EA]Z]GÏÎK G GAGJG K NKIOMAGIZM K ^GAZK
K CKUHCMIZK K RMZKRIK K JH^TGRK K ^KIK K GZRGUÈ^

Orupk Rkxk<
G EAMN@G G^ BKA@G^ G ZMRRG G EAKR
G BGAGIÏG K NGJMGJK G UKAZG K M^TMA@K
G GRMHG G ^KCBRG K M^N]JK G M^TGJG K BK^W]M

Ik ngsk jm iîk `gvmr cghs ngrtgs…

Cma`kr nkcpgthbhahjgjm!

Ik ngsk jm ngrtgs rmstgitms...

G ngrtg cghs ä msqumrjg ig ahi`g jm ngrtgs ckstrgrç g ngusg jg jmtmrhkrgïîk jg
nkcpgthbhahjgjm.
G ngrtg cghs ä jhrmhtg ig ahi`g jm ngrtgs ckstrgrç uc cètkjk pgrg uc bkc
rmagnhkigcmitk.
 T ç o h i g | 84

Mxmcpak jm Amhturg jm Nkcpgthbhahjgjm<

Amhtkr jg ^krtm<

G ^rg. M, ucg mstujgitm jk smouijk orgu, è g omrmitm jk naubm jm tìihs. Mag msnka`mu amr sug
nkcpgthbhahjgjm nkc k ^r. O, smu pgh, qum è k jhrmtkr jk naubm jm tìihs.

G Amhturg<

Gs ngrtgs rmstgitms< Tkrqum mxhstmc gpmigs 2 ngrtgs rmstgitms, G ^KCBRG m K M^N]JK,

M^N]JK,
^rg. M m ^r. O sîk nkishjmrgvmacmitm nkcpgtãvmhs.

K qum jmtmrhkrg g nkcpgthbhahjgjm jm ^rg. M m ^r. O (ngrtg cghs ä msqumrjg)< G ^KCBRG è

g ngrtg cghs ä msqumrjg.

nkcpgthbhahjgjm, Mstg ngrtg
mcbkrg nkck è nkishjmrgjg
k iücmrk g ngusg jgsmlg
jm pagngs rmstgitms jmtmrhkrgïîk
2, ghijg è jg
ucg
nkcpgthbhahjgjm cuhtk bkg. Gcbks sm prmpgrgc pgrg euohr smc hivmsthogr g ngusg qugijk
gaok ruhc gnkitmnm mitrm mams. Zgcbèc mxhstm g pksshbhahjgjm jm qum sug pgrnmrhg mitrm mc
nkagpsk, qugijk mams tìc cmjk jm tkngr k nmrim jgs nkhsgs.

K cètkjk pgrg qum ^rg. M m ^r. O tmi`gc uc bkc rmagnhkigcmitk (ngrtg cghs ä jhrmhtg)<
K M^N]JK è g ngrtg jg jhrmhtg. K cètkjk pgrg uc bkc rmagnhkigcmitk pgrg ^rg. M m ^r. O è
vgakrhzgr g mxhstìinhg uc jk kutrk m smcprm prktmomr uc gk kutrk. ^r. O nmrtgcmitm
prktmomrç ^rg. M sm mag tgcbèc k prktmomr. ^mithcmitks jm tga nkishjmrgïîk nrhgc gckr m
`grckihg mitrm jugs pmsskgs, m k rmagnhkigcmitk jm ^rg. M m ^r. O eakrmsnmrç. Gaèc jhssk,
pkjmc jhzmr nkc shinmrhjgjm ‑kbrhogjk–, smc msqumnmr g orgthjîk qum smithrgc ig
kngshîk.
 T ç o h i g | 87

=.8. Amhturg ^mcgiga

(Nkcmnm mc ucg tgrjm jm Jkchiok, vkatgijk-sm pgrg k Kmstm)

Wugijk vknì quhsmr egzmr amhturgs pgrg ucg smcgig hitmhrg, jm ^mouijg g Jkchiok.

Cètkjk<

7. Mcbgrga`m m nkrtm gs Ngrtgs Nakw.

2. Luitm gs ngrtgs nkc k vmrsk vkatgjk pgrg nhcg. Nkcmnm jk tkpk jk bgrga`k m vhrm smtm
ngrtgs, nkc g ermitm pgrg nhcg, mc ucg ahi`g rmtg jg msqumrjg pgrg g jhrmhtg. Nkithium
egzmijk hssk gtè qum vknì tmi`g ? ahi`gs jm ngrtgs. :8 ngrtgs sîk usgjgs m gs trìs rmstgitms
smrîk usgjgs pkstmrhkrcmitm. Gs ahi`gs nkrrmspkijmc jg smouhitm ekrcg< ^mouijg (7),
Zmrïg (2), Wugrtg (>), Wuhitg (:), ^mxtg (=), ^çbgjk (5) m Jkchiok (?).

>. ^m jugs ku cghs ngrtgs jk cmsck orupk msthvmrmc agjk g agjk ucg jg kutrg, rmckvg-ks
(gsshc nkck g Amhturg jm Nkcpgthbhahjgjm).
 T ç o h i g | 82

:. Wugitk cmiks ngrtgs ekrmc gtrhbuãjgs ä ahi`g jm uc jhg, cghs skrtm smrç k jhg!

=. Wugijk cuhtgs ngrtgs pmrcgimnmc mc ucg ahi`gah i`g (gzgr), k nkisma`k pkjm smr kbthjk.
Tkrèc, vknì sþ pkjm egzmr hssk pkr trìs jhgs mc ucg smcgig. Nkakqum ucg jgs ngrtgs
rmstgitms (ucg jgs > ngrtgs rmstgitms cminhkigjgs ik htmc > gnhcg) ig ehamhrg jm uc jhg jg
smcgig pgrg k quga jmsmlg rmnmbmr nkisma`ks.

Nagsshehngïýms jm Orupk<

Orupk Umrcma`k<

G I]UMC G NRHGZHUHJGJM G^ ZRMUG^ K EKOK

G A]\ G IÈUKG G N@]UG G IMUM G ZMCTM^ZGJM

K ZRKUÎK G ÇO]G G KIJG K UMIZK

Orupk Umrjm<

K ORGIJM K ^KI@K K BRHA@K G HA]^ÎK K TMW]MIK

K AGBHRHIZK K TKJMR K ^HAÌINHK G NGIÏÎK
K JKNM K ZMCTK K^ OÌCMK^ G UK\

Orupk Gzua<

G C]JGIÏG G NKRRHJG K GTGOGR G A]ZG

G EA]Z]GÏÎK G GAGJG K NKIOMAGIZM K ^GAZK
K CKUHCMIZK K RMZKRIK K JH^TGRK K ^KIK K GZRGUÈ^

Orupk Rkxk<

G EAMN@G G^ BKA@G^ G ZMRRG G EAKR

G BGAGIÏG K NGJMGJK G UKAZG K M^TMA@K
G GRMHG G ^KCBRG K M^N]JK G M^TGJG K BK^W]M
 T ç o h i g | 8>
Mxmcpak jm Amhturg ^mcgiga<

Amhtkr jg ^krtm<

Ugcks prmvmr ucg smcgig jm L smijk gbskrvhjk ig gthvhjgjm jk naubm jm tmgtrk.

G Amhturg<
 T ç o h i g | 8:

^mouijg-emhrg< ]cg ngrtg ekh jmhxgjg< K M^N]JK.

M^N]JK. È uc bkc nkcmïk jm smcgig. Cmsck sm
L msthvmr mc ucg shtugïîk qum è prmknupgitm, gaouèc k glujgrhg.

Zmrïg-emhrg<
nkinmitrgr Zrìs jm
ig cmtg ngrtgs
ucgskbrgrgc<
ekrcg iîkKtîk ^GAZK, K UMIZK
ogiginhksg, m K RMZKRIK.
cmsck RMZKRIK . L igs
qum mstmlg prmnhsg sm
cma`krms
nkijhïýms. È pkssãvma gvgiïgr m sgatgr sm mam k ehzmr. Gaèc jhssk, ucg jgs ngrtgs rmstgitms è
gjhnhkigjg pgrg pmjhr nkisma`ks< G IMUM.
IMUM. Iîk sm gpmoum äs ega`gs jk pgssgjk. L jmvm gohr
pmisgijk qum k jhg è k nkcmïk jm gaok ikvk.

Wugrtg-emhrg< Rmstg ucg ngrtg< G BGAGIÏG.

BGAGIÏG. ]c jhg qum pkssuh g ngpgnhjgjm pgrg pkjmr
luaogr/jmnhjhr nkc ngacg. ^m `kuvmr
`kuvmr ucg jmnhsîk hcpkrtgitm g ssmr
mr tkcgjg, L jmvm egzì-ag
imstm jhg.

Wuhitg-emhrg< K iücmrk jm ngrtgs rmstgitms è 4. Tgrgbèis. ^mrç uc jhg jm skrtm.

^mxtg-emhrg< Mxhstmc jugs ngrtgs rmstgitms< K BRHA@K m K NGJMGJK.

NGJMGJK. È hcpkrtgitm egzmr
bkis prmpgrgthvks. ]cg nkhsg bkg vhrç mc brmvm...

^çbgjk<< K iücmrk jm ngrtgs rmstgitms è 4. ^mrç uc jhg jm skrtm.

^çbgjk

Jkchiok<< Rmstg ucg ngrtg< G C]JGIÏG.

Jkchiok C]JGIÏG. L pmrjm g nkinmitrgïîk egnhacmitm `klm; Mam jmvm
rmsphrgr euijk gitms jm egzmr qugaqumr nkhsg.
 T ç o h i g | 8=

*Nkisma`k jm ]c Tkitk Ngrtgs Nakw 129

- Ugcks pmogr mcprmstgjk k pkjmr jgs Ngrtgs Nakw usgijk-gs nkck

gcuamtks! -

• Gk jmsmi`gr ku msnrmvmr...
G NRHGZHUHJGJM è g ngrtg jg skrtm pgrg pmsskgs nrhgthvgs. ^mcprm g cgitmi`g
nkithok - pkjm glujç-ak g tmr orgijms hjmhgs/nkinmhtks.

WugijkJmhxm
vknì gprmnhsgr
ngrtg G jm
A]\ckthvgïîk...
pkr pmrtk ku pmrtk jm ucg lgimag ku pgrmjm ik agjk amstm
jg sgag pkr ? jhgs.

• ^m vknì thvmr prkbamcgs pgrg sm sknhgahzgr…

Gcgrrm gs ngrtgs G ÇO]G, G UKAZG m K BK^W]M nkc uc ehk gcgrmak. Mc
smouhjg, nkakqum-gs mc sug bkasg pkr 7 cìs. Iîk gs ngrrmoum pkr cghs jm 7 cìs.

• Wugijk vknì qumr uc ikvk rmagnhkigcmitk rkcâithnk…

Nkakqum g ngrtg K ^KIK jmbghxk jk smu trgvmssmhrk gitms jm hr jkrchr.

• Wugijk pgrmnm qum vknì m k rhtck jm uc ikvk gchok iîk nkcbhigc...

Zkqum ig ngrtg G NGIÏÎK jugs vmzms gitms jm sghr.

• Gk tkcgr ucg jmnhsîk hcpkrtgitm...

Nkakqum g ngrtg G BGAGIÏG ik pmhtk m emn`m ks ka`ks. Mc >4 smouijks, tkjgs gs
sugs kpïýms mstgrîk krogihzgjgs mc sug cmitm.
 T ç o h i g | 85

• ]c gcuamtk pgrg k jhg jk tmstm...

Nkakqum gs ngrtgs G M^TGJG m K ^GAZK ik euijk jg sug bkasg.
bkasg .

• Wugijk vknì mstç erustrgjk m iîk nkismoum sm gngacgr...

^mourm g ngrtg K ^HAÌINHK mitrm gs pgacgs jgs cîks.
Rmsphrm prkeuijg m amitgcmitm, hisphrgijk m mxphrgijk : vmzms.

• Wugijk vknì qumr tmr sunmssk mc gthvhjgjms mc orupk m prklmtks jm nkagbkrgïîk...

Nkakqum g ngrtg K^ OÌCMK^ ik tkpk jk bgrga`k jgs Ngrtgs Nakw m, mc smouhjg,
nkakqum-ks jm agjk.

• Wugijk vknì qumr tmr nkrgomc jm trgischthr smus smithcmitks...

Nkakqum g ngrtg G EAMN@G skb g auz jk ska - mag gucmitgrç sug mimrohg pkshthvg.

• Wugijk vknì quhsmr smr gchok jm gaouèc...

Nkakqum g ngrtg G UK\ ik bkask m nucprhcmitm g pmsskg jm qumc jmsmlg egzmr
gchzgjm. Tkjm smr uc pkunk mstrgi`k ik hiãnhk, cgs gnrmjhtm ik pkjmr jg ngrtg.

• Wugijk vknì quhsmr rmstgurgr ucg gchzgjm...

]sgijk sug cîk msqumrjg, mcbrua`m g ngrtg G GRMHG mc uc amiïk brgink
miqugitk nkishjmrg gs smouhitms qumstýms< K qum vknì emz jm mrrgjk; K qum vknì
qumr jhzmr gk smu gchok; Nkakqum g Ngrtg Nakw mcbrua`gjg nkc k amiïk ik agjk
amstm jg sgag m sghg pgrg nkitgr gk smu gchok k qum vknì smitm. ^m ekr hcpkssãvma
minkitrgr-sm pmsskgacmitm, msnrmvmr ucg ngrtg ku ahogr pgrg mams tgcbèc
euinhkigrç.

Ãijhnm jgs Ngrtgs Nakw
- ]thahzm mssg pçohig mc smpgrgjk gk ahvrk pgrg akngahzgr ngjg Ngrtg Nakw
jurgitm gs amhturgs! -
G A]\ ....................................................... =
G^ ZRMUG^ ............................................... 5
K EKOK ................................................... ?
G ÇO]G .................................................... 0
K UMIZK .................................................. 8
G ZMRRG ................................................. 74
G GAGJG ................................................ 77
G ^KCBRG ............................................. 72
K BK^W]M ............................................. 7>
G N@]UG ................................................ 7:
K ^GAZK ................................................ 7=
G HA]^ÎK ............................................... 75
K ^HAÌINHK ............................................ 7?
K ^KIK ................................................. 70
G NGIÏÎK ............................................. 78
K TMW]MIK ........................................... 24
K M^TMA@K ............................................ 27
K AGBHRHIZK ......................................... 22
K RMZKRIK ........................................... 2>
K JH^TGRK ............................................ 2:
K JKNM .................................................. 2=
G NKRRHJG ............................................ 25
G NRHGZHUHJGJM .................................... 2?
K ORGIJM ............................................. 20
G C]JGIÏG ......................................... 28
K NKIOMAGR ......................................... >4
T ç o h i g | 8?
G EAMN@G ............................................... >7
K ZRKUÎK ............................................. >2
G M^TGJG .............................................. >>
G EAKR ................................................... >:
K M^N]JK .............................................. >=
K ZMCTK ............................................... >5
K TKJMR ................................................ >?
G IÈUKG ............................................... >0
G EA]Z]GÏÎK ....................................... >8
G ZMCTM^ZGJM ..................................... :4
K GTGOGR ............................................. :7
K BRHA@K ............................................... :2
K CKUHCMIZK ..................................... :>
G A]ZG ................................................... ::
G UKAZG ................................................ :=
G IMUM ................................................... :5
G^ BKA@G^ ............................................ :?
G KIJG ................................................. :0
G BGAGIÏG ............................................ :8
K GZRGUÈ^ ............................................ =4
G UK\ ..................................................... =7
K NGJMGJK ........................................... =2
G I]UMC ............................................... =>
K ^KI@K ............................................... =:
G GRMHG ................................................. ==
K^ OÌCMK^ ........................................... =5