English Grammar

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 Parts Of Speech
Definition:
Words are divided into different kinds or classes, called Part of Speech, according to their
use in the sentence.
The part of speech are eight in numbers.
Following is the table for the comprehensive understanding of Parts of speech:

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 Kinds of Parts Of Speech for 10 class
1. Kinds of Noun:

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2. Kinds of Pronoun:

Subjective/Personal Pronoun

3. Kinds of Verb:

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 Table of Common Irregular Verbs with forms

4. Kinds of Preposition:

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4. Kinds of Adverb:

4. Kinds of Articles:

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 Tenses
There are 12 tenses in English which are as follows in the table:

Examples of Tenses: Affirmative, Negative and Interrogative

Note: Continuous is also called “Progressive”.

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 Types of Sentences
In English we have different types of sentences. Each type is used for a specific purpose.
1. Declarative Or Assertive Sentences
2. Interrogative Sentences
3. Imperative Sentences
4. Exclamatory Sentences
5. Operative Sentences
6. Conditional Sentences
1. Declarative Or Assertive Sentences:
are sentences that declare, state or assert a fact or opinion.
They can be affirmative or negative.

2. Interrogative Sentences
are what we call question forms and are used to make inquire, to confirm information, and
so on.

3. Imperative Sentences:
Sentences that give a direct commands or makes a request or called imperative sentences.
For example:
1. Don’t drink it.
2. Please pass the salt.

4. Exclamatory Sentences:
These sentences express strong feelings or conveys strong emotion.
For example:
1. I love this movie!
2. What big ears you have!
3. How lovely you are!

5. Optative Sentences:
Sentences which express wish, desire, prayer or curse to someone are called Optative
sentences.
For example:
1. Wish you all the best.
2. May your dreams come true.

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6.Conditional Sentences:
1. It has two parts: (a) ' if ' clause and (b) main clause
2. 1. 'If ' clause contains word 'if '.

Types of Conditional Sentences:

There are four types of conditional sentences in English. Which are:
1. Zero Conditional Sentences:
2. First Conditional Sentences:
3. Second Conditional Sentences:
4. Third Conditional Sentences:

1. Zero Conditional Sentences:

 Zero conditional sentences are used to talk about general truths, scientific facts and
always true.
If Clause, Main Clause
If + Simple present tense, Simple present tense
e.g. If + you heat ice, it melts
Examples:
 If you heat the water to 100 degrees C, it boils.

2. First Conditional Sentences:

There is a real possibility that this condition will happen.
If Clause, Main Clause
If + Simple present tense, will / can / may / must + base verb
e.g. If + it rains, I will + stay at home
Examples:
1. If I have enough money, I will buy a new car.

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3. Second Conditional Sentences:
It shows unreal situations.

If Clause, Main Clause

If + Simple past or Past continuous
e.g. If + they allowed,
e.g. If + he was coming,
If +Sub + were,
e.g. If + I+ were a millionaire,
would / could / might + base verb
they would + sleep the whole day.
they would + go for walk.
modals + base verb
I would + buy a yacht

Examples:
 If I had money, I would give you.
(Means: I don't have money)

4. Third Conditional Sentences:

Used for past unreal situations.

If Clause, Main Clause

would / could / might + have + verb in past
If + Past perfect
participle
e.g. If + I had met John last week, I would + have + given him a book.
would / could / might + have + verb in past
had+ Verb in past participle
participle
e.g. had + we known that you were
we would + have + given you a book.
there,

Examples:
 If he had talked to me, I would have listened to him.
(but he didn't talk to me)

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 Active & Passive Voice
1- Active Voice:
When a verb form shows that the subject (person or thing) has done something, or, in other
words, is the doer of the action. e.g.: I eat a mango.

2- Passive Voice:
When a verb form shows that something has been done to the subject (person or thing) It is
known as Passive Voice. e.g.: A mango is eaten by me.

Format: Object+ H.V+ V3+by+Subject

Change of forms of pronouns in passive:

Subject in Active Voive Object in Passive Voice
Name of person or thing e.g Nabeel Name of person or thing e.g Nabeel
I by me
We by us
You by you
He by him
She by her
They by them

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 Change of Helping Verbs according to tenses:

Simple Continuous Perfect

Is Is being
Has been
PRESENT Am am being
Have been
Are are being
Was Was being
PAST Had been
were Were being
There is no
passive voice
form for Will have been/
FUTURE will be/shall be
future Shall have been
continuous
tense

WH- Questions:
Format: By whom+ H.V+ Object+ V3+? (WHO, WHAT) if subject is not in the sentence.

Examples:
WH- Who does know it? By whom is it known?
Question What is troubling you? By what are you being troubled?

Format: WHAT+ H.V+ V3+ by + Subject +? (WHAT) ) if object is not in the sentence.

Examples:
WH-
Question
What do you buy? What are being bought by you?

Imperative sentences: (Sentences which have no subject and are expressed in

order form):
Imperative sentences are of three types:

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(i) "Do it" (Affirmative) and
(ii)(Don't do it" (Negative)
(iii) Please help me. (Request)
Format: Let+ Object+ be + V3 (Affirmative)
e.g.:
1. Post this letter. (Active)
Let the letter be posted. (Passive)

2. Close the door. (Active)

Let the door be closed. (Passive)

Format: Let+ Object+ not+ be + V3 (Negative)

e.g.:
Don't do it again (Active)
Let it not be done again. (Passive)
Format: You are requested to+ sentence without please/kindly (Request)
e.g.:
Please help the poor. (Active)
You are requested to help the poor. (Passive)

Narrations
Narrations are divide into two parts or the ways of reporting ( ‫ )بیان‬people's words.

1. Direct Speech:
It is someone's actual words. It is always written in quotation marks or inverted
commas (" "). And begin with capital letters.
e.g.:
He says, " I am hungry." (Direct speech)

Indirect Speech:
If someone's actual words. are narrated by another or third person without quoting
actual words.
e.g.:
He says that he is hungry.
In this example He says is reporting verb while that he is hungry is reported speech.

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 Rules of changing Direct to into Indirect Speech:
Rule 1: Changing the punctuation. To change direct speech into indirect (reported) speech:
 We remove the inverted commas in the direct speech and
 Commas after the reporting verbs.
e.g:
1- She says, "I have read this book."(Direct speech)
Ans: She says that she has read that book. (Indirect speech)

Rule 2: Changing the words:

Direct Indirect
come go
here there
these those
today that day
tomorrow next day or following day
yesterday the day before or the previous day
ago before
thus so
this that
now then
last week the week before or the previous week
next day or week etc the following day or week etc
the day after tomorrow in two days time
last night the night before

e.g.:
1- She says, " I have read this book." (Direct speech)
Ans: She says that she has read that book. (Indirect speech)

2- He said," It may rain today." (Direct speech)

Ans: He said that it might rain that day. (Indirect speech)

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Rule 3:Changing the Pronouns:

1st, 2nd and 3rd person in direct speech Change as in Indirect speech
I, my , me, We, us, our Subject reporting verb
you, your Object of reporting verb
He, She, it, They No change

e.g.:
1- She says, " These are my books." (Direct speech)
Ans: She says that those are her books. (Indirect speech)
2- He will say to her," You are not a good friend." (Direct speech)
Ans: He will tell her that she is not a good friend. (Indirect speech)

Rule 4: Changing the tenses:

INDIRECT SPEECH

PAST SIMPLE Change into Past Perfect Past Perfect No Change

PAST CONTINUOUS Change into Past Perfect Past perfect Continuous No Change
Continuous

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Rule 5: No Change In Universal Truth:

If the reported speech is universal truth in Direct speech, than there is no change in tense in
indirect speech whether reporting verb is in present, past or future .
e.g:
He said," Earth is round."
He said that earth is round.

He said," Honesty is the best policy."

He said that honesty is the best policy.

Rule 6: Changing Simple Interrogative Sentences:

 Change the reporting verb to ask / asked.
 Instead of that , "If " or "Whether" is used. "If" is more common / popular.
 The simple interrogative sentence is changed into an affirmative sentence.
 The simple interrogative sentence begins with an auxiliary / helping verbs or modals
e.g.: am / is / are / was / were /shall / will / can / could / may / might / must / should
/ would etc.

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e.g.:
1)He says to me," Do you help the poor?"
He asks me if I help the poor.

2) They said to her," Did you find your book?"

They asked her if she had found her book.

Rule 8: Changing Real Interrogative Sentences:

 Like simple interrogative sentences, change the reporting verb to ask / asked.
 Do not use if / whether but the given interrogative word is used.
 The real interrogative sentence is changed to an affirmative sentence.
 Real interrogative sentences begin with interrogative words (Wh). e.g: what / when /
who / which / whose / why / where / how / whom, etc.
e.g.:
1) He said," What do you do?"
He asked what I did.
2) " Where did you go?” they said to me.
They asked me where I had gone.

Rule 9: Changing Imperative Sentences:

 An imperative sentence make a request or give a command.

 The reporting verb is changed to order / ordered, tell / told, beg / begged, warn /
warned, advise / advised / remind / reminded, ask / asked, forbid / forbade, request /
requested etc.
We can use ,
tell or order for command
ask or request for requests
forbid or told for restrictions
 Positive imperative sentences start with "to" and negative imperative sentences
with "not to".
e.g:
COMMAND
He said to me," Shut the door."
He ordered (told) me to shut the door.

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 He said to them," Stop talking."
He ordered (told) them to stop talking.
Note: Command sentence begins with verb.

REQUEST
She said," Please find me a job."
She requested (asked) me to find her a job.

RESTRICTION
They said to us," Don't go there."
They told us not to go there. OR
They forbade us to go there.

He said to me,"Don't pluck the flower.

He told me not to pluck the flower OR
He forbade me to pluck the flower.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

said + exclamation mark exclaimed
said + wish wished
said + hope hoped
said + promise promised

Rule 10: Changing Exclamatory Sentences:

 An exclamatory sentence expresses a thought with strong emotions. Exclamatory

sign "!" show that the given sentence is exclamatory.
 "that" is used in exclamatory sentence to change in indirect speech.
 reporting speech is changed to affirmative sentence.
 The reporting verb is "expressed with sorrow / joy" OR "tell".
e.g.:
1) He said," Alas! I am ruined."
He exclaimed with sorrow that he was ruined.

2) The boys said," Hurrah! We have won the match."

The boys exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.

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 3) They said," Thank you."
They thanked me

4) She said, "What a silly mistake!"

She exclaimed that it was a silly mistake.

5) He said,"What a hot day!"

He exclaimed that it was a hot day

Note: If exclamatory sentence begins with "what " than reporting speech is start with "it".

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