LNG Plant Project

CB&I Limited Peru LNG S.R.L.

Document Title: Pipe Stress Philosophy

Document Number: 157883-000-PI-PH-0001

Revision: D1

DCC I.D.: 914

Pages: 1 of 10

D1 25 May 07 AFD AHG SH DR JB

C1 04 May 07 Issued For Client Comment DB SH DR JB
B1 29 Nov 06 For Comment DB SH MJD -
Rev Date Purpose of Issue By Check Approved Project
Approved

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 LNG Plant Project
Pipe Stress Philosophy
157883-000-PI-PH-0001 Revision D1

INPUTS
Document Number Title Status
157883-000-PI-DB-0001 Pipe Stress Analysis Criteria D1
157883-000-PI-PR-0003 Pipe Stress Approach To Seismic Analysis D1

REVISION NOTES AND HOLDS

Revision Description of Changes & Holds
B1 Issued for I.T.C.
C1 Issued for Client Comment
D1 Approved for Design with Client comments & hold on expansion bellows (para
6)

Note: The latest version of this document is stored in EDM. Any prints of this document are
uncontrolled.
.

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 LNG Plant Project
Pipe Stress Philosophy
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Contents
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Purpose....................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Scope .......................................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Applicable Codes and Standards............................................................................. 4
2. STRESS-CRITICAL LINE LIST ............................................................................................ 5
3. DEFINITION OF STRESS-CRITICAL LINES ....................................................................... 5
4. DOCUMENT CONTROL PROCEDURES ............................................................................ 5
4.1 Stress Isometric File.................................................................................................. 5
4.2 Calculation File .......................................................................................................... 5
5. METHOD OF ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................... 6
5.1 Stress Comments ...................................................................................................... 6
6. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS & RESTRICTIONS ................................................................... 7
7. CAESAR II APPLICATIONS ................................................................................................ 7
7.1 Wall Thickness ........................................................................................................... 7
7.2 Equipment Modelling................................................................................................. 7
7.3 Spring Supports......................................................................................................... 8
7.4 Valves and Flanges.................................................................................................... 8
8. STRESS ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS............................................................................... 8
8.1 Pressure Wall Thickness........................................................................................... 8
8.2 Design Wall Thickness .............................................................................................. 8
8.3 Stress Liberal Allowance .......................................................................................... 8
8.4 Environmental Conditions ........................................................................................ 8
8.5 Occasional Load Analysis ........................................................................................ 8
8.6 Load Case Study........................................................................................................ 9
8.7 Hydrotest Case......................................................................................................... 10
8.8 Package And Equipment Piping Loads ................................................................. 10
9. STRESS ANALYSIS REPORT........................................................................................... 10
10. RELATED DOCUMENTS ................................................................................................... 10

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 LNG Plant Project
Pipe Stress Philosophy
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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose
The purpose of this philosophy is to define the minimum requirements for the stress
analysis of pipework on the Peru LNG Plant Project.

1.2 Scope
This philosophy covers all process and utility pressure pipework and describes the
extent of piping stress analysis to be carried out, the methods of working, and
applicable Codes of Practice to be used.

1.3 Applicable Codes and Standards

The codes and standards referenced in this document shall be the latest edition,
including addenda, supplements or revisions at the start date for each project.

1.3.1 Referenced Codes and Standards

The following codes shall apply as appropriate :
ASME B31.3 Process Piping
ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons,
and other Liquids
ASME B31.8 Gas Transmissions and Distribution Piping Systems
ASME VIII Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
WRC 297 Local Stresses in Cylindrical Shells due to External
Loadings on Nozzles, Supplement to WRC Bulletin No. 107
API RP520 Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure Relieving
Devices in Refineries. Part II – Installation
API 560 Fired Heaters for General Refinery Service
API 610 Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum, Petrochemical and
Natural Gas Industries
API 617 Centrifugal Compressors for General Refinery Service
API 661 Air Cooled Heat Exchangers for General Refinery Service
API 650 Atmospheric Storage Tanks
NEMA (SM23) Steam Turbines for Mechanical Drive Service
TEMA Class R Tubular Heat Exchangers
NORSOK R-001 Allowable Loads on Equipment
BS EN 13480 Metallic Industrial Piping
ASCE 7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
NFPA 59A Standard for the Production, Storage and Handling of
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

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2. STRESS-CRITICAL LINE LIST

With reference to the process and utility line list for the project, all critical lines shall be
subject to review. It is the responsibility of the lead stress engineer to approve the
method of review for each system, i.e. approximate or comprehensive.
The lead stress engineer shall prepare the stress-critical line list. The list shall record
the following data for each critical line:
i) stress sketch number and revision,
ii) line number,
iii) line conditions (temp. and press.)
iv) reason for being critical, i.e. stress critical group,
v) date the finished analysis was issued to the piping group,
vi) type of analysis, comprehensive or approximate,
vii) initials of the stress engineer responsible
viii) Caesar II model name for comprehensive analysis
ix) Any additional relevant information

3. DEFINITION OF STRESS-CRITICAL LINES

For the definition of Stress Critical Lines refer to the project specification
‘Pipe Stress Analysis Criteria’ Document number 157883-000-PI-DB-0001

4. DOCUMENT CONTROL PROCEDURES

To ensure the smooth and efficient operation of the stress analysis group the following
procedure has been prepared in order to maintain consistency in methods.
A copy of the stress-critical line list shall be issued to the piping design group as early
as is possible. The list shall be reissued after any major revision.
A stress sketch shall be produced by the piping group for each critical line, as
requested. On receipt of stress isometrics they shall be allocated stress isometric
numbers and recorded in a stress isometric index. The review can then commence
and, when completed, a controlled copy of the stress isometric shall be returned to the
piping design group with stress comments or for approval.
Revisions to the piping arrangements (agreed by the stress engineer and piping group)
shall be included in the piping and shall be taken into account by all disciplines.

4.1 Stress Isometric File

The original stress isometric belongs to the stress group and shall be filed in the stress
isometric file.

4.2 Calculation File

This file shall contain all stress analysis calculations and copies of isometrics that are
compiled during the course of the project. Each calculation shall be given a separate
number and recorded in the calculation file index. Calculation name/numbers shall be in

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accordance with any project instructions regarding document naming conventions. Files
may be split up into unit/area numbers if necessary.
It is essential that all calculations and isometrics are filed suitably; for audit on demand.

5. METHOD OF ANALYSIS
There are two methods: approximate and comprehensive
The judgement of the stress engineer is used in deciding which method of analysis is
applied.
Approximate methods include simple beam formulae, tabulations or charts for basic
piping shapes. Formal (comprehensive) analysis is not required for a system that is a
duplicate of a previously analysed line provided there is no significant change in
dimensions or operating conditions (refer ASME B31.3 para 319.4.1).
Comprehensive analyses will be performed using the CAESAR II computer program.
Metric units shall be used in the absence of any project specific units. This program is
capable of plotting input geometries and running both static and dynamic load cases.
A code compliance report is included in the output.

5.1 Stress Comments

As a general guide, the following information should be included on the Stress
Approved issue of the stress isometric:
i) References to conditions analysed / computer runs, backup calculations /
comments or visual inspection as applicable.
ii) Location of key node numbers used in a computer analysis together with sign
convention.
iii) Location and type of all supports (i.e. rests, guides, anchors, variable springs,
etc.)
iv) For variable springs: Operating load, hydrotest load, spring rate, travel (installed
to operating) and direction (up/down).
v) For constant springs: Load, hydrotest load, travel (installed to operating) and
direction (up/down).
vi) Location of fixed ends (exchangers, horizontal vessels, etc.)
vii) Stress summary showing location (by node number) and magnitude of (Ref.
ASME B31.3):
• Maximum computed displacement stress range SE and allowable
displacement stress range SA applicable to the material(s) at the
temperature(s) analysed.
• Computed longitudinal stress SL due to sustained loading and basic
allowable stress SH at the design metal temperature.
viii) Magnitude and direction of forces at piping restraints (e.g. supports, guides,
stops and anchors), and operating conditions at which this occurs.
ix) Any assumptions made to facilitate completion of the analysis should be clearly
marked as such (e.g. weights of valve/actuator, content or insulation). All
assumptions shall be subsequently verified where they could adversely effect
the results.

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x) Any displacements imposed on the piping system.

xi) Any large displacements exhibited by the piping system.
xii) Any other comments pertinent to the analysis or useful to the other groups or
disciplines.
xiii) Allowable equipment reaction loads.

6. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS & RESTRICTIONS

Cold spring may be used within the limits of ASME B31.3, but shall not be used on
piping connecting to rotating equipment and shall only be used as a last resort.
Cold spring is not permitted on piping operating below 5°C.
Generally expansion bellows shall not be used unless all other means of solution have
been tried and eliminated. HOLD
Piping movements at spring supports shall be calculated for ambient normal operating
temperature range. Spring units shall have sufficient travel to allow for the maximum
and / or minimum temperature range.
For the LNG loading platform, platform installation movements and dropped object
structural deflections shall be taken into account in the design of supports, particularly
at spring supports.
Loads at clamped pipe supports on cold insulated lines shall be checked to ensure
allowable loads on PUF are not exceeded.

7. CAESAR II APPLICATIONS

7.1 Wall Thickness

As a default Caesar II uses the literal interpretation of ASME B31.3 for determining
which wall thickness to use for each load combination, as follows:
Operating: - Nominal wall thickness
Sustained: - Corroded wall thickness
Occasional: - Corroded wall thickness
Expansion: - Nominal wall thickness
Note: The mill tolerance is not removed (by default) from the nominal or corroded wall
thickness for any of these calculations. The only calculation using the mill under
tolerance is the hoop stress pressure thickness calculation.

7.2 Equipment Modelling

Nozzles on rigid equipment, such as pumps, should be modelled as a rigid anchor with
thermal displacements entered. Caesar will allow no flexibility in this case.
In borderline situations a stiffness value may be calculated for the nozzle/ vessel
attachment to reduce induced stresses and loads. (Refer WRC 297)

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7.3 Spring Supports

When allowing Caesar II to size spring supports, ensure the spring rate and pre-load is
fixed when finalising different load cases.

7.4 Valves and Flanges

Weights of valves and flanges are to be taken as typical from Caesar II Databases if no
project information is applicable.

8. STRESS ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS

8.1 Pressure Wall Thickness

The pressure thickness required for pipe and piping components shall be considered
independently of other imposed loads in accordance with ASME B31.3 – 304.1.2. This
is performed by the lead piping / materials engineer.
External pressure calculations (where required) shall be as per ASME BPV Code
Section VIII Div 1 as required by ASME B31.3

8.2 Design Wall Thickness

Calculations in accordance with ASME B31.3. ASME B31.3 treats sustained
longitudinal stress distinctly from thermal and displacement load stress. The
longitudinal stresses for sustained loads are based on a reduced section modulus:
section 302.3.5 of ASME B31.3 requires the use of a wall thickness tm such that,
tm = nominal thickness – mechanical allowance – corrosion – erosion allowance
Thermal stresses are independent of wall thickness as they are the result of either an
imposed displacement or a restrained displacement. The force resulting from or
causing the displacement will vary with the section modulus. For this reason the
reduced section modulus is not used when calculating loadings on nozzles of terminal
equipment.

8.3 Stress Liberal Allowance

When using ASME B31.3 Code, if the sum of the longitudinal stresses is less than the
allowable stress at design temperature, then the difference may be added to the
allowable displacement stress range, in accordance with Section 302.3.5 equation (1b).
(Note: the ‘liberal’ stress allowance is the default in Caesar II).
As this can lead to high allowable displacement stresses the liberal allowable will only
be invoked where necessary.

8.4 Environmental Conditions

Wind, seismic and blast loads shall be taken into account in the design. Loads and
stresses shall be calculated in accordance with project specific environmental
requirements.

8.5 Occasional Load Analysis

The conditions set out in ASME B31.3 shall be adhered to for occasional load analysis.
The design temperatures and pressures shall be used for occasional load analysis.

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The allowable longitudinal (occasional) stress is recognised by CAESAR II as 1.33

times the basic hot allowable stress Sh at design temperature, of base material.
Where increased allowables are required for equipment nozzles because of occasional
loads, confirmation will be obtained from equipment suppliers. Section 302.3.6 of
ASME B31.3 refers to the application of occasional loads and states, “wind and
earthquake forces need not be considered as acting concurrently”. From this we will
consider blast in the same context as earthquake.
Forces from wind and forces from blast (or earthquake) will be separately added to a
sustained load case for calculation of stresses.

8.5.1 Wind Loading

Wind loading shall be considered by the application of static loads in accordance with
project specific environmental data.
Where the most sensitive direction is obvious, only this direction needs to be reviewed
otherwise each of + X – X, + Z and – Z will be analysed.

8.5.2 Blast Loading

Design calculations shall be carried out to cover external blast loadings in any direction
under normal operating conditions, for exposed pipework. The magnitude of blast
loads to be analysed shall be as stated in project specific documentation.
Blast loading calculations shall be performed in the same manner as for wind loads, in
CAESAR II.

8.5.3 Earthquake Loading

The Pipe Stress Approach to Seismic Analysis is detailed in procedure document
157883-000-PI-PR-0003

8.6 Load Case Study

Every relevant mode of operation for stress critical piping systems will be required to be
examined. Interaction with process and or operations groups may be necessary to
enable the stress engineer to establish the worst case(s). In addition to normal design
cases, some of the following load cases may have to be considered:
• Fatigue analysis
• Occasional (wind, blast, seismic)
• Emergency Shut Down
• Start Up
• Upset Conditions
• Hot/Cold Gas Purge
• Blow Down
• Transient (Fluid Hammer) and Slug loads
• Vacuum
• Relief System induced loads
• Pump standby combinations
• Vibration
• Flange Leakage
• Settlement, deck or support deflections

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8.7 Hydrotest Case

For Gas / Vapour Lines 14in NPS and larger, that operate above freezing may require
temporary supports. Mid-point nodes can be included in order to monitor deflections
and over stressing.
The Hydrotest pressure shall be as stated on the Project line list.
All LNG, MR, PR and other lines that operate at temperatures below freezing will be
pneumatically tested.

8.8 Package And Equipment Piping Loads

8.8.1 Pressure Vessel & Equipment Connections

In the absence of allowable loads supplied by the equipment manufacturer, the
maximum allowable nozzle loads described in Norsok Standard R-001 are suitable for
pressure vessel and equipment nozzle connections.
Any increases above these loads shall only be permitted when subject to agreement in
writing by the manufacturer.
The equipment manufacturer shall determine the stresses resulting from the worst
combination of any internal pressure and externally applied forces and moments.

8.8.2 Skid / Package Connections.

Connections at skid limits shall be flanged and anchored.

9. STRESS ANALYSIS REPORT

At the end of each project the pipe stress engineer will issue a Stress Analysis Report
for the pipework analysed. The report will clearly state the design code to which the
pipework has been analysed and list any deviations or concessions required.

10. RELATED DOCUMENTS

None.

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