Angielski Podręcznik

Ewa Donesch-Jeżo
Ewa Donesch-Jeżo
ENGLISH
for
MEDICAL STUDENTS
and
DOCTORS
w
Wydawnictwo Przegląd Lekarski
Kraków, 2000
©Copyright by Ewa Donesch-Jeżo, Kraków, 2000 Uniwersytet Opolski
BlbUoteka Główna
Ali rights reserved
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wymaga pisemnej zgody Autora i Wydawcy.
Autor i Wydawca nie ponoszą odpowiedzialności za treść zamieszonych ogłoszeń
Wydanie I
ISBN: 83-908654-5-9
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo
W Przegląd Lekarski s.c.
31-501 Kraków, ul. Kopernika 15
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www.wydplek.com.pl
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Tel. 0602 34 38 95 lub 0602 22 30 82
Skład i łamanie tekstu: SC DANBERT

Druk: GOLDRUK
CONTENTS
Introduction /Przedmowa.................................. 3
I. ENGLISH IN ANATOMY AND Pil YSIOLOGY

Unit 1. Features of the Humań Body........................................................ 5
Unit 2. The Anatomical Position.............................................................. 7
Unit 3. The Structure of the Skin..............................................................9
Unit 4. Functions of the Skin and its Disorders.......................................11
Unit 5. The Body Cavities....................................................................... 13
Unit 6. The Skeletal System.................................................................... 15
Unit 7. The Respiratory System.............................................................. 17
Unit 8. Respiration and Diseases of the RespiratorySystem.................. 19
Unit 9. The Blood and its Disorders........................................................21
Unit 10. The Cardiovascular System and its Disorders............................ 24
Unit 11. The Digestive System.................................................................. 27
Unit 12. The Process of Digestion and Gastrointestinal Disorders..........30
Unit 13. The Urinary System and its Disorders.........................................33
Unit 14. The Nervous System and its Disorders.......................................36
Unit 15. The Eye and its Disorders........................................................... 39
Unit 16. The Ear and its Disorders............................................................ 42
II. ENGLISH IN MEDICAL PRACTICE

Unit 17. The Doctor and his Patient........................................................ 45
Unit 18. Taking History, Physical Examination
and Accessory Investigations..................................................... 47
Unit 19. Treatment of Diseases and Disorders.......................................... 50
Unit 20. The Doctor’s Surgery.................................................................. 53
Unit 21. The Modem Hospital.................................................................. 56
Unit 22. Temperaturę.................................................................................58
Unit 23. Pulse Ratę................................................................................... 60
Unit 24. Blood Pressure............................................................................ 62
Unit 25. Injections.............................................. 64
in. ENGLISH GRAMMAR PRACTICE (I)

1. Articles (A/An, The).............................................. 67
2. Tenses of the Verb........................................................................ 70
• Present Tenses....................................................................... 70
• Past Tenses............................................................................ 72
• Used to/Get used to................................................................ 73
• Futurę Forms......................................................................... 74
3. Modal Verbs................................................................................. 77
4. PassiveVbice............................................................................... 81
5. Reported Speech........................................................................... 83
6. Conditionals................................................................................ 87
7. Wishes - Unreal Past.................................................................... 89
8. Interrogative Forms..................................................................... 91
9. Adjectives....................................................................................93
10. Adverbs............................................................... ■......................... 95
E. Donesch-Jeżo - English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 1

DICTIONARY........................................................................................ 99
English-Polish............................................................................................... 99
Polish-English............................................................................................. 115
2 English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 - E. Donesch-Jeżo

PRZEDMOWA
Podręcznik -English forMedical Students and Doctors- przeznaczony jest dla studentów i
absolwentów Wydziału Lekarskiego, którzy chcą zaznajomić się z terminologią specjalistycz
ną w języku angielskim. Jest to zatem pozycja przewidziana dla słuchaczy na poziomie śred
nio zaawansowanym i zaawansowanym, kładąca nacisk na naukę języka specjalistycznego.
Podręcznik ten podzielony jest na dwie części. Część pierwsza zawiera trzy rozdziały: (I)
English in Anatomy and Physiology; (II) English in Medical Practice; (III) English Grammar
Practice (I). Część druga zawiera cztery rozdziały: (I) Common Diseases and Ailments; (II)
Selected Case Reports; (III) Letter Writing; (IV) English Grammar Practice (II). Na końcu każdej
części podręcznika umieszczonyjest słownik angielsko-polski (English-Polish Dictionary) wraz
z transkrypcją fonetyczną oraz polsko-angielski (Polish-English Dictionary).
Każda jednostka (Unit) składa się z tekstu naukowego, dialogu, oraz ćwiczeń, które mają
na celu sprawdzenie zrozumienia przeczytanego fragmentu, jak równieżposzerzenie i utrwa
lenie słownictwa wprowadzonego w tekście. Każda jednostka lekcyjna zawiera słowniczek
(Word List), w którym ujęte zostało słownictwo występujące w tekście i dialogu. Ułatwia on
zrozumienie tekstu, a także opanowanie prawidłowej wymowy słownictwa specjalistycznego.
Rozdział "Letter Writing- jest zbiorem wzorówformalnych listów. -English Grammar Practice-
zawiera instrukcje, przykłady i ćwiczenia, które umożłiwiają powtórzenie i poszerzenie wia
domości z gramatyki.
Układ tekstów uwzględnia ich treść a nie stopień trudności, zatem kolejność przedstawio
nych tekstów pozostawiona jest do wyboru uczącego.
Celem niniejszego podręcznika jest zapoznanie studentów i lekarzy, zarówno rodzinnych

jak i specjalistów z różnych dziedzin medycyny, z fachowym językiem angielskim, przygoto
wanie ich do prowadzenia wywiadu z pacjentem, pisania historii chorób, skierowań do spe
cjalistów, wypełniania kart chorobowych stosując przyjęte skróty medyczne, komunikowania
się innymi lekarzami i personelem medycznym podczas praktyk i stypendiów zagranicznych.
Autorka wyraża podziękowanie panu F. Thallinger za pomoc w opracowaniu ostatecznej
wersji niniejszego podręcznika.
Ewa Donesch-Jeżo

Part
I?
ENGLISH
IN ANATOMY
AND PHYSIOLOGY
4
English for Medical Students and Doctors -1 - E. Donesch-Jeżo
UNIT I
Word List
• abdomen [aeb'dauman;
'aebdaman] - jama brzuszna
FEATURES OF THE HUMAŃ BODY • affect [a'fekt] - atakować
(choroba)
• ankle [aerjkl] - kostka u nogi
• arm [a:m] - ramię
• armpit ['a:mpit] - pacha
• bend [bend] - schylać się,
The human body is composed of millions of cells which work together to maintain life. The cells zginać
• body ['bodi] - ciało
unitę to form tissues (the muscle, the bonę, etc.); the tissues combine to form organs (the heart, the
• bonę [baun] - kość
skuli, etc.), and different organs are organized into systems (the circulatory system, the skeletal sys • calf [ka:f] - łydka
tem, etc.). • cavity [’kaviti] - jama
The human body consits of the following parts: the head, the neck, the trunk, upper and lower • celi [sel] - komórka
• cheek [tfi:k] - policzek
limbs. The head which is ovoid in shape has a face in front. The eyes protected by the eyelids and
• chest [tfest] - klatka
eyelashes are situated on both sides of the nose. The forehead lies above the eyes and the cheeks lie piersiowa
below them. The mouth is bounded by upper and lower lips. The lowest part of the face is called the • chin [tjm] - broda,
chin. The head is joined to the trunk by the neck. podbródek
• consist (of) [kan'sist]
The trunk is the largest part of the body. It consists of two main cavities: The thorax (or the chest)
- składać się (z)
and the abdomen. They are separated by a dome-shaped muscle known as the diaphragm. The thorax • diaphragm ['daiafraem]
lies above the diaphragm and the abdomen lies below it. - przepona
The upper limbs are composed of three segments: the arm, the forearm and the hand with four • elbow ['elbau] - łokieć
• eye [ai] - oko
fingers and one thumb. The lower limbs are also divided into three parts: the thigh, the leg and the foot • eyelash ['ailaefj - rzęsa
with toes. The joints of the upper limbs are: the shoulder joint, the elbow and the wrist. The joints of • eyelid failid] - powieka
the lower limbs are: the hip joint, the knee and the ankle. • face [feis] - twarz
The armpit (or axilla) is the hollow under the upper part of the arm and below the shoulder joint. • foot [fut], (pl.) feet [fi:t]
- stopa
The groin is the hollow at the junction of the inner part of each thigh with the trunk. • forearm ['fo:ra:m]
- przedramię
• forehead fforid] - czoło
• groin [groin] - pachwina
• hand [haend] - ręka, dłoń
• head [hed] - głowa
• heart [ha:t] - serce
• hollow ['holau] - wydrążony
• hip [hip] - biodro
• joint [djoint] - staw
• knee [ni:] - kolano
• leg [leg] - podudzie
• limb [lim] - kończyna
• lip [lip] - warga
• loin [loin] - lędźwie
• maintain [mein tein]
- utrzymać (na tym samym
poziomie)
• mouth [mau0] - usta
• navel ]'neival] - pępek
• neck [nek] - szyja
• nose [naus] - nos
• overdo [auva'du:] -
przemęczyć się
• radiatc ['reidieit]
- promieniować
• shoulder ['Jaulda] - bark
• skuli [sk*l] - czaszka
• spinc [spain] - kręgosłup
• stab [staeb] - wbić, ukłuć
• thigh [0ai] - udo
• thoraz [’0o:raeks] - klatka
piersiowa
• thumb [0ahi] - kciuk
• tingling ['tiąglią]
- mrowienie,
cierpnięcie
• tissue ['tiju:, tisju:]
- tkanka
• toc [tau] - palec u nogi
• trunk [tTAąk] - tułów
Fig. 1. The human body • wrist [rist] - nadgarstek

EXERCISE A. Answer the following questions:
1. What are the main parts of the human body?
2. What are the parts of the face?
3. What are the names of the segments of upper and lower limbs?
EXERCISE B. Complete the following sentences:

1. The cells of the body combine to form:
a)
b)
c)
2. The human body consists of the following parts:
a)
b)
c)
d) . .....................
3. The trunk contains two main cavities:
a)
b) ...............................................................
4. The upper limb consists of three segments:
a)
b) ....................................................................
c) ....................................................................
5. The lower limb is composed of:
a)
b) ....................................................................
c) ....................................................................
6. The upper limb contains three joints:
a)
b)
c)
7. The lower limb includes the following joints:
a)
b) .......................................................................
c)
EXERCISE C. Practise this dialogue.

Doctor: Good moming, Mrs. Roberts. What seems to be the problem?
Patient: I feel a terrible pain in my back, it’s my spine, I suppose.
I can’t bend down, I can’t pick anything up and I even can’t tie my shoe laces.
Doctor: Which part of your back is affected?
Patient: The smali of my back, the loin.
Doctor: What kind of pain is it?
Patient: It’s a very sharp, stabbing pain.
Doctor: Does it radiate anywhere?
Patient: Yes, it does. It runs towards the left leg and then along the thigh,
down to the calf, foot and toes.
Doctor: How long have you had this pain?
Patient: For three days. It started when my husband and I were moving the fumiture. You see,
we’ve just moved to a new house. I think, I might have overdone things a little.
Doctor: Does anything make it better?
Patient: If I lie down, the pain goes away, but when I stand up, it immediately comes back.
Doctor: Have you noticed tingling sensation in your hands or feet?
Patient: No, I haven’t.
EXERCISE D. Translate into English.

1. Tułów zawiera dwie jamy oddzielone przeponą: jamę klatki piersiowej i jamę brzuszną.
2. Staw barkowy łączy ramię z barkiem.
3. Kiedy grałem w tenisa zwichnąłem nogę w kostce i skaleczyłem się w kolano.
4. Kiedy podnoszę prawą rękę czuję ostry ból w barku i nie mogę wyprostować łokcia.
5. Połóż ręce na biodrach, spróbuj zgiąć kolana; trzymaj plecy prosto.
6. Kiedy biegnę szybko czuję khijący ból w klatce piersiowej.
7. Proszę położyć się na brzuchu i wyprostować nogi.
English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 — E. Donesch-Jeżo

UNIT 2
Word List
THE ANATOMICAL POSITION • anterior [aentiaria] - przedni
• ascend [a'send] - wstępować
• caudal [’ko:dl] - doogonowy
• comprise [kanfprais]
- zawierać, obejmować,
składać się
• contain [kantein]
In the anatomical position the body is upright.
- zawierać, mieścić w sobie
The arms are by the sides and the legs are parallel • couch [kautj] - leżanka
to each other. The face, the eyes, the palms of the • cranial ['kreinial]
hands and the feet are all directed forwards. The - czaszkowy, głowowy
• descend [di send]
anatomical position is the basis of all descriptions - zstępować,
of the position of structures in the body. For ex- schodzić w dół
ample, the head is above the abdomen, even when • direct [di rekt] - skierować;
the patient is lying down. bezpośredni
• distal [ distal] - dystalny,
Description may relate directly to the anatomi dalszy
cal position, for example, the trunk is the central • dorsal [’do:sal] - grzbietowy
part of the body, the legs extend downwards. • downwards [ daunwadz]
Description may also be madę with reference to - na/w dół, ku dołowi
• extend [ik stend]
other structures. For example, the thorax is above
- rozciągać się,
the abdomen, the elbow is between the arm and rozprzestrzeniać się
forearm. • forwards ['forwadz]
Fig. 2. The anatomical position.
- naprzód,
ku przodowi
The following locative adjectives are commonly used in medical writing to describe situation • inferior [in fiaria] - dolny,
niższy
or place. • lateral ['laetaral] - boczny
• medial [’mi:dial] - środkowy
1) right, left • palm [pa:m] - dłoń
2) inner, outer • parallel ['paeralal]
3) upper, lower - równoległy
• pass [pa:s] - przejście;
4) intemal, extemal przechodzić
5) superficial, deep (nearer and farther from the surface of the body) • posterior [po'stiaria] - tylny,
6) proximal, distal (especially of limbs nearer and farther from the trunk) ku tyłowi
7) superior, inferior (higher and lower) • proximal ['proksimal]
- proksymalny, bliższy
8) anterior, posterior (nearer the front, nearer the back) • side [said] - strona, bok
9) ventral, dorsal (the front, the back) • structure ['stTAktJa]
10)cranial, caudal (toward the head, toward the lower part of the body) - struktura, budowa
1 l)medial, lateral (nearer and farther from the midline) • superior [sju: 'piaria]
- górny, wyższy
■ surface ['sarfis]
For example, the head is superior to the trunk, the upper limbs are lateral to the trunk, the — powierzchnia,
abdomen is inferior to the thorax and the hand is distal to the arm, the front surface of the body is the zewnętrzna strona
ventral surface, the back surface is the dorsal surface of the body. • trachea [tra'kia] - tchawica
• upright [-Aprait]
- wyprostowany
EXERCISE A. Choose the appropriate locative adjective to complete the following sentences. • ventral [’ventral] - brzuszny
1. The eyes are................... tothenose.
2. The mouth is.................. to the nose.
3. The thorax is.................. to the abdomen.
4. The elbow is...................to the wrist.
5. The navel is on the................... surface of the body.
6. The shoulder is toward the............. end of the body while the hip is toward the................
end of the body.
7. The palm of the hand is on its..................surface.
8. The knuckles are on the.................. surface of the hand.
9. The bones of the ankle are on............. and................sides of the leg.
EXERCISE B. Practise this dialogue.

Doctor: No w, I’m going to examine you. I’d like you to lie down on the couch with your legs
parallel to each other, stretched out in front of you. Put your arms by the sides. Try to

lift your head up slowly as far as you can. Do you feel any pain in your back now?
Patient: No, I don’t.
Doctor: That’s OK. Now, lift your right leg up straight without bending your knee and then
bring it down. Repeat this with your left leg. Do you feel anything?
Patient: Oh, yes. This time I feel a sharp stab in my lower back.
Doctor: Stand up, please. Keep your legs stretched, feet together. I’d like you to lean forwards
as far as you can and then the same backwards. Now, I want you to bend forwards
again, try to touch your toes with your fingers.
Patient: I can’t bend farther, doctor, it hurts terribly.
Doctor: That’s enough. Thank you, Mrs. Roberts.
EXERCISE C. TABLE 1. Verbs denoting position, direction and structure:
Verbs denoting Position Direction Structure

position,
direction and be be directed be madę up of
structure be found lead consist of
lie run be composed of
be situated extend be built up of
be located pass contain
descend comprise
ascend
Complete the following sentences choosing suitable verbs of position from TABLE 1.
1. The nose............ in the central part of the face.
2. The cheeks............ on either side of the face.
3. The forehead ............ above the nose.
4. The mouth............ below the nose.
5. The diaphragm............ between the thorax and abdomen.
6. The abdomen............ below the diaphragm.
EXERCISE D. Write out the following sentences and choose suitable verbs of direction from
TABLE 1.
1. The oesophagus............ downwards to the stornach.
2. The aorta.............through the diaphragm.
3. The trachea............ from the larynx to the main bronchi.
4. The trachea............ in front of the oesophagus.
5. The optic nerve............ from the retina into the cranial cavity.
6. The acoustic nerve............ from the organ of Corti into the brain.
EXERCISE E. Complete the following sentences and choose suitable verbs of structure from
TABLE 1.
1. The skuli............ the brain.
2. The trunk............ two cavities.
3. The upper limb............ three segments.
4. The lower limb............ three parts.
5. The upper limb............ two joints.
6. The lower limb.............two joints.
EXERCISE F. Translate into English.

1. Oczy położone są po obu stronach nosa.
2. Usta znajdują się poniżej nosa.
3. Jama klatki piersiowej leży nad przeponą.
4. Tchawica prowadzi z krtani do oskrzeli.
5. Tchawica zstępuje przed przełykiem.
6. Plecy są na grzbietowej powierzchni ciała.
7. Pacha jest w części dogłowowej, a pachwina w części doogonowej ciała.

UNIT 3
Word List
• blood vessel ['bUd ,vesal]
- naczynie krwionośne
THE STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN • connective tissuc
[ka'nektiv 'tisju:]
- tkanka łączna
• dermis [ da:mis] - skóra
właściwa
• epidertnis [,epi'da:tnis]
- naskórek
• epithelium [,cpi'0i;liam]
- nabłonek
The skin is composed of two main layers: a thin outer layer, known as the epidermis and a thicker • fiat [flaet] - płaski
inner layer, called the dermis. zr~ • hair [hca] - włosy
The epidermis, a protective layer without blood vessels and nerves, is built up of fiat cells of thei- • keratinization
epithelium. TGc^cells of the epidermis reproduce themselves rapidly in its deepest layer and move up [.keratinfzeijan]
- keratynizacja,
to the surface where they form a protective layer of dead cells. These dead cells are continually being rogowacenie
lost and replaced by new ones. This process is known as keratinization. The body produces and loses • layer [Teia] - warstwa
a great amount of these epithelial cells every day. The cells of the epidermis contain pigment, melanin • mamtnary gland
which gives the skin the colour. The hereditary factors decide whether the skin is lighter or darker in [maemariglaend]
- gruczoł mleczny
colour, and also sunlight causes the inerease in melanin concentration, which protects the skin from • melanin ['melanin]
harmful ultraviolet sun rays. In certain parts of the body the epidermis is modified to produce hair and - melanina (barwnik)
nails. Hair grows on all the body surface, except the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. • nail [neil] - paznokieć
• sebaceous gland
[si'beifas'glaend]
- gruczoł łojowy
• skin [skin] - skóra
• sole [saul] - podeszwa
• subcutaneous
[,SAbkju:'teinias]
- podskórny
• sweat gland [’swet'glaend]
- gruczoł potowy
• tough [tAf] - mocny,
wytrzymały
Fig. 3. The structurc of the skin.
VTThe dermis, which consists mainly of elastic connective tissue, is much thicker than the epidermis.
A network of blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves runs through the dermis. The dermis forms
lines characteristic for each person, called fingerprints. The dermis contains the glands, such as sweat^)
glands, mammary glands, and sebaceous glands which produce oil to make the skin and hair elastic.'
Below the dermis, there is a layer of subcutaneous tissue, which contains mainly the fat. f
EXERCISE A. Answer the following questions. EXERCISE

1. What are the names of the main layers of the skin?
2. What is the epidermis madę up of?
3. Where are the epidermal cells produced?
4. What tissue is the dermis composed of?
5. What structures does the dermis contain?
6. What lies below the dermis?

EXERCISE B. Define the following terms,
Epidermis...................................................
Keratinization..............................................
Melanin............... i.....................................
Fingerprints................................................
Sebaceous gland........................................
Sweat gland................................................
Subcutaneuos.............................................
EXERCISE C. (1) Study the word roots related to the skin, glands and muscles.
Word root Refers to Example

adeno- Gland Adenoma - rak gruczołowy
lymph(o)- Lymph system Lymphocytosis - limfocytoza
derma- Skin Dermatology - nauka zajmująca się
chorobami skóry
myo- Muscle Myocardium - mięsień sercowy
cephal- Head Cephalomegaly - wielkogłowie
brachi(o)- Arm Brachiocephalic - ramieniowo-głowowy
(2) The suffix -pathy means ‘disease or abnormal condition of’, e.g. Adenopathy is a disease or
abnormal condition of the glands. Make up new terms tirom the roots below and the suffix -pathy
and explain their meaning as in the example.
The suffix -pathy means Lympho- ..........................................................
‘disease or abnormal Dermato- .........................................................
condition of' Myo- ...............................................................
Cephalo- ..........................................................
Brachio- ...........................................................

1. Skóra zbudowana j est z naskórka i skóry właściwej.
2. Komórki tkanki nabłonkowej są wytwarzane w najgłębszej warstwie naskórka.
3. Skóra właściwa zbudowana j est z tkanki łącznej.
4. Skóra właściwa zawiera sieć naczyń krwionośnych i włókien nerwowych oraz gruczoły
potowe, łojowe i mleczne.
5. Najgłębsza warstwa skóry właściwej zbudowana jest głównie z warstwy tłuszczu.

UNIT 4
Word List
• acnc ['aekni] - trądzik
■ carbon dioxidc
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN AND ITS DISEASES [’ka:ban dai'oksaid]
- dwutlenek węgla
• crust [krASt] - strup
• damage ['daemidj] - szkoda,
uszkodzenie; uszkodzić
• dermatitis [da:ma'taitis]
- zapalenie skóry
• dermatomycosis
The skin provides protection from damage and entry of bacteria, regulates temperaturę; it is also [ ,da:matomai 'kausis]
an excretory and sensory organ. - grzybica
Physical protection from damage is provided mainly by the epidermis. Thickness of the subcuta- • dissolved [di'zolvd]
neous tissue also plays an important role in protecting against some injury. The skin acts as a barrier - rozpuszczony
• ear wax ['ia waeks]
against the entry of microorganisms, protects the body against Chemicals in the environment and - woskowina uszna
ultraviolet rays in the sunlight. • eczema ['cksima] - egzema
The skin acts like a waterproof coat for the body, preventing rapid absorption or evaporation of • erythema [cri'0i:ma]
water and electrolytes at the surface of the body. In this way it helps to keep the ąuantity of water in - rumień
• cvaporate [i'vffiparcit]
the body constant. However, smali amounts of water continuously evaporate from the skin surface. - parować, ulatniać się
Through this process which is called perspiration the body loses 500 ml of water a day. • cxcessivc [ik'sesiv]
Regulation of temperaturę is a very important function of the skin. The skin contains a great - nadmierny
number of sweat glands, which excrete sweat. The sweat consists of 95% (per cent) of water, 2% of • cxcoriation [eks.korfcifan]
- otarcie skóry, zadrapanie
dissolved salts, a smali ąuantity of urea and about 3% of carbon dioxide. In hot temperaturę or great • cxcretory organ
muscular activity the sweat flows as fluid on the surface of the skin, which is cooled by its evapora- [eks'kri:tari'o:gan]
tion. By means of perspiration the body eliminates excessive amount of fluid and some salts, which - organ wydalniczy
maintains minerał balance of the body. • expose [iks pauz]
- wystawić, narazić
The skin is a delicate sensory organ providing Information about the environment. Millions of • fissure ['fija]
nerve endings located in the skin are sensitive to various stimuli: touch, pain, pressure, heat, cold and - szczelina, pęknięcie
itching. Another special function ofthe skin is secretion of ear wax by the extemal ear and sebum or • furuncle [ fjuarAąkl]
oil by sebaceous glands. - czyrak mnogi
• injury ['indjari] - zranienie,
The skin is exposed to morę injuries than any other organ of the body. It is affected by many types uszkodzenie
of infections: bacterial, viral, fungal, as well as infections with parasites, such as scabies. Skin cancer, • irritation [iri'teifn]
the most common of which is skin melanoma, usually begins as a dark mole. It is freąuently triggered - podrażnienie
by excessive exposure to the sun rays. Skin allergy and irritation by harmful Chemicals cause many • itch [itj] - swędzieć
• lesion [’li:3an]
kinds of dermatitis (or eczema) which are the commonest of all occupational diseases. Acne, which is - uszkodzenie, zmiana
common in adolescence, is a condition of overactivity of sebaceous glands. Psoriasis is a chronic skin chorobowa
disorder that causes an overproduction of epithelial cells. Skin lesions are classified as primary or • mole [maul] - znamię
secondary. Primary lesions, which do not cause a break in the skin, comprise: acne, rash, eczema, • ointment ['ointmant] - maść
• perspiration [.pa.spa reifn]
furuncle, erythema and dermatomycosis. Secondary lesions, which break the skin include: crusts and - pocenie się
fissures caused by dermatitis, excoriations and ulcers. • protection [pra'tekfn]
- ochrona
• providc [pra'vaid]
EXERCISE A. Answer the following ąuestions. - dostarczyć, zaopatrzyć
1. What are the main functions of the skin? • psoriasis [so'raiasis]
- łuszczyca
2. Which layers of the skin play an important role in protecting from injury? • rash [raef] - wysypka
3. What is sweat excreted by? • rclieve [ri'li:v] - złagodzić
4. How is the body temperaturę regulated? • retain [ri'tcin]
5. What stimuli are nerve endings sensitive to? - zatrzymywać,
powstrzymywać
6. What are other special functions of the skin? ■ scabies ['skeibrz] - świerzb
• scratch [skraetf] - drapać
EXERCISE B. Define the following terms. • sebum [’si:bam] - łój
Sweat.............................................................. (skómy)
• secretion [si’kri:jan]
Perspiration................................................... - wydzielanie
Waterproof.................................................... • stimulus ['stimjulas], (pl.)
Acne............................................................... stimuli - bodziec
Psoriasis........................................................ trigger [ triga] - wyzwolić,
spowodować
Skin melanoma............................................ • uleer ['a1s9] - wrzód
Primary lesions............................................ • waterproof ['wo:ta,pru:f]
Secondary lesions........................................ - wodoodporny
• wax [waeks] - wosk

EXERCISE C. Practise the following dialogue.
Patient: It’s my little daughter this time, doctor. She’s got a bad rash on her neck and chest.
Doctor: How long has it been bothering her?
Patient: It wasn’t fhere when I bathed her last night.
Doctor: What about her face and other parts of the body? Are they affected by the rash, too?
Patient: Yes, I noticed some red patches on her cheeks and thighs. Her neck and chest don’t
look nice, realły.
Doctor: Can you describe the rash?
Patient: Her skin in these sites is reddened, slightly swollen, warm and itching. She’s
scratching all the time.
Doctor: Have you noticed anything else?
Patient: No, I haven’t. Her temperaturę is normal, but she’s been irritable and crying.
Doctor: Has she ever had a rash like this before?
Patient: No, she hasn’t; it’s the first time I’ve noticed it.
Doctor: Is she allergic to anything?
Patient: So far, I haven’t noticed any allergy, but I gave some bath oil to her bath and perhaps
she is allergic to it. Is there anything you could give her that would elear up the
problem?
Doctor: 1’11 prescribe some ointment and antihistamine drugs to relieve itching. That will help
her to sleep at night, too.
©
1. Jedną z funkcji skóry jest ochrona ciała przed uszkodzeniem mechanicznym.
2. Temperatura ciała jest obniżona przez pot, który paruje z powierzchni skóry.
3. Zmiany skórne, które nie powodują uszkodzeń skóry to: trądzik, czyrak mnogi, łuszczyca,
wysypka i egzema.
4. Najczęstszym objawem uczulenia jest swędząca wysypka, zaczerwienienie i obrzęk skóry.
5. Rak skóry jest najczęściej spowodowany nadmiernym działaniem promieni słonecznych.
6. Trądzik często występuje w wieku młodzieńczym i chrakteryzuje się nadczynnością gruczołów
łojowych.
7. Te zmiany skórne spowodowane są przez grzybicę i będzie pan musiał używać
specjalną maść przez dwa tygonie.
k
UNIT 5
THE BODY CAYITIES Word List

• abdominopclvic cavity
[,®bdamina'pelvik 'kaeviti]
- jama brzuszno-miedniczna
• bound [baund] - ograniczać,
wiązać
• brain [brcin] - mózg
There are three main cavities in the human body: the cranial cavity, the thoracic cavity and the • cranial cavity
abdominopelvic cavity. ['kreinial 'kaeviti]
-jama czaszkowa
The cranial cavity which is situated in the head contains the brain, which is the central part of the • diaphragm ['daiafraem]
nervous system. It is protected by the cranium. - przepona
The thoracic cavity extends from the base of the neck to the diaphragm muscle. The thorax (the • feverish ['fiwarij]
chest) is supported and protected by the ribs and the stemum at the sides and front, and the spinał - gorączkujący
• heart [ha:t] - serce
column at the back. The main structures in the thorax are the heart, the lungs, the oesophagus and • large intestine
large blood vessels, such as the aorta and pulmonary arteries. ['la:ds in'tcsti:n] - jelito grube
The abdominopelvic cavity, which is the largest cavity in the body lies below the diaphragm. It • liver [’liva] - wątroba
• lung [1 Aią] - płuco
consists of two parts: the abdominal cavity proper and the pelvic cavity. The abdominal wali is madę
• oesophagus [i:'sofagas]
up of three layers of muscles, fat, the connective tissue and skin. The contents of the abdominal cavity - przełyk
include the main organs of digestion, such as the stornach, smali and large intestines, the liver, the • pancreas [paepkrias]
pancreas and the spleen. The peritoneum is a thin membranę that lines the abdominal cavity and - trzustka
covers the organs in this cavity. • pelvis [ pelvis] - miednica
• peritoneum [,peritau'ni:am]
The pelvic cavity is located inferiorly to the abdominal cavity. It is bounded anteriorly and later- - otrzewna
ally by bones. The contents of the pelvis are: the urinary bladder, the lower part of the large intestine, • rectum [ rektam] - odbyt
the rectum and in females the female reproductive organs. • rcproductivc organs (pl.)
[,ri:pra'dAktiv ’o:ganz]
-organy rozrodcze
• rib [rib] - żebro
• slightly [slaitli]
EXERCISE A. Answer the following questions. - nieznacznie
■ smali intestine ['smo:l
1. What are the main cavities in the body?
in'testi:n] - jelito cienkie
2. What is the thorax bounded by? • sort out [so:t aut]
3. What organs does the thoracic cavity contain? - rozwiązać
4. What are the contents of the abdominal cavity? • spinał column
['spainl 'kolam] - kręgosłup
5. What organs lie in the pelvis?
• spleen [splim] - śledziona
6. Which is the largest cavity? ■ stemum ['stamamj - mostek
• stornach [ stAmak]
EXERCISE B. Practise this dialogue. - żołądek
• thoracic cavity [9o: raesik
Doctor: Weil, Mr. Sawitch. What’s brought you here today?
' kaevi ti] - jama klatki
Patient: I’ve been feeling feverish for a couple of months. Every evening, when I take my piersiowej
temperaturę, it’s slightly elevated, it’s 37.4°C. I don’t know the reason of it and I’d • urinary bladder
like you to sort it out. [juarinari 'blasda]
- pęcherz moczowy
Doctor: Do you remember how long exactly you’ve been feverish?
• weight [weit] - waga
Patient: I’m not surę, but I think I’ve been feeling like this for about six months.
Doctor: Apart from fever, are there any other problems?
Patient: I’ve been weak and tired almost all the time, it seems that I’ve lost all my energy.
Doctor: Do you feel any pain in your muscles?
Patient: Yes, a little.
Doctor: And what about your weight. Have you lost any weight lately?
Patient: Yes, I have, about five kilograms.
Doctor: Have you been coughing?
Patient: Oh, yes, I have.
Doctor: Do you feel any pain in your chest?
Patient: Only when I’m coughing.

EXERCISE C. Complete the following sentences, using the verbs: contain, comprise,
include.
1. The cranial cavity................................................
2. The thoracic cavity.............................................
3. The abdominal cavity.........................................
4. The pelvic cavity.................................................
EXERCISE D. Here is the list of Systems in the human body. Match the names and
definitions.
1. Nervous system a) is responsible for transport of food, wastes and respiratory gases;
2. Endocrine system b) is resposible for nutrition (ingestion, digestion and absorption of food);
3. Respiratory system c) is responsible for irritability and control (response to stimuli);
4. Circulatory system d) is responsible for reproduction (propagation of species);
5. Digestive system e) is responsible for movement;
6. Excretory system f) is responsible for metabolism and growth;
7. Reproductive system g) is responsible for respiration (oxygen intake and carbon dioxide loss);
8. Locomotor system h) is responsible for excretion (elimination of waste products
of metabolism);
EXERCISE E. Translate into English.

1. Jama piersiowa jest ograniczona od przodu mostkiem, z boku żebrami, a z tyłu kręgosłupem.
2. Serce oraz płuca, położone po jego obu stronach, znajdują się w jamie piersiowej.
3. Jama brzuszna, która jest największąjamą ciała, zawiera główne części układu pokarmowego.
4. Pacjent ma gorączkę, ból mięśni, a kiedy kaszle czuje ból w klatce piersiowej i plecach.
5. Czuje się słaby i stracił na wadze od wiosny.

UNIT 6
Word List
• appendicular [a'pcndi'kjulo]
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM - odnoszący się do kończyn
• axial [aek'sial] - osiowy
• carpal [’ka:pal]
- nadgarstkowy
■ cervical [’sa:vikal] - szyjny
• clavicle ['klaevikl]
— obojczyk
The skeletal system provides a framework for the body and protects the vital organs. It consists of • coccyx fkoksiks] - kość
guziczna, kość ogonowa
bones and joints. The human skeleton, which comprises 206 bones, is divided into two main parts: the • cranium ['kreiniam]
axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. - mózgoczaszka
The axial skeleton consists of the skuli, spinał column, ribs and stemum (breastbone). • femur [’fi:ma] - kość udowa
The skuli is subdivided into two parts: the cranium and the facial portion. The eight bones of the • fibula [Tibjula] - kość
strzałkowa
cranium are united firmly and form a rounded box that encloses the brain. • girdlc [’ga:dl] - obręcz
The bones of the trunk include the vertebral column (the spine), the ribs and the stemum. The • humerus ['hjurmaras] - kość
vertebral column is madę up of 33 irregularly shaped bones, called vertebrae divided into: seven ramieniowa
• lumbar [TAtnba]
cervical vertebrae (the first vertebra, the atlas, supports the head, the second, the axis, enables the
- lędźwiowy
movements of the head), twelve thoracic, five lumbar, five sacral vertebrae are fiised together to form • metacarpal [meta'ka:pal]
the sacrum, four or five smali terminal bones are also fused together to form the coccyx. - śródręczny
• metatarsal [meta'ta:sl]
Frontal bonę - śródstopowy
Zygomatic bonę • patella [pa'tela] - rzepka
Temporal bonę • phalanges (pl.) [faTtendsćz],
Maxilla (sing.) phalanx - paliczki
Orbital cavi • radius [ 'reidias] - kość
Mandible
Clavicle promieniowa
• sacrum ['scikram] - kość
Scapula ternum krzyżowa
• scapula ['skaepjula]
Humerus Ribs
- łopatka
• skuli [skAl] - czaszka
Floating rib • stemum ['sta:nam] - mostek
Radiu • tibia ['tibia] - kość
piszczelowa
Ulna Vertebral column
(spinał column) • ulna ['Alna] - kość łokciowa
Carpal • vertcbra [’va:tibra],
(pl.) yertebrae - kręg
Ilium
Metacarpal Sacrum
Coccyx
emur
Tibia
Patella
Tarsal
Metatarsal Fibula
Phalanx Distal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Fig.4. The skeleton.
The bones of the thorax form a cone-shaped rib cage, which protects the heart, lungs and other
organs. It is composed of twelve pairs of ribs and the stemum. The first seven pairs of ribs are at-
tached anteriorly to the stemum. Each rib from the next three pairs is attached to the rib above. The
last two pairs have no anterior attachment and are called the floating ribs.
The appendicular skeleton forms the skeleton of the upper and lower limbs. The bones of the
upper limb include the shoulder girdle composed of two bones: the clavicle (or collar bonę) and the
scapula (or shoulder blade). The arm bonę is called the humerus; the forearm bones are the ulna and
the radius. There are eight carpals in each wrist, five metacarpals in each palm, three phalanges in
each finger, and two phalanges in each thumb.
The bones of the lower limb are attached to the pelvic girdle, which consists of two hip bones.
Each lower limb contains the thigh bonę called the femur, the patella (or kneecap), and two leg bones,
15
E. Donesch-Jeżo — English for Medical Students and Doctors — 1
the tibia and fibula. There are seven tarsals in the ankle, five metatarsals in the middle of each foot,
two phalanges in each big toe, and three phalanges in each other toe.
EXERCISE A. Answer the following questions.

1. What are the functions of the skeleton?
2. What is the appendicular skeleton?
3. Which bones does the rib cage include?
4. How many bones does the wrist contain? What are they called?
5. What are the other names of the collar bonę, shoulder blade and patella?
Where are they located?
6. Is the humerus proximal or distal to the ulna?
7. Is the tibia distal to the humerus or femur?
8. How many bones does the middle of the foot contain? What are they called?
EXERCISE B. Complete the following sentences.

1. The old woman slipped, fell and dislocated her................
2. Last winter I broke my.................and had it in plaster for some weeks.
3. Two days ago he had to carry heavy boxes and now his............... is swollen and painful.
4. When he plays tennis, he gets a pain in his............... and he cannot straighten his..............
5. When he was playing basketball, he sprained his.............. Now he has to wear an elastic
bandage over it.
6. The old man was unable to bend his..............
7. My husband got a sharp pain in the.............. and he cannot bend down.
8. The man fell from a ladder and broke three of his...............
EXERCISE C. (1) Study the word roots related to the skeletal system.

cost(o)- Ribs Costostemal — żebrowo-mostkowy
arthr(o)- Joints Arthrosclerosis - sztywność stawów
oste(o)- Bonę Osteoarthritis - zapalenie kości i stawów
crani(o)- Skuli Craniostenosis - zmniejszenie objętości czaszki
brachi(o)- Arm Brachialgia - ból ramienia
The suffix -piasty means (2) The suffix -piasty means ‘a plastic reconstruction of’, e.g. Arthroplasty is a plastic recon
‘a plastic reconstruction struction of the joint(s). Make up new terms from the roots given below and the suffix -piasty and
of’ explain their meaning as in the example.
Costo- ...........................................................
Dermato- .......................................................
Osteo- ...........................................................
Cranio- ...........................................................
Brachio- .........................................................

1. Kość ramieniowa łączy się z jednej strony z obojczykiem i łopatką, a z drugiej strony
z kością łokciową i promieniową.
2. Kręgi krzyżowe połączone są ze sobą tworząc kość krzyżową.
3. Każdy palec ręki składa się z trzech paliczków.
4. Szkielet kończyny dolnej połączony jest z kośćmi obręczy miedniczej.
5. Kość udowa jest najdłuższą i najmocniejszą kością ciała ludzkiego.
6. Rzepka kolana łączy kość udową z dwiema kośćmi podudzia, kością piszczelową
i strzałkową.

UNIT 7
Word List
• alveoli (pl.) [aelvialai],
(sing.) alveolus - pęcherzyki
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM płucne
• attach [a 'taetf] - przyłączyć
• base [beis] - podstawa
• bronchi (pl.) [broąkai],
(sing.) bronchus - oskrzela
• bronchiole ['brorykiaul]
- oskrzelik
• cone [kaun] - stożek
The respiratory system (RS) is responsible for carrying oxygen from the air to the bloodstream • factor [Takta] - czynnik
and for eliminating the waste product carbon dioxide. • hoarseness [’ho:snis]
The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, main bronchi, bronchioles - chrypka
• hurt [ha:t] - zranienie;
and the alveoli of the lungs, called sometimes air sacs.
zranić, boleć
The initial part of the respiratory system is the nose. It is divided by the nasal septum into two • laryngopharynx
nasal cavities. The nasal cavities are connected posteriorly with the pharynx. [la.riągofaeriąks]
The pharynx (or throat), which is a muscular tubę, is divided into nasopharynx behind the nasal - krtaniowa część gardła
• linę [lain] - linia; wyścielić
cavities, oropharynx behind the mouth and laryngopharynx which opens into the larynx. The tonsils
• lobe [laub] - płat
are located in the oropharynx. Both the larynx and trachea are kept open by cartilages in the shape of • lung [lAr(] - płuco
rings. The larynx contains the vocal cords, by vibrations of which the voice is produced. • nasopharynx
The trachea (or windpipe) is a long tubę which runs down through the neck to the thorax. The [,neizo'fafflqks]
- część nosowa gardła
trachea divides into two bronchi below the base of the neck. Each bronchus enters each lung and then
• oropharynx [auro'fierir)ks]
divides and subdivides into thin-walled tubes called bronchioles. Each bronchiole finally enters the - część ustna gardła
alveoli or the air sacs which form the terminal part of the respiratory tract. There are millions of • parietal [paraitl] - ścienny
alveoli in the human lung. The thin walls of the alveoli permit easy passage for the carbon dioxide and • pleura ['pluara] - opłucna
• respiration [,respi'reijan]
oxygen entering and leaving the blood when it circulates in capillaries of the alveoli.
- oddychanie
The lungs are the essential organs of respiration. They are cone-shaped organs situated in the • respiratory system
thoracic cavity on either side of the heart. The base of each lung rests on the diaphragm. Each lung is ['respiratari sistam]
divided into łobes. The right lung consists of three lobes: upper, middle and lower. The left lung has - układ oddechowy
• sac [saek] - pęcherzyk
two lobes: upper and lower.
• tonsil ['tonsil] - migdałek
Each lung is lined with a double serous membranę, called the pleura. The portion of the pleura that • trachea [tra 'kia] - tchawica
covers the surface of the lung is called the visceral pleura, while the portion that lines the chest wali is • visceral [’visaral] - trzewny
called the parietal pleura. The space between these membranes is called intrapleural space. • vocal cords (pl.)
['vaukal ’ko:dz] - struny
głosowe
EXERCISE A. Answer the following ąuestions.

1. What are the functions of the respiratory system?
2. What are the main parts of the respiratory system?
3. How are the larynx and trachea kept open?
4. Where are the vocal cords located?
5. What are the lungs composed of?
6. Where are the lungs located?
7. How many lobes does the right lung consist of?

Doctor: Hello, Mr. Adams. Fm Dr. Evans.
Patient: Hello, Dr. Evans.
Doctor: How are you feeling today? Are you any better?
Patient: Not too well, Fm afraid. I have a pain in my chest and I cough a lot. I also have a sore
throat and hoarseness.
Doctor: When did it all begin?
Patient: It all began two days ago and today it’s much worse. I even have some difficulty with
breathing.
Doctor: What kind of cough have you got? Do you bring anything up when you cough?
Patient: At first it was a dry cough but now Fve been coughing up some phlegm.
Doctor: Do you feel any pain in your back on coughing?
Patient: Oh yes. When I cough I feel an acute pain both in my chest and back.
Doctor: Have you a fever?
Patient: Yes, I have. When I took temperaturę this moming it was 37.8°C but later it jumped up
to 38.6°C.
Doctor: Now, 1’m going to examine you. Could you strip to your waist. First FU have a look at
your throat and then auscultate your chest. Open your mouth as wide as you can. Say
‘ah’. Put your tongue out as far as you can. Take a few deep breaths in and out through
your nose, please. Stop breathing for a moment.
EXERCISE C. State the location of the following organs in relation to other organs. Use locative
adjectives and locative prepositions.
1. The nose is.................................. to the eyes.
2. The pharynx is........................... to the larynx.
3. Thelarynxis.............................. to the pharynx.
4. The trachea runs..................................... to the oesophagus.
5. The air cells are...................................... to the bronchi.
6. The lungs lie........................................... to the heart.
EXERCISE D. (1) Study the word roots related to the parts of the respiratory system.

pulmo- Lungs Pulmonology - nauka zajmująca się chorobami płuc
pneumo- Lungs Pneumonia - zapalenie płuc
thorac(o)- Chest Thoracolumbar - piersiowo-lędźwiowy
pleur(a)- Pleura Pleuracotomy - drenaż jamy opłucnej
pharyng(o)- Pharynx Pharyngoscopy - wziernikowanie gardła
laryng(o)- Larynx Laryngoscopy - wziernikowanie krtani
rhino(o)- Nose Rhinopathy - choroba nosa
bronch(o)- Bronchial tree Bronchoconstriction - zwężenie oskrzeli
trache(o)- Trachea Tracheospasm - skurcz tczawicy
The suffix -itis means (2) The suffix -itis means ‘inflammation of, e.g. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchi.
‘inflammation of Make up new terms from the roots given below and the suffix -itis and explain their meaning as in the
example. Pulmo- ......................................................
Pleur- ........................................................
Pharyng- ....................................................
Laryng- ......................................................
Rhin- ..........................................................
Trache- .......................................................
Arthr- ..........................................................
Oste- ...........................................................

1. Gardło prowadzi do krtani zawierającej struny głosowe, których wibracje wytwarzają głos.
2. Pacjent skarży się na ból gardła, chrypkę i trudności w oddychaniu.
3. Wieczorem jego temperatura gwałtownie podwyższyła się.
4. Proszę rozebrać się do pasa.
5. Oddychaj głęboko przez nos; zatrzymaj oddech na chwilę.
6. Z początku kaszel był suchy, lecz teraz pacjent wykrztusza plwocinę.

UNIT 8
Word List
• absorb [ab'so:b]
RESPIRATION AND DISEASES - wchłaniać, pochłaniać

• absorption [ab'so:pfan]
- wchłanianie, pochłanianie
OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • accessory [ak’sesari]
- dodatkowy, pomocniczy
• benign [bi'nain] - łagodny
(nowotwór)
• blood [bUd] - krew
• bluish ['blu:ij) - niebieskawy
• bronchitis [brorfkaitis] -
The function of respiration is to provide the energy needed by body cells. zapalenie oskrzeli
• capillary [ka'pilari] -
The act of respiration or breathing consists of two processes: extemal respiration and intemal naczynie włosowate
respiration. The extemal respiration means the exchange of gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide, be- • carbon dioxide ['ka:ban
tween the blood and the atmospheric air. This process takes place in the air sacs of the lungs. The dai oksaid] - dwutlenek węgla
exchange of gases between the cells and the blood is known as the intemal respiration. • consecutive [kon'sekjutiv]
- kolejny
Air enters the respiratory tract through the nose or mouth. In the air sacs of the lungs oxygen • cyanosis [’saia'nausis]
diffuses to the blood where it is absorbed by erythrocytes. It is then taken to the body cells. - sinica
Carbon dioxide is carried by the blood stream in the opposite direction, that is, from the tissues to • diffuse [di'fju:s, di'fju:z]
the lungs. It passes from the lung capillaries into the air sacs and is finally exhaled from the lungs. — rozproszony; rozpraszać
• distension [dis'tenfan] -
J£he accessory organs of respiration are the ribs, the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm. Dur- rozszerzenie
ing inspiration the ribs move outward and the diaphragm is flattened. These processes enlarge the • distress [dis’tres] - ciężki
volume of the thorax and the air is drawn into the lungs through the respiratory tract. In expiration, the stan, wyczerpanie
ribs are lowered by relaxation of the intercostal muscles, the diaphragm is elevated reducing the • dyspnoea [dis’pnia]
— duszności
volume of the thorax. The reduced thoracic volume forces the air out from the lungs. Normally, in one • emphysema [.cmfi'si:ma]
minutę we take 18-20 breaths of air. - rozedma płuc, odma
Air passages carry potentially dangerous bacteria. Therefore, all parts of the respiratory system • enlarge [in'la:d3]
are exposed to infection by microorganisms present in the air. The most common diseases of the - powiększyć
• exhale [eks'heil] - wydychać
upper respiratory tract are mild infections, such as a cold, influenza, rhinitis, pharyngitis and laryngi- • flexible ['flcksabl] - giętki
tis. The diseases of the lower respiratory tract are morę serious and include bronchitis, pneumonia, • haemoptysis [hi:'moptisis]
pleuritis and lung cancer. - krwioplucie
Asthma is a reversible, spasmodic contraction of the muscles of the bronchi called bronchospasm, • hoarseness ['ho:snis]
- chrypka
which obstructs the passage of the air. The asthmatic attack can be caused by various stimuli, such as • influenza [,influ'enza]
dust, pollen, animal fur, food, Chemicals, etc. Emphysema is the loss of elasticity of the alveoli caus- -grypa
ing distention of the lungs. Respiratory distress syndrome is a cause of death in newbom babies. • intercostal [inta'kostl]
Tumours, both benign and malignant, of various kinds may occur in the lungs. Lung cancer is caused - międzyżebrowy
• involve [in’volv] - wciągnąć
mainly by cigarette smoking. (w proces chorobowy)
• malaise [maTeiz] - złe
samopoczucie
• malignant [maTignant]
- złośliwy
• obstruct [ab'strAkt] - zatkać,
zaczopować
• oxygen ['oksidjan] - tlen
• pharyngitis [,faerin'd3aitis]
- zapalenie gardła
• pneumonia [nju:'maunia]
- zapalenie płuc
• pollen [ polan] - pyłek
• reversible [ri'va:sabl]
- odwracalny
• rhinitis [rafnaitis] - nieżyt
nosa, katar
• sore throat [’so:'0raut] - ból
gardła
• spasmodic [spaez'modik]
Fig.6. The thorax during breathing: (A) inspiration, (B) expiration. - spazmatyczny, skurczowy
• tonsillitis [.tonsiTaitis]
Respiratory symptoms include: fever, sore throat, dyspnoea (difficulty in breathing), cough, which - zapalenie migdałków
• volume [’volju:m]
may be dry or productive, sputum production, hoarseness, pain, nasal discharge, haemoptysis (cough- - objętość, pojemność
ing up blood), and cyanosis (bluish colour of the mucosa). In addition generał malaise, weight loss,
anaemia and weakness freąuently accompany the local thoracic symptoms.

1. What processes does the respiration consist of?
2. What is extemal respiration?
3. What is intemal respiration?
4. How does the air enter the lungs?
5. What are the accessory organs of respiration?
6. How are the processes of inspiration and expiration carried out?
7. What are the most common diseases of the respiratory tract?

Doctor: Good moming, Mr. Walker. How are you today?
Patient: Not so good.
Doctor: I understand you still have some pain in your chest.
Patient: Yes, it’s very bad, especially when I cough.
Doctor: Does your back ache, too?
Patient: Yes, it does. I frequently have difficulties with breathing.
Doctor: What’s your temperaturę?
Patient: Not very high; 37.5°C.
Doctor: I see. Now, where exactly have you got this pain?
Patient: Here. Right along here.
Doctor: Thank you for a moment. Now, I’m going to examine you.
Take a deep breath with your mouth open..............
(After an examination)
Doctor: I’d like you to have some specialist investigations done in order to fmd out the cause of
your problem. First of all, you’ll have to get your chest X-rayed. Then for three con-
secutive momings you have to bring to the pathology laboratory a sample of the phlegm
that you cough up in the moming in order to find the pathogen responsible for your
disease. Next, it will be necessary to do bronchoscopy. In this examination a narrow
flexible tubę is inserted to your bronchi and lungs to observe them and take samples of
the tissue of your lungs, called biopsy. Don’t worry, you will get a local anaesthetic
before the tubę is passed down into your lungs, so that you would not feel any pain. You
will be admitted to hospital for a day or two to have it done.
EXERCISE C. Fili in the table explaining what happens with oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc., dur-
ing inspiration and expiration.
oxygen carbon dioxide the ribs the diaphragm
Inspiration
Expiration

1. Wymiana gazowa między powietrzem atmosferycznym w pęcherzykach płucnych, a krwią
w kapilarach płucnych zwana jest oddychaniem zewnętrznym.
2. Wymiana gazowa między krwią, a komórkami tkanek ciała zwana jest oddychaniem
wewnętrznym.
3. Objawami infekcji dróg oddechowych są: gorączka, kaszel, chrypka, duszności oraz ogólne
osłabienie.
4. Proszę pokazać gdzie boli.
5. Należy zrobić prześwietlenie klatki piersiowej oraz bronchoskopię oskrzeli i płuc, w czasie
której wykonana będzie biopsja.
6. Proszę przynieść próbkę flegmy, którą wykrztusza pan rano do badania bakteriologicznego.
EXERCISE E. Give the formal equivalents of the following terms. Each dash (_) represents
one letter; some letters are given.
1. Air sac a_v_ _s 10. Kneecap P____ L_
2. Armpit X _a 11. Limb x r y
3. Bottom b t s 12. Shoulder blade _p a
4. Breathing s r n 13. Skuli c u
5. Breathing in i i n 14. Smali of the back 1 n
6. Breathing out e_ a__ 15. Spinał column/spine v ren
7. Breastbone s u 16. Throat P x
8. Chest 0 X 17. Voice box 1 x
9. Collar bonę C V 18. Windpipe r a

UNIT 9
Word List
• anaemia [a'ni:mia] - anemia
• bonę marrow ['baun
maerau] - szpik kostny
THE BLOOD AND ITS DISORDERS • ciot [klot] - skrzep
• coagulation
[kau.aegjuleifan]
- krzepnięcie
• connective tissue [ka'nektiv
'tisju:] - tkanka łączna
• constituent [kan'stitjuant]
- składnik
The blood is the sticky red fluid circulating in our veins and arteries. Its main functions are: • count [kaunt] - ilość; liczyć
transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, foodstuffs and hormones, defence against infections, and regu- • defensive mechanism
lation of pH and temperaturę. [di'fcnsiv 'mcka.nizam]
- mechanizm obronny
The blood is a connective tissue. There are four primary constituents in the blood. They are: the
• decrease [di:'kri:s]
fluid matrix called the plasma and three types of cells, namely, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and - zmniejszyć
thrombocytes. Plasma is the fluid matrix of the blood. It is colourless and contains seven classes of • deficiency [di'fifansi]
substances: water, salts, proteins, carbohydrates, wastes, gases and hormones. Water constitutes 91 - niedobór
• dissolve [di’zolv]
per cent of plasma. Other materials are dissolved or suspended in this water. Plasma takes part in
- rozpuścić
transport of some substances. • dizziness ['dizinas] - zawrót
Erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBC) are discoid, non-nucleated cells. They contain the red głowy
pigment and protein called haemoglobin. The human blood comprises 4.4 to 5 million red blood cells • enlargement [inTardjmant]
- powiększenie
per cubic millimetre. Erythrocytes carry oxygen from the lung capillaries to the body cells and carbon
• exertion [ig’za:fan]
dioxide in the opposite direction. Oxygen combined with haemoglobin gives the blood dark bluish - wysiłek
red colour. • erythrocyte [i’ri0rosait] -
erytrocyt, krwinka czerwona
• fluid [fluid] - płyn
• haemoglobin
[,hi:ma’glaubin]
- hemoglobina
• impair [im'pea]
- upośledzić, uszkodzić
• inerease [in'kri:s] - wzrastać
• leukaemia [,lju:'ki:mia]
- białaczka
• leukocyte [ lju:kasait]
- leukocyt, krwinka biała
• leukocytosis
[,lju:kasai'tausis]
- leukocytoza, zwiększony
poziom leukocytów we krwi
• leukopenia [.lju:ka'pi:nia]
- leukopenia
• matrix ['meitriks]
- substancja podstawowa
• multiplication
[,mAltipli'keijan]
- pomnożenie
• nucleated [’nju:klietid] -
Fig. 7. The blood cells. jądrzasty
• obese [au'bi:s] - otyły
• oedema [i’di:ma] - otyłość
Leukocytes or white blood cells (WBC) are ameboid, nucleated cells. They are larger than eryth • pale [peil] - blady
rocytes. Their number is about 8,000 per cubic millimetre. There are two main groups of leukocytes: • plasma ['plaezma] - osocze
the granulocytes (granular leukocytes) which have granules in their cytoplasm and agranulocytes krwi
• sedimentation ratę
(non-granular leukocytes) which have no granules in their cytoplasm. Granulocytes are basophils, [,sedimcn'tcijh 'reit]
eosinophils and neutrophils. Agranulocytes are lymphocytes and monocytes. In generał, leukocytes - szybkość opadania
form the defensive mechanism of the body; they are part of the immune system. They ingest bacteria • suspended [sa 'spendid]
and produce antibodies against pathogenic organisms. - zawieszony
• thrombocytc ['Orombosait]
Thrombocytes (blood platelets) are the smallest cells in the blood. They are non-nucleated and
- trombocyt, płytka krwi
discoid in shape. The blood contains approximately 300,000 thrombocytes per cubic millimetre.
They are mainly concemed with blood coagulation or blood clotting.
Lymph is a liquid which consits of blood plasma, leukocytes and protein. The function of lymph is
similar to that of blood. It circulates among the body tissues carrying oxygen and food. It also collects
the waste materials from the cells.

There are many types of disorders affecting the blood. The most common disorder of the blood is
anaemia, which means deficiency of haemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying pigment of the red blood
cells. The patient feels. weak, looks pale, may suffer headaches and slight fever. Leukaemia is the
cancer-like disease of white blood cells. It is characterized by an uncontrolled multiplication or accu-
mulation of white blood cells in the bonę marrow, which replace normal marrow cells. There is also
multiplication of white blood cells in such organs as the liver, spleen and lymph nodes. Leukaemic
white blood cells multiply but they do not reach the stage at which they can defend infections. The
body gradually loses its ability to fight infections. This is accompanied by anaemia and impaired
blood clotting. Other disorders affecting the blood are: leukocytosis which is an increase in the number
of white cells in the blood, leukopenia which means a lower than normal number of white blood cells,
thrombocytosis - an increased number of platelets in the blood, thrombocytopenia - an abnormally
decreased number of platelets in the blood, and thrombosis - formation of a thrombus.

1. What kind of tissue is the blood?
2. What are the main components of the blood?
3. What does plasma take part in?
4. What is the shape of erythrocytes and what is their ąuantity per cubic millimetre?
5. What is the function of erythrocytes?
6. What is the function of leukocytes?
7. What are thrombocytes concemed with?

Doctor: Hello, Robert. I don’t want to waste your time, but can you spare me some
moments?
Consultant: Certainly. What can I do for you?
Doctor: I need a piece of advice. A patient, a 45-year-old małe, hypertensive, obese,
with some specific symptoms was admitted to my ward three days ago. His pulse
was 100 per min., respirations 18 per min., blood pressure 165/100 mmHg, the
chest X-ray showed enlargement of the left ventricle and pulmonary oedema. He
gave a history of chest pain, acute headaches, occasional dizziness and dyspnoea
on exertion of about one year duration. He has had increasing angina pectoris
which has been present at rest. There was no history of ankle oedema. There’s a
positive family history.
Consultant: What about his blood and urine tests?
Doctor: His red blood count is 3,120,000/mm3, Hb 8g/dl, white blood count 15,000/mm3,
sedimentation ratę 20. His urine shows the presence of some proteins and
bacteria, mainly Escherichia coli.
Consultant: Have electrocardiogram and echocardiogram been ordered?
Doctor: Yes, they have. His ECG shows a little left ventricular hypertrophy and strain, the
ST segment is decreased, the T wave looks normal, the ratę and rhythm of his
heart appears to be all right. His echocardiogram confirms hypertrophy of the left
ventricle.
Consultant: Have you ordered ultrasonography of the kidneys?
Doctor: Yes, I have, but I haven’t got the results yet.
Consultant: When the results come, we Tl see whether it is primary or secondary
hypertension and what therapy should be instituted. In case there’s a proved
kidney failure, I’d put him on proper antibiotics, one of beta-blockers and
possibly diuretics.
EXERCISE C. Fili in the following table using Information in the reading passage.
Blood constituents Shape Number per cubic millimetre Function

EXERCISE D. (1) Study the word roots related to the blood and circulatory system.

thromb- Blood ciot Thrombus/Thrombi - skrzep/skrzepy
arteri- Artery Arteriosclerosis - stwardnienie tętnic
phlebo- Vein Phlebitis — zapalenie żyły
cardio- Heart Cardiomegaly - powiększenie serca
hema(to)- Blood Hematology - nauka o krwi
sanguin- Blood Sanguinopoietic - krwiotwórczy
angio- Blood vessel Angiography - angiografia
vas- Blood vessel Yascularity - unaczynienie
(2) The suffix -oma means ‘malignant neoplasm or tumour’, e.g. Lymphoma is malignant neo- The suffix -oma means
plasm of the lymphatic system. Make up new terms from the roots given below and the suffix -oma ‘malignant neoplasm or
and define them as in the example. tumour '
hemato- ...................................................................
angio- ......................................................................
adeno- ......................................................................
osteo- .......................................................................
pleur- ........................................................................

1. Krew, która składa się z osocza oraz erytrocytów, leukocytów i trombocytów, spełnia wiele
funkcji, takich jak rozprowadzanie pokarmu i tlenu do wszystkich komórek, obrona przed infekcjami
oraz krzepnięcie w przypadku uszkodzenia naczynia krwionośnego.
2. Najczęstsze choroby krwi to anemia, leukocytoza, leukopenia, trombocytoza, trombocytopenia,
zakrzepica i białaczka.
3. Pacjent podał historię nadciśnienia, bólu w klatce piersiowej, zawrotów głowy oraz duszności
przy wysiłku.
4. Zdjęcie rtg. pokazało powiększoną lewą komorę serca i obrzęk płuc.
5. Ultrasonografia nie wykazała istotnych zmian w nerkach.
6. Pacjentowi przepisano antybiotyk, beta bloker oraz lek moczopędny.

UNIT 10
Word List
• accompany [a'kAmpani]
- towarzyszyć THE CARDIOYASCULAR SYSTEM AND ITS
• acąuired [a'kwaiad]
-nabyty
• arteriole [a:'tisrisul] -
DISORDERS
tętniczka
• arteriosclerosis
[a: .tiariosklia 'rausis]
- stwardnienie tętnic
• artery f'a:tari] - arteria, The main components of the cardiovascular system (CVS) are the heart, the blood vessels and the
tętnica
• atherosclerosis
blood. The heart pumps the blood into elastic arteries, which lead to arterioles. These break up into
[ ,ae9aro .sklia 'rausis] networks of capillaries, which branch among the tissues. The return of the blood to the heart takes
- miażdżyca tętnic place through venules and veins.
• atrium [eitriam], (pi.) The heart is a cone-shaped hollow organ situated in the central part of the chest. Its apex is di-
atria - przedsionek
• coarctation of aorta rected towards the diaphragm. The heart is approximately the size of a fist. The heart wali is built up
[,kaua:k'teifan av ciota] of three layers of tissue: the pericardium, which is the outer layer, the myocardium or the cardiac
- zwężenie tętnicy muscle and the inner layer called the endocardium. The heart is divided into two sides by a septum;
• congenital [kan djenital] each side contains two chambers. The two upper chambers are called the atria or auricles, where the
- wrodzony
• coronary circulation blood is received from the veins, and the two lower chambers called the ventricles pump the blood
['koranari 'sa:kju'leifan] into the arteries. The septum which separates the atria from the ventricles contains the valves that
- krążenie wieńcowe prevent the blood from retuming to the atria. The right atrioventricular valve is called the tricuspid
• endocarditis valve because it has three flaps that open and close. When this valve is open, the blood flows freely
[,endauka:'daitis] - zapalenie
wsierdzia from the right atrium into the right yentricle. When the right ventricle begins to contract, the valve
• Fallofs tetralogy closes, preventing the blood from retuming to the right atrium. The left atrioventricular valve, called
[faelats ta'traelad3i] the bicuspid or mitral valve, has two flaps that work similarly to the tricuspid valve.
- tetralogia Fallota The heart pumps the blood round the body through the blood vessels distributing the oxygen and
• lumen [’lu:man] - światło
(przewodu) food and taking back carbon dioxide and other wastes. Blood vessels leading to and from the lungs
• myocarditis [.maiaka:'daitis] form the pulmonary circulation; the blood vessels leading to and from the tissues in the body form the
- zapalenie mięśnia systemie circulation
sercowego Blood poor in oxygen Blood rich in oxygen
• patent ductus arteriosus
['peitent dAktas aftiariosas] Veins of
- drożny przewód tętniczy Arteries of
head and neck
• pericarditis [,perika:'daitis] and neck
- zapalenie osierdzia
• portal circulation
['po:tal ,sa:kju'leijan]
- krążenie wrotne
• pulmonary ['pAlmanari]
- płucny Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein
• septum ['septam]
- przegroda Superior vena cava .Left atrium
• spread [spred] Right atrium
Tricuspid valve Mitral valve
- rozprzestrzeniać
Right ventricle
• systemie circulation
Inferior vena cava Coronary artery
[sfstemik ,sa:kju'leijan]
- krążenie ogólnoustrojowe Hepatic vein
• thrombus [’0rombas] Hepatic artery (liver)
- skrzeplina
• tightness ['taitnis] Arteries to
- ciasnota, ściskanie Hepatic portal vein
most abdominal
• valve [vaelv] - zastawka organs
• vein [vein] - żyła
• ventricle [’ventrikl] artery (kidney)
Renal vein
- komora (sercowa)
• venule [’venjul] - żyłka
Veins Arteries of
legs
Fig.8. The pulmonary and systemie circulation.
The portal circulation is a branch of the generał circulation carrying the blood rich in foodstuffs
from the abdominal organs to the liver. The coronary circulation, which is also a branch of the sys
temie circulation, supplies the heart wali with the blood.

The blood flows into the right atrium from the venae cavae (vena cava superior and vena cava
inferior). It passes into the right ventricle, which pumps it out along the pulmonary artery to the lungs.
There the blood leaves carbon dioxide and takes oxygen. It retums along the pulmonary veins to the
left atrium, passes into the left ventricle, and is pumped out through the aorta into smaller arteries that
lead to the trunk, arms, legs and the brain.
Common circulatory disorders affect mainly the heart. They may be either congenital deformities
or acąuired heart diseases. Congenital heart disorders comprise such anomalies as patent ductus ar-
teriosus, coarctation of aorta, atrial septal defect or Fallofs tetralogy. There are many forms of acąuired
heart diseases, for example, pericarditis, myocarditis, endocarditis, or inflammation of the aorta, aortitis.
One of the commonest diseases of arteries is arteriosclerosis, which is characterized by thickening
and hardening of the arterial walls. A form of this disease is atherosclerosis in which the arteries
become narrowed or clogged with deposits of fatty materiał, mainly cholesterol in the form of athero-
mas. Atherosclerosis is progressive and usually does not produce symptoms until there is significant
blockage of the blood flow. Sometimes, in fact one of the first symptoms of this disease is heart attack.
The heart attack is caused by sudden cutting off the blood supply by a ciot (thrombus). As a result of
the lack of blood, part of the muscle is damaged and loses the ability to contract. This condition is
known as myocardial infarction. The first symptom of heart attack is a feeling of tightness or pressure
in the central part of the chest, spreading to the back, jaw and arms. The pain is accompanied by
shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, and dizziness.
The risk factors of atherosclerosis are: high level of cholesterol, high blood pressure (hyperten-
sion), cigarette smoking, obesity, a sedentary life style, ageing, being małe and heredity.

1. What are the main constituents of the circulatory system?
2. What is the function of auricles and ventricles?
3. How does the blood reach the lungs?
4. Where is the blood oxygenated?
5. Where is the blood pumped from the left ventricle?
6. What are common circulatory diseases?
EXERCISE B. Complete these sentences, using the verbs pass and flow.
1. Blood....... from the venae cavae into the...........
2. Blood........ through the......... to the right ventricle.
3. Blood........ out of the......... through the pulmonary artery.
4. It........ through the pulmonary artery......... to the lungs.
5. It........ out of the lungs through......... and......... into the left...........
EXERCISE C. Define the following:

Systemie circulation....................................................................
Pulmonary circulation.................................................................
Coronary circulation....................................................................
Portal circulation.........................................................................
Atherosclerosis.............................................................................
Heart infaret..................................................................................
EXERCISE D. Translate into Polish.

On 5th April a 43-year-old małe was admitted to hospital with acute central chest pain of 12 hours
duration. He had difficulties with breathing. On the second day the heart murmurs were heard on
auscultation, which disappeared 24 hours later. Then he developed arrhythmia, which decreased after
2 hours. A weak pulse was palpated on the wrist. Three days prior to the admission, the patient had
suffered a sporadic severe chest pain in the region of the heart. The pain spread towards the jaws and
the left shoulder and down the left arm to fingers. The pain was relieved for a short time by nitroglyc-
erin infusion. The rest of the chest was elear to auscultation and percussion. There was no history of
nausea or ankle swełling. About five years ago he was treated for kidney infection. His blood pressure
was 140/95, pulse 75, temperaturę 37.9°C. Diagnosis of myocardial infarction was confirmed by
ECG and laboratory tests. The patient stayed in hospital for six weeks. He was prescribed a combined
pharmacotherapy with heparin, atropinę, dopamine, dobutamine, and epinephrine. Additionally, he
underwent coronary angioplasty. He responded well to the therapy and was discharged home in a
good condition on 20th May. The patient was asked to return to hospital for a check-up in four weeks’
time. He was given very elear and strict instructions about his diet, work, exercise, and use of stimu-
lants.

©
1. 15 marca 56-letni mężczyzna został przyjęty do szpitala z objawami silnego bólu
w okolicy serca.
2. Ból promieniował w kierunku szyi i lewego barku.
3. Trzy lata temu pacjent leczony był na przewlekłe zapalenie stawów.
4. Podczas osłuchiwania klatki piersiowej, w okolicy serca słyszalne były szmery serca.
5. Na nadgarstku wyczuwalne było słabe tętno.
6. Rozpoznanie zawału serca zostało potwierdzone przez elektrokardiogram oraz badania
laboratoryjne.
7. Muszę podać choremu tabletkę nitrogliceryny, zmierzyć ciśnienie krwi i zrobić
elektrokardiogram.
8. Przed snem pielęgniarka musi podać choremu środek uspokajający.
9. Obawiam się, że to może być zawał przedniej ściany serca.
10. A: Jak często będę musiała mierzyć choremu tętno i ciśnienie krwi?
B: Proszę mierzyć tętno co 15 minut i ciśnienie krwi co pół godziny, dopóki jego oddech nie
będzie normalny.
11. Pacjent, po 6-tygodniowym pobycie w szpitalu, został wypisany w dobrym stanie zdrowia 29
kwietnia.
EXERCISE F. Give the formal equivalents of the following terms. Each dash (_) represents one
letter; some letters are given.
1. Atrium
2. Bicuspid valve
3. Cardiac muscle
4. Circulatory system
5. Ciot
6. Coagulation
7. Defensive system
8. Heart attack
9. Red blood celi
10. White blood celi
11. Blood platelet

UNIT 11
Word List
• anus ['einas] - odbyt
• bile duet ['bail 'dAkt]
THE DIGESTIYE SYSTEM - przewód żółciowy
• bowel ['baual] - jelito
• caecum [’si:kam] - jelito
ślepe
• cardia [’ka:dia] - wpust
• colon [kaulan] - okrężnica
• diarrhoea ].daia’ria]
The function of the digestive system is to break down food into Chemical components that the - biegunka
body can absorb and use for energy and building cells and tissues. • digestive system
[di'dsestiv 'sistam] - układ
The digestive system, which is also called the gastrointestinal system (GIS) is a long tubę divided pokarmowy
into several parts: the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stornach, smali intestine and large intestine. • duodenum [’djua'di:nam]
The mouth is bounded by the upper and lower lips. The gums with teeth are situated behind them. - dwunastnica
The mouth contains the tongue and the salivary glands located around it. There are parotid, sub- • enzyme ['enzairn] - enzym
• Eustachian tubę
mandibular and sublingual glands, all of them producing saliva. The pharynx, which is also referred [ju:'steikian tju:b] - trąbka
to as the throat, is a short muscular tubę leading to the oesophagus. The openings of the Eustachian Eustachiusza
tubę are at the sides of the pharynx. The tonsils are situated below them. A long muscular tubę known • gallbladder ['go:l'blaeda]
as the oesophagus leads from the pharynx through the neck and thorax to the stornach. - pęcherzyk żółciowy
• gastric juice ['gaestric
The stornach, a large ovoid J-shaped sack, lies below the diaphragm. The mucous membranę d3u:s] - sok żołądkowy
lining the inner walls of the stornach produces the gastric juice which is composed of several en- • gum [gAtn] - dziąsło
zymes. The gastric juice together with the hydrochloric acid take part in the process of digestion. The • hydrochloric acid
entrance to the stornach is regulated by the cardiac sphincter. The stornach exit is regulated by the [,haidra'klorik 'aesid] - kwas
solny
pyloric sphincter. They permit the passage of substances in only one direction. The smali intestine, • ileum filiam]-jelito kręte,
which passes from the stornach, is the longest part of the digestive system (it is 3 to 4 m long). It is krętnica
divided into three regions: the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. The bile duet from the liver • jejunum [d3i’d3u:nam] -
opens into the duodenum. The large intestine begins with the caecum. A smali blind tubę called jelito czcze
• liver ['liva] - wątroba
vermiform appendix is attached to the first part of the caecum. The caecum passes into the colon, • mucous membranę ['mju:kas
which is divided into ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon. The colon empties into membrein] - błona śluzowa
the rectum. The terminal part of the digestive tubę is an opening known as the anus. The organs • muscular ['mAskjula]
associated with the digestive system are the liver, the gallbladder and the panereas. -mięśniowy
• nausca [’no:sia] - nudności
• oesophagus fi:'sofagas]
- przełyk
• panereas ['paeąkrias]
- trzustka
• parotid [pa'rotid]
Parotid salivary gland Tongue - przyuszny
Orał cavity • pylorus [pai'lo:ras]
Pharynx ---- Submaxillary salivary gland - odżwiemik
Sublingual salivary gland • rectum ['rektam]
Oesophagus - prostnica, odbytnica
• relieve [ri'li:v] - złagodzić
* saliva [sa'laiva] - ślina
• salivary gland ['saelivari
glaend] - gruczoł ślinowy
• sigmoid ['sigmoid] - esica
• sphincter ['sfipkta]
- zwieracz
Gallbladder Stornach • spleen [splirn] - śledziona .
Liver Diaphragm • stornach ['stAmak] - żołądek
Spleen • sublingual [sAbTipgwal]
Duodenum Panereas -podjęzykowy
Transyerse colon • submandibular
Descending colon
Ascending colon [,SAbmaen'dibjula]
Jejunum - podżuchwowy
• throat [0raut] - gardło
Cecum • tongue [tAtą] - język
Ileum
• vermiform appendix
Yermiform appendix Rectum ['va:mifo:m a'pendiks]
- wyrostek robaczkowy
• vomit [’vomit]
- wymiotować
Fig.9. The digestive system.

1. What are the functions of the digestive system?
2. What are the main parts of the digestive system?
3. What does the mouth contain?
4. What is the mouth bounded by?
5. What lies at the sides of the pharynx?
6. Where is the stornach situated?
7. What does the stornach wali secrete?
8. What are the main segments of the smali intestine?
9. What terminates the digestive tubę?
EXERCISE B. Look at the following diagram and complete the sentences below.
Fig. 10. The stornach.
1. The cardia is the..................... opening of the stornach, (distal, proximal)

2. The spleen lies..................... to the stornach, (lateral, medial)
3. The liver is situated.................... to the stornach, (superior, inferior)
4. The stornach is situated.................... to the diaphragm. (superior, inferior)
5. The pylorus is the..................... opening of the stornach, (distal, proximal)
6. The duodenum is the..................... portion of the smali intestine. (distal, proximal)
EXERCISE C. Study the following dialogue.

Mrs. Jones: Good moming, doctor. It’s Mrs. Jones speaking. I’m terribly worried about my
husband. He feels very sick. He has an acute stomachache, nausea and he can’t
sleep.
Doctor: How long has he been feeling like this?
Mrs. Jones: Since last Monday.
Doctor: What’s his appetite like?
Mrs. Jones: He has lost his appetite, he’s been off food for the last three days.
Doctor: Has he been vomiting?
Mrs. Jones: Yes, he has. He has vomited twice today. He is very weak and sweating terribly
all the time.
Doctor: Are his bowel movements all right?
Mrs. Jones: They were, until Monday. Then he got diarrhoea. Can you come, doctor, and see
my husband as soon as possible. He’s so bad that I can’t take him to your
surgery.
Doctor: Don’t worry. 1’11 be at your place in half an hour and have a good look at your
husband. 1’11 also prescrible some drugs to relieve the symptoms.
EXERCISE D. (1) Study the word roots related to the digestive system.

stoma(to)-, oro- Mouth Oronasal - ustno-nosowy

oesopha(go)- Oesophagus Oesophageal - przełykowy
gastr(o)- Stornach Gastritis - nieżyt żołądka
duoden(o)- Duodenum Duodenopathy - choroba dwunastnicy
enter(o)- Smali intestine Enterography - enterografia
col(ono)- Large intestine Colitis - nieżyt jelita grubego
recto- Rectum Rectostenosis - zwężenie odbytnicy
cholecyst- Gallbladder Cholecystitis - zapalenie pęcherzyka
żółciowego
an(o)- Anus Anovesical - odbytowo-pęcherzowy
hepat(o)- Liver Hepatitis - zapalenie wątroby
pancrea- Pancreas Pancreatitis - zapalenie trzustki
(2) The suffix -scopy means ‘viewing the system or organ with a scope’,e.g. Colonoscopy is The suffix -scopy means
viewing the colon with a colonoscope. Make up new terms from the roots given below and the suffix ‘viewing the system or
-scopy and explain their meaning as in the example. organ -with a scope'
Oesophago-.....................................................................
Gastro-............................................................................
Duodeno-.........................................................................
Entero-.............................................................................
Recto-..............................................................................
Cholecysto-......................................................................
Hepato-............................................................................
Pancreato-........................................................................

1. Przewód pokarmowy składa się z wielu odcinków: ust, gardła, przełyku, żołądka, jelita
cienkiego, jelita grubego zakończonego odbytem oraz gruczołów trawiennych: wątroby
i trzustki.
(2)
2. Ściany żołądka wydzielają soki trawienne zawierające enzymy oraz kwas solny.
3. Pacent cierpi na ból żołądka, nudności i brak apetytu od trzech dni.
4. Często wymiotuje i ma biegunkę.
5. Po zbadaniu pacjenta lekarz przepisał leki, które złagodziły objawy.

UNIT 12
Word List
• amino acid [a'mi:nau 'aesid]
- aminokwas THE PROCESS OF DIGESTION AND
• antacid [anfaesid] - związek
zobojętniający kwas
• bile [bail] - żółć
GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
• carcinoma [,ka:si'nauma]
- rak
• chew [tfu:] - żuć
• chyme [kaim] - miazga
pokarmowa
• colitis [ka'laitis] - zapalenie
okrężnicy
The process of digestion begins when food is in the mouth. Chewing breaks food into smaller
• diarrhoea [,daia'ria] pieces which are moistened and initially digested by the saliva. The saliva, which contains enzyme
- biegunka salivary amylase, begins the breakdown of starch. Then the food passes down through the oesophagus
• discomfort [dis'kAmfat] into the stornach.
- dolegliwość,
złe samopoczucie
The main processes of digestion occur in the stornach. The walls of the stornach secrete gastric
• diverticulitis juice composed of enzymes and hydrochloric acid. These enzymes, pepsin and gastric lipase, break
[daiva,tikju'laitis] - zapalenie down proteins into peptones and some fats, like butter, into fatty acids and glycerol. In young chil-
uchyłka dren, rennin acts on the protein in the milk. The semi-liquid mixture of food and gastric juice that
• erosion [i raujn] - nadżerka
• cxacerbation [eks,aesa'beijh]
leaves the stornach is called chyme.
- zaostrzenie From the stornach, the chyme passes into the smali intestine. It is moved through the smali intes-
• excessive [ik'sesiv] tine by movements known as peristalsis. Here the process of digestion is completed by the action of
- nadmierny bile secreted by the liver, pancreatic juice secreted by the pancreas, and by the action of enzymes
• faeces [’fi:si:z] - kał, stolec
• fat [faet] - tłuszcz
secreted by the walls of the smali intestine. Peptones are changed to peptides and then to amino acids,
• fatty acid [,faeti aesid] fats are converted into fatty acids and glycerol, and carbohydrates into simple sugars: glucose, fruc-
- kwas tłuszczowy tose and galactose. The products of digestion are absorbed by the villi of the smali intestine and
• gastritis [,gaes'traitis] carried by the blood to the tissues. Undigested food passes on to the large intestine. Here water is
- zapalenie, nieżyt żołądka
• glycerol [ glisarsul]
absorbed and faeces is formed, which is eliminated from the body every twenty four hours.
- gliceryna, glicerol Main disorders of the digestive system affect almost all its parts. Common diseases of the stornach
• haematemesis are gastritis, ulcer and carcinoma. They cause loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, malnutrition and
[.hi:m3’temisis] - wymioty abdominal pain. The duodenum and the stornach are frequently affected by peptic ulceration. It is
krwawe
• maltose ['modtaus]
caused by the erosion of smali patches in the mucous membranę which lines the stornach (gastric
- maltoza ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal ulcer) or occasionally in other parts of the digestive tract, such as the
• melaena [ma lirna] oesophagus and colon. This erosion is caused by excessive production of hydrochloric acid and di-
- smołowate stolce gestive enzymes. The first symptom is a persistent buming pain in the epigastric region of the abdo-
• moisten ['moisn] - zwilżyć
• patch [paetfj - łata
men, which is relieved by food or antacid drugs. The pain may last for a few days, weeks or months,
• peristalsis [,pcri'staelsis] exacerbations occur in spring or autumn. In the severe cases, bleeding, or even perforation of the
-ruch robaczkowy jelit stornach or duodenum may occur which is manifested by melaena and haematemesis. Diseases of the
• protein ['prautim] - białko, large intestine are colitis, carcinoma and diverticulitis. The symptoms are diarrhoea, abdominal pain
proteina
• ptyalin ['taialin] - ptialina
and discomfort.
• rennin ['renin]
- podpuszczka
• starch [sta:tj] - skrobia TABLE 2. A summary of the process of digestion
• ulcer [Alsa] - wrzód
• villi (pl.) ['vilai], (sing.) Site Secretion Enzymes Substrates Products
villus - kosmki
Mouth Saliva Salivary amylase Starch Maltose
Stornach Gastric juice Pepsin Proteins Peptones
Lipase Fats Fatty acids, glycerol
Rennin Proteins in milk Peptones
Smali Pancreatic Pancreatic Polysaccharides Maltose
intesinte juice amylase
Lipase Lipids Glycerol and fatty acids
Trypsin Proteins (Peptones) Polypeptides —>
Amino acids
Chymotrypsin Peptones Polypeptides —>
Amino acids
Carboxypeptidase Polypeptides Amino acids

Site Secretion Enzymes Substrates Products
Intestinal juice Aminopeptidase Polypeptides Amino acids

Maltase Maltose Glucose
Sucrase Sucrose Glucose and fructose
Lactase Lactose Glucose and Galactose

1. Where does the process of digestion begin?
2. What is the function of the salwa?
3. What do the walls of the stornach secrete?
4. What is the function of the enzymes in the stornach?
5. What is chyme?
6. What processes are completed in the smali intestine?
7. What happens with the digested and undigested food?
8. What are the common diseases of the digestive system?
EXERCISE B. Complete the sentences with the appropriate verbs (active or passive).
1. In the mouth the food................... and initially...................... by the saliva.
2. The walls of the stornach................... gastric juices.
3. In the stornach, the food................... into chyme.
4. The enzymes and bile....................the fats.
5. The products ofdigestion.................... by the villi.
6. The undigested food....................on into the large intestine.
EXERCISE C. Practise the following dialogue.

Dr. Evans: Good moming, Mr.Benson. This is Dr.Bums, a specialist in diseases of the
digestive tract. Would you mind very much if Dr.Bums and I asked you several
ąuestions?
Mr. Benson: Yes, fine. I’d be interested to answer your ąuestions.
Dr . Evans: This is Mr.Benson, who is 51 years old. He works as an accountant for a big
firm. He is married, with three children. Mr.Benson’s problem are peptic ulcers.
Dr. Burns: What were his complaints on admission?
Dr. Evans: A severe, buming upper abdominal pain, tendemess to deep and superficial
palpation, nausea, vomiting, constipation, occasional melaena and lack of
appetite.
Dr. Burns: When was Mr.Benson admitted to hospital?
Dr. Evans: Five days ago.
Dr. Burns: How long have you been bothered by these symptoms, Mr.Benson?
Mr. Benson: The pain started about two years ago. At first the pain appeared in spring and
autumn. It wasn’t a continuous pain, it was on and oflf. It was on about an hour
after a meal. But now I feel it all the time.
Dr. Burns: Was there anything that relieved the pain?
Mr. Benson: Oh yes. Some food and a glass of milk seemed to make it better. Now, no relief
at all.
Dr.Bums: Can you show where it hurts.
Mr. Benson: Right here (indicating the epigastric abdominal area).
Dr. Burns: Have you lost any weight?
Mr. Benson: Nearly eight kilos in the last two months. I’ve had no appetite, you see.
Dr. Burns: What about smoking and drinking?
Mr . Benson: I smoke about 20 cigarettes a day and drink a pint of beer a day.
Dr. Burns: I’d like to check your abdomen. Could you take off your pyjamas top, please,
Mr. Benson. Thank you. Now, lie fiat, hands by your sides. Try to relax your
abdominal muscles. Breathe in and out slowly. I’m going to press here a little.
Let me know if it hurts you here.
The suffix -ectomy

EXERCISE D. The suffix -ectomy means ‘excision of’, e.g. Appendectomy is the excision of
means ‘excision of’
the appendix. Make up new terms ffom the word roots given below and the suffix
-ectomy and explain their meaning as in the example.

Gastr- ..................................................................
Duoden- ...............................................................
Ile- .......................................................................
Jejun- ....... :.................................................
Colon- ..................................................................
Cholecyst- ...........................................................
Pancreat- .............................................................
Spień- ..................................................................
© EXERCISE E. Translate into English.

1. Papka pokarmowa jest przesuwana z żołądka do jelita cienkiego, a następnie do jelita grubego
dzięki perystaltyce ścian żołądka i jelit.
2. W jelicie cienkim produkty trawienia są wchłaniane do krwi, która rozprowadza je do wszystkich
tkanek ciała.
3. Jedną z częstych dolegliwości układu pokarmowego jest owrzodzenie jelit.
4. Chory skarży się na silny, piekący ból nadbrzusza i nudności.
5. Zjedzenie posiłku i wypicie szklanki mleka złagodziło ból.
6. Chory twierdzi, że najsilniejszy atak bólu wystąpił wczoraj w nocy.

UNIT 13
Word List
• anuria [a'njuaria]
- bezmocz
THE URINARY SYSTEM AND ITS DISORDERS • bladder ['blaeda] - pęcherz
• calyx [ 'keiliks] - kielich
(nerki)
• cortex [’ko:teks] - kora
• dysuria [dis juana]
- bolesne, trudne oddawanie
moczu
• failure ['fcilja]
The function of the urinary system, which is also called the genitourinary system (GUS), is to - niewydolność
secrete and eliminate the liquid waste products of metabolism (urine) from the body. Organs that • glomerulus [glo'merulas]
comprise the urinary system are: two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra. - kłębuszck nerkowy
• haematuria ['hi:ma'tjuaria]
- krwiomocz
• incontinence [in'kontinans]
- nietrzymanie moczu
• kidney ['kidni] - nerka
• lesion [Ti:jan] - zmiana
chorobowa
• medulla [ma'd Ala] - rdzeń,
substancja rdzenna
• neoplasm [’ni:oplaezm]
- nowotwór
• nephritis [ne'fraitis]
- zapalenie nerek
• nephroblastoma
[,nefroblaes'tauma]
- nerczak niedojrzały, guz
Wilmsa
■ nephron [nefron] - nefron
• nocturia [nok'tjuaria]
— nadmierna diureza nocna
• oliguria [oli'gjuaria]
- skąpomocz
Fig. 11. The urinary system. • pelvis [’pelvis]
- miedniczka nerkowa
• pyelonephritis
The kidneys are bean-shaped structures located on the posterior abdominal wali. Each kidney is [,paialona'fraitis]
built up of an outer layer called the cortex and the inner portion called the medulla. Each kidney is - odmiedniczkowe zapalenie
surrounded by a membranę called the capsule. The medulla is madę up of nephrons. Each kidney nerek
• pyuria [paijuaria]
contains about one million nephrons. The nephron is a tiny coiled tubę with a network of capillaries
- ropomocz
surrounded by the Bowman’s capsule. The tubule leads from the Bowman’s capsule to the calyx and • rctention [ri'tcnjn]
then to the pelvis where urine collects before passing into the ureter. The ureter extends down from - zatrzymanie, wstrzymanie
the pelvis of each kidney to the bladder. The bladder is a muscular sack in which the urine is stored • secrete [si:'kri:t]
- wydzielać
before it is eliminated from the body. The urethra leads the urine from the bladder directly to the
• tiny ['taini] - mały
extemal opening in the female and via the penis in the małe. • tracę [treis] - ślad
Disorders of the urinary tract rangę from mild infections to serious disorders that obstruct the • tubule ['tju:bju:l] - kanalik
urine flow. Urinary tract infections are caused by the presence of bacteria, usually Escherichia coli. nerkowy
• uraemia [jua'ri:mia]
Infection may occur in any part of the urinary tract and may affect the bladder (cystitis), the urethra
- mocznica
(urethritis), the kidney (nephritis) or both the kidney and the renal pelvis (pyelonephritis). Signs and • ureter [jua'ri:ta]
symptoms of urinary tract infections are pain in the lower back, frequent painful and buming urina- - moczowód
tion, haematuria, nocturia, urine incontinence and tissue oedema. • urethra [jua'ri:0ra]
- cewka moczowa
Tumours of the kidney include benign mass that causes little trouble and malignant neoplasms,
• urinary system
e.g. nephroblastoma. Urinary Stones (urolithiasis), which are calcium deposits formed in the kidney [ juarinari 'sistam] - układ
or ureters, are manifested by acute pain, oliguria, dysuria and pyuria. wydalniczy
Ali these disorders may lead to renal failure, the condition when the kidneys are unable to remove • urine [juarin] - mocz
metabolic wastes from the body. The symptoms of renal failure include: generał malaise, headache,
nausea, vomiting, lethargy or mental confiision. Untreated renal failure leads to a fatal condition
called uraemia (an excess of urea and other wastes in the blood). Diałysis or kidney transplantation is
necessary to maintain life.

1. What is the function of the urinary system?
2. What does the urinary system consist of?
3. What is the structure of the kidney?
4. What are the symptoms of the urinary tract diseases?
5. What is renal failure caused by?
EXERCISE B. Practise this dialogue and answer the ąuestions below.

Mrs. Miller: Is this Dr. Martin’s surgery?
Dr. Martin: Yes, and it’s Dr. Martin speaking.
Mrs. Miller: Good moming, doctor. It’s Mrs. Miller here. I’m terribly worried about my
husband.
Dr. Martin: What’s the trouble with him, Mrs. Miller?
Mrs. Miller: He has an awful pain in his back. He says it’s a deep pain in the lower part of his
back. He also had some episodes of nausea and vomiting. His temperaturę
is elevated.
Dr. Martin: How long has he had these symptoms?
Mrs. Miller: It all started yesterday evening. The pain came suddenly at about 7 p. m.
Dr. Martin: Has he any difficulty in passing water?
Mrs. Miller: Oh yes, he has. He says he feels a buming pain while passing water. Now he
can’t pass his water at all because it hurts him badly.
Dr. Martin: Has he had any urinary tract infection lately?
Mrs. Miller: Yes, he has. A year ago he had acute pyelonephritis. He got it after fiu
complications but sińce then he’s been all right.
Dr. Martin: Has your husband noticed any blood in his water?
Mrs. Miller: Yes, this moming he noticed some traces of blood.
Dr. Martin: I’m afraid it may be the kidney stone or some kidney infection. Pain and
retention of urine indicate it but I can tell exactly after the examination of your
husband. I think I shall take him to hospital for urinalysis, urography,
scintigraphy of kidneys and other lab tests.
Answer the ąuestions:

1. How long has Mr. Miller been unwell?
2. What kind of pain has he?
3. Has he got high temperaturę?
4. Has he any difficulty with passing his water?
5. What does the doctor suspect?
EXERCISE C. Write out the following sentences, choosing the correct locative adjective.
1. The kidneys lie.................... to the stornach.
2. The bladder is situated.................... to the kidney.
3. The kidneys are situated.................... to the vertebral column.
4. The pelvis is the..................... cavity of the kidney.
5. The extemal opening is the..................... opening of the urethra.
6. The cortex lies................... to the medulla.
EXERCISE D. Match the symptoms of the urinary tract diseases with their definitions.
1. Dysuria a) the absence of urine formation
2. Haematuria b) freąuent urination at night
3. Pyuria c) inability to control urination
4. Oliguria d) freąuent urination
5. Anuria e) excessive amounts of protein in the urine
6. Nocturia f) difficult or painful urination
7. Glucosuria g) presence of pus in the urine
8. Ketonuria h) slight or infreąuent urination
9. Proteinuria i) presence of blood in the urine
10. Polyuria j) excessive concentration of ketones in the urine
11. Incontinence k) presence of glucose in urine

EXERCISE E. (1) Study the word roots related to the urinary system. Provide examples of your
own.

uri-, uro- Urinary system Urolithiasis - kamica moczowa
cyst(o)- Bladder Cystitis - zapalenie pęcherza
nephr(o)- Kidney Nephrodema - obrzęk nerki
urethr- Urethra Urethritis - zapalenie cewki moczowej
uretero- Ureter(s) Ureterostoma - przetoka moczowodu
hyster(o)- Uterus Hysterectomy - wycięcie macicy
colpo- Vagina Colposcopy - wziernikowanie pochwy
orchi- Testes Orchitis - zapalenie jąder
genit(o)- Genital structures Genitourinary - moczowo-płciowy
(2) The suffix -otomy means ‘incision or cut into’, e.g. Nephrotomy is the cut into the kidney. The suffix -otomy means
Make up new terms from the roots given below and the suffix -otomy and explain their meaning as in ‘incision or cut into ’
the example.
Cyst- ...........................................................
Urethr- ........................................................
Ureter- ........................................................
Trache- ........................................................
Hyster- .........................................................
Thorac- ........................................................
Laryng- .........................................................
Duoden- ........................................................

1. Nerki położone są na tylnej ścianie jamy brzusznej.
2. Miejsce, gdzie rozpoczyna się moczowód, zwane jest miedniczką nerkową.
3. Symptomami zaburzeń układu moczowego są: ból, zatrzymanie moczu, moczenie nocne,
zbyt częste oddawanie moczu oraz krwiomocz.
4. Chory odczuwa silny ból w dolnej części pleców.
5. Od kiedy czuje pan ból?
6. Chory odczuwa palący ból podczas oddawania moczu.
7. Jak długo ma pan problemy z oddawaniem moczu?
8. Czy cierpiał pan kiedykolwiek na infekcję nerek?
9. Jestem pewna, że pacjent ma kamienie nerkowe.
EXERCISE G. Give the formal equivalents of the following terms. Each dash (_) represents one
1. Belly/tummy a n
2. Bowel/gut _n____ t____
3. Childbirth __ 1____ r_
4. Digestive system t i t t t
5. Excretory system u________ y s_m
6. Genitals r________ u____ v_ o__ n_
7. Gum g______ v_
8. Lowerjaw m____ i___ e
9. Mouth o____ c_______ y
10. Stone c 1
ll.Stool f____ e _
12. Upper jaw _ a_____ a
13. Urinary stones u t s
14. Water u
15. Waterworks r____ r_ s____ e
16. Watery stool dr a
35
E. Donesch-Jeżo - English for Medical Students and Doctors -1
UNIT 14
Word List
• abscess faebsis] - ropień
• accelerate [a“k'sclarcit]
- przyspieszać
• autonomie [,o.ta "nornik]
THE NERYOUS SYSTEM AND ITS DISORDERS
- autonomiczny
• axon faeksan] - akson
• brain [brein] - mózg
• bundle [bAndl] - pęczek,
wiązka
• central [ sentral] - centralny
• cerebellum [.seri'belom] The functions of the nervous system are control and coordination of all body systems and organs
- móżdżek and receiving information about extemal environment. The nervous system reacts both to intemal and
• cerebrum ['seribrom] extemal stimuli.
-mózg
The nervous system is divided into three parts: the central nervous system (CNS), the peripheral
• concussion [kan'kAjan]
- wstrząs nervous system and the autonomie nervous system.
• consciousness ['konjosnis] The basie structural unit of the nervous system is the neuron. Each neuron consists of the celi
- przytomność body, dendrites and axon. The celi body contains cytoplasm and a nucleus. The dendrites are branched
• degeneration
projections which conduct impulses to the celi body, the axon is a single long projection that conducts
[di,d3eno'reijon]
- degeneracja, zwyrodnienie impulses away from the celi body. The main function of the neuron is transmission of impulses. The
• dementia [di'menjo] axon of one neuron transmits impulses to the dendrite of another neuron. The synapsę is a place of
- demencja junction between the axon and the dendrite. Certain Chemicals, called neurotransmitters enable the
• dendrite ['dendrait]
impulses to jump over the synapsę. Each nerve is a bundle of axons of many neurons.
- dendryt
• dizziness ['dizinos] - zawrót
głowy
• drowsiness ['drauzinis]
- senność, ospałość
• encephalitis [en.sefo laitis]
- zapalenie mózgu
• environment
[in'vaioronmont]
- otoczenie, środowisko
• epileptic seizure
[,epi'leptik si:go] - napad
padaczkowy Fig. 12. Neuron.
• fold [feuld] - fałd, zagięcie
• gray rnatter ['grei 'mata]
- substancja szara The central nervous system is composed of the brain, the spinał cord and the nerves that branch
• handicap ['haendikaep] off the brain and the spinał cord. There are 12 pairs of cerebral nerves and 31 pairs of spinał nerves.
- upośledzenie
Cerebrum
• hemisphere ['hemisfio]
- półkula Corpus callosum
• hydrocephalus
[,haidro'sefolos]
- wodogłowie
• impulse ['impAls] - impuls
• meninges [mo'nind3is]
- opony
■ meningitis [,menin'd3aitis]
- zapalenie opon mózgowych
• migraine ['mńgrein]
- migrena
• multiple sclerosis
['mAltipl sklio'rousis]
- stwardnienie rozsiane
• myelin ['maiolin] - mielina
• nervous system
['no:vos 'sistom] - układ
nerwowy
• neurosis [nju:'rousis]
- nerwica
• parasympathetic
[.para ,simpa'6e tik]
- przywspółczulny
The brain, which is composed of a great number of neurons, lies in the cranial cavity in the skuli.
• paresis ['paerisis]
- niedowład, pareza Its three main parts are: the cerebrum, cerebellum and the brain stem. The cerebrum is divided into
•peripheral [po'riforol] two hemispheres, right and left, by the longitudinal fissure. The outer portion of the cerebrum, which
- obwodowy consists of celi bodies, is called the gray rnatter. It has a great number of folds on the surface. Certain
areas of the cerebrum are responsible for specific functions, such as: seeing, hearing, thinking, speak-

ing and feeling. The inner portion of the cerebrum consists of myelinated nerve fibres which form the • persistent [pa'sistant]
so-called white matter. - uporczywy
• photophobia [,fauta'foubia]
The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements and regulates balance. The function of the brain — światłowstręt
stem is to transmit sensory impulses to the brain from the spinał cord and motor impulses from the • projection [pra djekjan]
brain to the spinał cord. - wystawanie
The autonomie nervous system Controls the involuntary action of such organs as the heart, blood • spinał cord ['spainl ’ko:d]
- rdzeń kręgowy
vessels, lungs and intestines. This system consists of two parts: the sympathetic and parasympathetic • stem [stem] - pień
systems. They work in opposition to each other; if one of them inereases the activity of an organ, the • stroke [strauk] - udar,
other decreases it, e.g. the sympathetic system accelerates the heart action, the parasympathetic slows porażenie, apopleksja
it down. • sympathetic [.simpa'6etik]
- współczulny
Diseases affecting the nervous system may be congenital (hydrocephalus), traumatic (head injury, • synapsę ['sinaps] - synapsa
spinał cord injury), degenerative (multiple sclerosis), or infectious (meningitis, encephalitis, brain • thread [6red] - nić
abscess). Disturbances in the brain development usually lead to congenital mental handicap or mental • throbbing [’0robir|]
retardation. Any injury to the brain, even the mildest one called concussion, can cause loss of con- - pulsujący
• traumatic [tro:'msetik]
sciousness. Tumours of the brain are rare and do not tend to form metastases in other parts of the — urazowy
body. In early stages they are treated surgically. Modem scanning techniąues enable early detection • voluntary [’volantari]
of tumours and other lesions in the brain. Disturbances of blood supply which are closely related to - dobrowolny, nieprzymusowy
atherosclerosis and hypertension can cause a stroke manifested by paresis, hemiparesis, or paralysis. • white matter ['wait 'maeta]
- substancja biała
Multiple sclerosis is a disease of the central nervous system causing progressive degeneration of
some parts of the brain and spinał cord.
Signs and symptoms caused by pathological conditions of the nervous system are various and
include: acute headaches, which can be associated with drowsiness, vomiting, dizziness, anxiety and
photophobia. There may also occur epileptic seizures, visual disturbances, speech disturbances, and
mental diseases, such as depression, neurosis or dementia.

1. What are the functions of the nervous system?
2. What are the main parts ofthe nervous system?
3. Where are the gray matter and white matter located? What are they built up of?
4. What is the function of the autonomie nervous system?
5. How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems work?
6. What diseases affect the nervous system? How are they manifested?

Doctor: Good moming, Mr. Walker. What’s the problem?
Patient: Good moming, doctor. I’ve been troubled by acute headaches.
Doctor: How long have you had them?
Patient: For about four months, but they’ve become so bad recently that I had to take a few
weeks off work.
Doctor: How often do you get them?
Patient: Nearly every day. They’re usually much worse in the aftemoon and early evening when
I come back from work.
Doctor: What are the headaches like?
Patient: It’s a persistent throbbing pain, mainly at the front, sometimes I feel tightness at the
back of my head. Generally, the left part of my head behind the eye seems to be morę
affected. Besides, I often feel sick.
Doctor: Does anything make the headache better or worse?
Patient: I noticed that lying down for a while relieves the pain.
Doctor: Finally, I’d like to ask you some questions about your generał health and habits. Do you
smoke?
Patient: Yes, about 20 cigarettes a day.
Doctor: That’s too bad. What about alcohol?
Patient: Only at parties and even then not much.
Doctor: Has anyone else from your family suffered from a headache or migraine?
Patient: My mother frequently has migraine and my father died of brain tumour.
Doctor: You’11 have some specialist examinations done, such as X-ray of your skuli, electroen-
cephalogram and magnetic resonance imaging to find the cause of your headache and
prescribe proper therapy.

EXERCISE C. Complete the following table:
Organs Action of sympathetic n.s. Action of parasympathetic n.s.

Arteries Dilates
Heart Speeds beat
Iris of eye Constricts pupil
Stornach Slows peristalsis
Sweat glands Decreases secretion
Urinary bladder Constricts
EXERCISE D. (1) Study the word roots related to the nervous system. Provide examples of your
own.

neur(o)~ Nerve Neuropathy - neuropatia, choroba układu
nerwowego
encephal(o)- Brain Encephalitis - zapalenie mózgu
aur-, oto- Ear Auriculocranial - uszno-czaszkowy
Otoplasty - operacja plastyczna ucha
zewnętrznego
ophthalm-, oculo- Eye Ophthalmia - zapalenie gałki ocznej
Oculophacial - oczno-twarzowy
cerebr(o)- Cerebrum Cerebrospinal - mózgowo-rdzeniowy
(upper part of brain)
The suffix -graphy means (2) The suffix -graphy means ‘the X-ray picture of’, e.g. Encephalography is theX-ray picture
'the X-ray picture of of the brain. Make up new terms from the roots given belo w and the suffix -graphy and define them
as in the example.
Neuro- .........................................................
Oto- .............................................................
Oculo- .........................................................
Cerebro- ......................................................
Uro- .............................................................
Osteo- ..........................................................
Cholecysto- ..................................................
Angio- ...........................................................
38 Engłish for Medical Studenta and Doctors -1 - E. Donesch-Jeżo

UNIT 15
Word List
• aqueous humour
['eikwias "hju:ma]
- ciecz wodnista oka
THE EYE AND ITS DISORDERS • cataract [ kaetarakt] - zaćma
• choroid ['koroid]
- naczyniówka oka
• eon [kon] - czopek
• concave [’kor]keiv]
- wklęsły
• conjunctiva
The eyes are the organs of sight. The eyeball, which is spherical in shape, is located in the bony [,kond3Aqk'taiva]
— spojówka
eye socket. The protective organs of the eyes are eyebrows, eyelids, eyelashes and lacrimal glands. U
• convex [’konveks]
They protect the eyes ffom water, dust, microorganisms and other foreign bodies. -wypukły
p The wali of the eyeball consists of three layers: the selera, choroid and retina. The selera, the outer •cornea [’ko:nia] - rogówka
protective layer, is commonly called ‘the white of the eye’. The central anterior part of the selera, the • cross-eyc ['kros.ai] - zez
zbieżny
comea, is transparent and forms the so-called window of the eye. The front surface of the selera is- • detachment [dftetjmant]
covered with conjunctiva. Behind the cornea is the anterior chamber filled with fluid called aąueous ' - odwarstwienie się,
humour, at the back of which is pigmented iris. The opening in the iris is known as the pupil. Its size odklejenie się
is regulated by movement of the iris. When the light is dim the iris contracts, the pupil dilates and • eye [ai] - oko
• eyeball ['aibo:l] - gałka
morę light can enter the eye. In bright light the iris relaxes narrowing the pupil and less light enters the oczna
eye. Behind the iris is the crystalline lens which can change its shape and focuses, in this way, the light • eyebrow ['aibrau] - brew
on the retina. The posterior chamber is located behind the lens. It is filled with jelly-like body, called,^, • eyelid ['ailid] - powieka
vitreous humour, which keeps the eyeball in its spherical shape. • eye Socket ['ai.sokat]
- oczodół
Suspensory ligament Lens • focus ['faukas] - skupiać,
Anterior chamber Selera
ogniskować
• glaucoma [glo: 'kauma]
Cornea Choroid -jaskra
• hypermetropia
Conjunctiva Rctina [,haipama'traupia]
- dalekowzroczność
Pupil Fovea C*' ’ ’ ’ t • imbalance [im balans] -
brak równowagi
Optic nerve • iris [ aiaris] - tęczówka
Aquenus humor
• lacrimal gland
Iris [ laekrimal .gland] - gruczoł
Papilla <
łzowy
—"fctcZcL
• lens [lenz] - soczewka
Posterior chamber Vitreous body • light ray [Tait 'rei]
Ciliary process
- promień świetlny
• long-sightedness
Fig. 14. The eye. [Torpsaitidnis]
- długowzroczność
• myopia [mai aupia]
The retina,' which is the innermost layer
j
of the eyeball,
j ~
contains the light-sensitive
o
cells called rods - KroiKOWzcrocznubk-
krótkowzroczność
and cons. Light passes through the cornea, the pupil and the lens and focuses on the retina/The yellow .occur [a'ka:] - występować,
spot is the place on the retina where the optic nerve begins, which transmits the visual impulses to the mieć miejsce
brain. , fc. 5 pf-' , (W • opacity [aupaesiti]
i J v j z . , . -uj zu -nieprzezroczystosc
The most common defects of vision are short-sightedness (myopia) and long-sightedness (hyper- • perception [pa'sepjan]
metropia). Both of them are corrected by suitable glasses (or lenses). Another cause of poor vision is - postrzeganie
slight asymmetry of the cornea, called astigmatism, which is also corrected by suitable lenses. Stra • protective organ
[pra'tektiv ’o:gan] - organ
bismus, commonly called cross-eyes or sąuintjiTcaused by muscle imbalance. Common diseases
ochronny
affecting the eye are: infections, such as conjunctivitis and stye, which cause reddening and buming • pupil [’pju:pil] - źrenica
or prickling pain of the eyes. Other disorders are inereased pressure in the eyeball, called glaucoma, • retina ['retina] - siatkówka
detachment of the retina which may follow injury or may occur spontaneously. One of the common • rod [rod] - pręcik
• selera ['skliara] - twardówka
diseases of the lens, especially in older people is cataract or opacity, which is usually due to congeni-
• sense organ ['sens o:gan]
tal defect or ageing. The only effective method of treatment of cataract is extraction of the affected - organ zmysłu
lens. • short-sightedness
['Jb:t .saitidnis]
- krótkowzroczność
• squint [skwint] - zez
• strabismus [stra'bizmas]
1. What are the protecting structures of the eye? - zez
2. What are the three layers of the eye wali? • stye [stai] - jęczmień
E. Donesch-Jeżo - Engiish for Medical Studcnts and Doctors - 1 39

• suspensory ligament 3. How many chambers is the eye divided into?
[sa'spensari Tigamant] 4. What are these chambers filled with?
- wiązadło podtrzymujące
• vision [’vi3an] - wzrok
5. What is the function of the lens and the iris?
• vitreous humour ['yitrias 6. What is the retina composed of?
'hju:ma] - ciecz szklista oka 7. What are the most common defects of vision and eye disorders?

Doctor: I’ve got a letter from your doctor, in which he says that you’ve had problems with your
sight.
Patient: Yes, that’s right, doctor, especially my right eye seems to be really bad so that I can’t
see properly and I started to have problems with my work.
Doctor: Where do you work?
Patient: I’m a salesman. I distribute various stuff. I hardly see any letters on the labels. It hap
pened several times that I misread the price and my chief was angry with me.
Doctor: I see. I’d like to examine your eyes and perhaps we will start with the chart. Look at the
chart, please. Can you see any letters?
Patient: No, I can’t.
Doctor: With your left eye, can you read the letters I point to?
Patient: P S W R. That’s all I can see.
Doctor: With this lens, is there any difference? Can you read the printed letters?
Patient: Oh, yes. Now, I can even see all smali letters: A C K L O.
Doctor: Now, let me check your left eye.
EXERCISE C. Complete the following sentences.

1. The protective organs of the eye are:
a)
b) ........
c)
d)
2. The wali of the eye is divided into three layers:
a)
b) ........
c) ........
3. The eye-ball is divided into two chambers:
a)
b) ........
4. The defects of vision are:
a)
b) ....... .
5. The disorders of the eye are:
a)
b) ........
c)
d)
e)
f)
\
EXERCISE D. Identify from the drawing the following structures of the eye: the pupil, iris, upper
and lower eyelids, eyebrow, eyelashes.
Fig. 15. The eye.
40 Engtish for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 - E. Donesch-Jeżo

EXERCISE E. The suffix -scope means ‘an instrument for viewing’, e.g. An ophthalmoscope is The suffix -scope means
used to examine the interior of the eye. Make up new terms using the word roots given below and ‘an instrument for
the suffix -scope and define them as in the example. viewing'
Auri- .....................................................................
Gastro- ..................................................................
Recto- ...................................................................
Cysto- ...................................................................
Pharyngo- ..............................................................
Laryngo-................................................................
Colpo-....................................................................

1. Brwi, powieki z rzęsami i gruczoły łzowe produkujące łzy chronią oczy przed wodą, kurzem
i ciałami obcymi.
2. Kolor oka zależy od pigmentu w tęczówce.
3. Siatkówka j est zbudowana z zakończeń nerwu wzrokowego, który przenosi impulsy do mózgu.
4. Wady wzroku takie jak: krótkowzroczność, dalekowzroczność i astygmatyzm mogą być
skorygowane odpowiednimi okularami.
5. Najczęstszą chorobą oczu jest zapalenie spojówek, które jest infekcją objawiającą się
zaczerwienieniem oczu i piekącym bólem.
6. Zaburzenia takie jak silny zez i zaćma leczone są operacyjnie.
E. Donesch-Jeżo - Engtfeh for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 41

UNIT 16
THE EAR AND ITS DISORDERS

Word List
• acoustic nerve
[a'ku:stik ’na:v] - nerw
słuchowy
• anvil ['aenvil] - kowadełko
(kostka słuchowa) The ears are the receptive organs of hearing. The ear consists of three distinct parts: the extemal
• athetosis [’ae6a'tausis] ear, middle ear and intemal ear. The extemal ear consists of the pinna or auricle and the auditory
- atetoza, powolne ruchy canal; the middle ear comprises the tympanic cavity with three auditory bones; the intemal ear con-
palców
tains the membranous and bony labyrinths.
• auditory [’o:ditari]
- słuchowy The auricle is built up of elastic cartilage. It passes into the extemal auditory canal leading to the
• auricle ['o:rikl] - małżowina tympanic membranę.
uszna The middle ear, the tympanic cavity is enclosed by the temporal bonę. Sound vibrations are trans-
• cartilage ['kattilids)
mitted from the tympanic membranę across the cavity to three smali bones: the hammer, anvil and
- tkanka chrzęstna
• cerebral palsy stirrup.
['serabral po:lzi] - paraliż, The intemal ear, which is called the labyrinth, consists of three main parts: the vestibule, cochlea
porażenie mózgowe and semicircular canals. The vestibule connects the oval window and the cochlea. The semicircular
• cochlea ['koklia] - ślimak
canals are filled with fluid; their function is to maintain balance. The cochlea, which is a tubę resem-
• convert [kan’va:tj
- zamienić bling a snaiTs shell, is concemed with hearing. It contains the nerve endings which convert the sound
• deafhess ['defiiis] - głuchota waves into sound impulses transmitted to the brain via the acoustic nerve.
• drum [drAm] - bębenek Aiwil stirrup
• ear [ia] - ucho
• earache ['iareik] - ból ucha
• enclose [in'klauz] - otoczyć
• extemal [iks’ta:nal]
- zewnętrzny
• hammer ['haema]
- młoteczek
(kostka słuchowa)
■ hearing ['hiariqj - słuch,
słyszenie
• labyrinth [TaebirinG]
- labirynt
• neonatal meningitis
[,ni:o'neital .menin dgaitis]
- noworodkowe zapalenie
opon mózgowych
• otitis media [au'taitis
'mi:dia] - zapalenie ucha
środkowego
• perilymph ['perilimf] Fig. 16. The ear.
- perilimfa
■ pinna ['pina] - małżowina The canal leading to the tympanic membranę in the ear is lined with a very delicate mucous
uszna membranę excreting wax. The activity of the muscles during mastication helps to expel wax from the
• punctured ['pAr(ktfa:d]
- przekłuty, przebity
ear and with it dust and other foreign matter. Scratching the membranę with a fmgemail can result in
• pus [pas] - ropa an infected ear canal causing the inflammation of the middle ear.
• rubella [ru: 'bela] - różyczka There are many causes of congenital defect in hearing in babies: rubella in early pregnancy, inher-
• stimuli (pl.) ['stimjulai], ited deafhess, mental subnormality, cerebral palsy, especially athetosis or neonatal meningitis. The
(sing.) stimulus - bodziec
• stirrup ['stirap] most common ear disorder is infection. Infection may occur in the ear canal (otitis extema) or in the
- strzemiączko (kostka middle ear (otitis media). The cause of otitis media is the entrance of bacteria into the normally sterile
słuchowa) ear, which nearly always is the result of spread of bacteria along the Eustachian tubę from the nose or
• tympanic cavity pharynx. Pus is formed behind the tympanic membranę which may perforate spontaneously, other-
[tim'paenik ’kaeviti] - jama
bębenkowa wise it has to be punctured surgically. The clinical manifestations of otitis media are: acute earache,
• tympanic membranę high fever, deafhess, ear noises, nausea and vomiting.
[timpaenik 'membrein]
- błona bębenkowa EXERCISE A. Answer the following ąuestions.
• vestibule [-vestibju:l]
-przedsionek 1. What are the main parts of the ear?
2. What is the pinna madę up of?
3. Where are the three auditory bones located?
4. What does the inner ear contain?
5. Where is the sound perception located?

EXERCISE B. Complete the following sentences.
1. The pinna is built up of...............
2. The tympanic chamber is enclosed by...............
3. Vibrations are transmitted from the tympanic membranę to...............
4. A membranous labyrinth is surrounded by...............
5. Sound perception is located in...............
6. Sound impulses pass along the acoustic nerve to...............
EXERCISE C. Translate into English.

1. Ucho zewnętrzne składa się z dwóch części: muszli usznej i zewnętrznego kanału słuchowego
prowadzącego do błony bębenkowej.
2. Impulsy nerwowe ze ślimaka przenoszone są do mózgu przez nerw słuchowy.
3. Przyczynami wady słuchu u dziecka może być różyczka we wczesnych miesiącach ciąży,
dziedziczna głuchota, porażenie mózgu, noworodkowe zapalenie opon mózgowych.
4. Najczęstszą chorobą ucha, zwłaszcza u dzieci, jest zapalenie ucha środkowego, którego
objawami są silny ból ucha, wysoka gorączka i czasami utrata słuchu.
5. Jeśli ropa utworzy się za błoną bembenkową chirurgiczne przecięcie błony bębenkowej jest konieczne.
EXERCISE D. (1) Study the prefixes related to position, location and direction. Provide exam-
ples of your own.
Prefix Meaning Example

peri- Around Perivascular- okołonaczyniowy
ecto- Exterior Ectoderm - ektoderma
endo- Inside Endolaryngeal -
wewnątrzkrtaniowy
inter- Between Intercostal - międzyżebrowy
intra- Within Intradermal - śródskómy
extra- Outside of Extraperitoneal - pozaotrzewnowy
supra- Over, above Suprastemal - nadmostkowy
epi- Over, above Epigastrium - nadbrzusze
sub- Under Sublingual -podjęzykowy
ab- Away from Abductor - mięsień odwodzący
ad- Toward Adductor - mięsień przywodzący
e- Without Edentulous - bezzębny
ex- Off, out Excise - wyciąć
in- In, into Incise - nacinać
(2) Define the following terms. Intercellular ..............................

Peripancreatitis ......................... Endotracheal ............................
Perirenal .................................... Endogastric ...............................
Extracellular .............................. Epicardium ...............................
Extravascular ........................... Subumbilical ...........................
Intraocular ................................ Substemal ................................
Intraspinal ................................ Abduction ................................
Interatrial ............................. ..... Adduction ................................
EXERCISE E. Give the formal equivalents of the following terms. Each dash (-) represents one
1. Eye socket £y£ ojfjbjt V
-0
2. Yellow spot mą_ęulQ. fo -’-a' ' ' •'
3. Window of the eye _ r__ a
4. White of the eye sę__ro-
5. Sight _j__ s __n
6. Cross eyes __ r_____ s__ JS
7. Short-sight
8. Long-sight 1 _P_c
___
9. Pinna a____ c
10. Ear drum t__p_ m____ r_£i e
11. Hammer m_____
12. Stirrup
13. Anvil
14. Injury jr____ a

Part
II
ENGLISH IN MEDICAL
PRACTICE
44
English for Medical Students and Doctors -1 - E. Donesch-Jeżo
UNIT 17
THE DOCTOR AND HIS PATIENT

Word List
• aim [eim] - cel; celować
• approach [a'prautfj
- podejście
• area ['earia] - powierzchnia,
obszar
When we cali for a doctor we expect him to treat us and relieve our suffering. The doctor is
• complain (of)
expected to deal with his patient on both physiological and psychological level. On the former, the [kam'plein av] skarżyć się,
doctor must take the patienfs history and examine him in order to diagnose or find what is wrong with narzekać (na coś)
him/her. Once the diagnosis has been madę, the physician must indicate some form of treatment to ■ complaint [kam’pleint]
- skarga, dolegliwość
cure the patient. This treatment may be pharmacological, that is, using specific medication or it may
• concem [kan'sa:n]
be surgical, that is, by means of an operation. On a psychological level, the doctor must regard his - zainteresowanie; dotyczyć,
patient as an individual person with a problem to be solved. zajmować się
The effective doctor spends as much time talking to his patient about his problems as he is exam- • consideration
[kan.sida'rcijan] - rozwaga
ining his physical condition. Thus, a good physician takes into consideration a lot of facts related to
(take into consideration
his patient: emotional, historical, environmental and physical. For example, the patienfs improper - wziąć, brać coś pod uwagę)
diet, smoking, alcohol abuse and sedentary lifestyle make risk factors which may cause a disease. The • cure [kjua] - leczyć,
present-day doctor is concemed with examination, clinical diagnosis, treatment, prevention of dis- wyleczyć
eases and social problems of his patients. The unhappy and suffering patient expects to be understood • dietician ['daia'tijan]
- dietetyk
and treated by his doctor, who should be a person with good Professional knowledge, experience and ■ duty [’dju:ti] - obowiązek,
skill. However, the doctor’s personal relationship with his patient is as important as his professional dyżur
knowledge. • environment
[in'vaiaranmant] - otoczenie,
Holistic medicine propagates therapy aimed at treatment of the whole person - his body and mind
środowisko
- not only the part or parts affected by a disease. It involves such methods of treatment as acupuncture, • examination
acupressure, homeopathy, naturopathy and herbal medicine. [ig.zaemfneijan] - badanie
Doctors who diagnose and treat nearly all types of complaints are called generał practitioners (physical examination
- badanie fizykalne)
(GPs). There are also specialists, that is, doctors who concentrate on a particular type of a disease.
• generał practitioner
Thus, doctors with a speciality in cardiology treat patients with heart and other circulatory diseases; ['dscnaral prak'tijana]
gynaecologists treat diseases of the female reproductive system; obstetricians deliverbabies; derma- - lekarz ogólny
tologists deal with skin problems, whereas otolaryngologists treat diseases of the ears, nose and throat. • gynaecologist
[.gaini'kolad3ist] - ginekolog
In order to fulfil their tasks effectively, the doctors co-operate with other members of the hospital
• indicate ['indikeit]
staff, such as radiographers, physiotherapists, remedial gymnasts, occupational therapists, dentists, - wskazać, zalecić
pharmacists, laboratory technicians and dieticians. • holistic [ha'listik]
- holistyczny
• laboratory technician
[Ia'boratari tek'ni:Jan]
- laborant
EXERCISE A. State whether these sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones. • medication [>medi'keifan]
1. The doctor should concentrate on the patienfs physical condition only. - lek
2. There is a strong relationship between the patienfs diet, work, way of life and his health. • obstetrician [,obsta'trifan]
- położnik
3. The doctor’s knowledge of the patienfs psychological problems is unimportant for making
• occupational [.okju'peijanl]
a proper diagnosis. - zawodowy, zajęciowy
4. Holistic medicine concentrates only on the organs affected by a disease. • pharmacist ['faimasist]
5. Doctors who diagnose and treat various types of diseases are called generał practitioners. - farmaceuta
• physiotherapist
6. A specialist is the doctor who treats a special type of disease or practises a special branch [,fizio'0crapist]
of medicine. - fizjoterapeuta
7. Other hospital workers do not contribute in proper clinical diagnosing and management. • precise [prfsais] - dokładny,
precyzyjny
• prevention [pri'venjan]
EXERCISE B. Tell/write about the following members of para-medical staff. - zapobieganie
Match the words and definitions. • radiographer [,reidi'ografa]
1) A radiographer a) treats the teeth and tissues of the mouth - radiolog
• rccognizc ['rekag.naiz]
2) A laboratory technician b) advises on different diets for patients with various disorders
- rozpoznawać
3) A physiotherapist c) issues drugs from the dispensary and supervises the proper • relationship [rfleifan/ip]
storage and administration of drugs - związek, stosunek
4) A dietician d) takes and develops X-ray films • relicvc [ri'li:v] - złagodzić,
zelżeć (o chorobie)

• remedial gymnast 5) A pharmacist e) does the routine tests, such as blood and urine tests, sputum
[ri'mi:dial 'dsimnaeest]
tests, etc.
- instruktor gimnastyki
leczniczej 6) A dentist f) treats patients by means of corrective exercise, massage and
• reąuire [rik'waia] electrotherapy
- wymagać
• sedentary ['sedantari]
EXERCISE C. Define the following specialists as in the example.
- siedzący (o trybie życia lub
pracy)
• speciality [speji'aeliti] EXAMPLE: A paediatrician is a specialist in the treatment of the children’s diseases. He practises
- specjalność paediatrics.
1. An allergist and immunologist .................................... allergology and immunology.
2. An anesthesiologist.................. ..........................................................anesthesiology.
3. A gynaecologist and obstetrician.................................. gynaecology and obstetrics.
4. A geriatrician.......... geriatrics.
5. A dermatologist..... dermatology.
6. An ophthalmologist ophthalmology.
7. A psychiatrist ........ psychiatry,
8. An otolaryngologist otolaryngology.
9. A generał surgeon ... surgery.
10. A neurologist........ .. neurology.
11. A plastic surgeon .. .. plastic surgery.
12. A urologist........... . urology.

1. Głównym zadaniem lekarza jest postawienie właściwej diagnozy, zalecenie odpowiedniego
leczenia oraz zapobieganie chorobom.
2. Współczesny lekarz powinien brać pod uwagę tryb życia pacjenta.
3. Znajomość psychologicznych problemów pacjenta jest bardzo ważna przy stawianiu właściwej
diagnozy.
4. Aby rozumieć pacjenta, lekarz powinien być osobąo dużej wiedzy zawodowej i doświadczeniu.
5. Lekarz ogólny może leczyć prawie wszystkie dolegliwości.
6. Lekarz-specjalista zajmuje się pewnym rodzajem chorób lub specjalną dziedziną medycyny.
EXERCISE E. Study the following prefixes related to number and size. Give the meaning of the
terms below.

mono- One Mononuclear - jednojądrzasty
uni- One Uniglandular - jednogruczołowy
bi- Two Bilobular - dwupłatkowy
di- Two Dizygotic - dwuzygotowy
hemi- Half Hemiparesis - niedowład połowiczy
a- Nonę, absent Apnea - bezdech
an- Without Anorexia - brak łaknienia
ambi- Both Ambivalent - ambiwalentny
Asepsis, diplopia, unilateral, bilateral, monochromatic, anuria, hemisphere, ambilateral, hemiple-

gia, bifocal, binocular, hemicolectomy, monosaccharide, monofocal, diplococcus.
EXERCISE F. Match the words that mean the same.
1. Illness doctor
2. Instrument prediction
3. Physician sample
4. Procedurę live
5. Prognosis ailment
6. Specimen tool, utensil
7. Surgery remedy
8. Survive treatment
9. Drug operation

UNIT 18
Word List
TAKING HISTORY, • accessory [ak'sesari]
- dodatkowy, pomocniczy
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION AND ACCESSORY • aid [cid] - pomoc
• angiography [.aendsi ograefi]
INYESTIGATIONS - angiografia
• auscultation [,o:skal'teifan]
- osłuchiwanie, auskultacja
• biopsy ['baiopsi] - biopsja,
pobranie tkanki do badania
• bronchoscopy
[brorfkoskapi]
- wziernikowanie oskrzeli
The doctor has to elicit a detailed history from his patient before he starts examining him/her. • bruit [bru:t] - szmer serca
While taking history, he tries to obtain as much information as possible. Thus, the doctor asks his • carry out [,kaeri 'aut]
patient a lot of questions conceming his present and past complaints and troubles, their duration and - wykonywać
• click [klik] - trzask, klik
location, childhood diseases, operations, family history, that is, the diseases present in his family, the (sercowy)
patienfs occupation, marital status, living and working conditions and his lifestyle. • coarse rales (pl.)
Having taken the case history, the doctor carries out the physical examination. The physical ex- ['ko:s ,ra:lz] - rzężenie
amination usually consists of four stages: inspection, palpation (superficial and deep), percussion and grubobańkowc
• colorectoscopy
auscultation. First, the patienfs generał appearance is taken into consideration. The patient is ob- [.kolarcktoskapi]
served for the presence of cyanosis or any other changes in the colour of the skin, presence of injuries, - wziernikowanie okrężnicy
lumps, dyspnoea, oedema, such as swollen lymph glands or blood vessels. i odbytu
• complete blood count
Palpation is carried out to take the patienfs pulse and to determine its ratę, rhythm and pressure.
[kam'pli:t 'bUd kaunt]
Deep palpation is used to reveal enlarged intemal organs or any other abnormalities, such as hemia, - morfologia krwi
rectal carcinoma or enlarged prostatę gland detected per rectum. • confirm [kanTo.m]
On percussion the chest is tapped and the vibrations are felt and heard. Loss of resonance, that is, - potwierdzić
• crackle [kraekl]
duli percussion notę suggests a lung disorder, whereas resonant percussion notę means lack of lung
— trzeszczenie
disease. • crepitation [krepfteijan]
Auscultation is usually performed with the aid of an instrument called a stethoscope. It is used to - trzeszczenie
detect the character of the respiratory and cardiac sounds. When listening to the respiratory system, • dctect [di'tekt] - dostrzegać,
wykrywać
abnormal respiratory sounds can be detected, such as coarse or fine rales, crackles or crepitations and
• determine [di'ta:min]
wheezes. When listening to the heart sounds, the physician can hear clicks, murmurs or bruits. - określać, ustalać
The physician may order various clinical and laboratory tests to confirm his initial diagnosis. • duration [dju'reijan]
They include: X-ray pictures, X-ray contrast medium picture (angiography), electrocardiograms (ECG), — trwanie
• electrocardiogram
electroencephalograms (EEG), endoscopic examinations, such as laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy,
[i,lektrau'ka:dia.graem]
gastroenteroscopy, colorectoscopy, etc., which are done with the use of flexible, visualizing instru- - elektrokardiogram
ments. They may also be used for taking biopsies. The modem techniąue, such as ultrasonography • electroencephalogram
(USG) is used for examining the intemal organs as well as the fetus. Computer tomography (CT), [i.lektrauen'sefala.graem]
- elcktroencefalogram
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) give pictures that look
• elicit [i'lisit] - wydobywać
like a slice through the body, and therefore give accurate information about intemal organs with no (coś od kogoś),
risk and discomfort for both the patient and doctor. With their use, such lesions as a blood ciot on the ujawniać, wyciągnąć
brain or a tumour in the lung or abdomen can be detected within a few minutes. • enlarged [in'la:dsd]
- powiększony
Laboratory tests include: complete blood count (CBC), red blood count (RBC), white blood count
• erythrocyte sedimentation
(WBC), erythrocyte sedimentation ratę (ESR), examination of sputum, urine, stool and cerebrospinal ratę
fluid samples which involve macroscopic, microscopic, bacteriological, biochemical and cytological [i'ri0rasait ,sedimen'teijan
tests. 'reit] - szybkość
opadania krwinek (O.B.)
• fine rales ['fain .rarlz] (pl.)
- rzężenia drobnobańkowe
EXERCISE A. Answer the following ąuestions. • flexible ['fleksibl] - giętki,
1. While taking the patienfs history, what information does the doctor elicit? elastyczny
2. What are the stages of physical examination? • gastroenteroscopy
['gastro.enta'roskapi]
3. What is the patient observed for?
- gastroenteroskopia,
4. What can be detected by palpation? wziernikowanie żołądka i jelit
5. What is percussion used for? • hemia [’ha:nia]
6. What can auscultation reveal? - przepuklina
• inspection [ins'pckjan]
7. What clinical and laboratory investigations are ordered to confirm the diagnosis?
- oglądanie, badanie
• investigation
[in.vesti'geijan] - badanie

• magnetic resonance EXERCISE B. State whether these sentences are true or false. Correct the fasie ones.
[mag'netik 'rezonans]
1. After the physical examination the doctor usually takes the patienfs history.
- rezonans magnetyczny
• murmur [’ma:ma] - szmer 2. On inspection the patienfs generał appearance is observed.
• occupation [okju'peijan] 3. The pulse ratę iS taken by percussion.
-zawód 4. Deep palpation is used to reveal enlargement or mislocation of the intemal organs.
• oedema [i'di:ma] - obrzęk
5. Percussion may be used to detect respiratory and cardiac sounds.
• palpation [.ptePpeifan]
- palpacja 6. The findings revealed on the physical examination should be confirmed by other examinations.
• percussion [pa:'kAjan]
- opukiwanie EXERCISE C. Practise the following questions asked by a physician while taking the
• pharyngoscopy
case history.
[.faerirfgoskapi]
- wziernikowanie gardła Asking about the symptoms.
• physical examination What brings you here?
['fizikal ig,zaemi'neijan] What are your complaints?
- badanie fizykalne
What seems to be the problem?
• positron [ pozitran]
- pozytron Asking about duration of symptoms.
• radiography [,reidi'ografi] How long have you had this pain?
- radiografia How long does this pain last?
• reveal [ri'vi:l] - odkryć,
When did the pain start?
ujawnić
• rigidity [rTdsiditi] When did you first notice it?
- sztywność Asking about location of symptoms.
• sample [saempl] - próbka Where does it hurt?
• sputum [’spju:tam]
Show me where the pain is.
- plwocina
• stethoscope ['steSaskaup] Which part of your head/chest/abdomen is affected?
- słuchawki, stetoskop Does it stay in one place or does it radiate anywhere else?
• swelling [swelip] Asking about type of pain/severity of symptoms.
- obrzmienie, opuchlizna
What kind of pain is it?
• tendemess ['tendanas]
- bolesność uciskowa, Can you describe the pain?
tkliwość Does it affect your sleep/work?
• tomography [ta'mografi] Is the pain continuous or does it come and go?
- tomografia, radiografia
How often are the attacks?
warstwowa
• ultrasonography Asking about relieving/aggravating factors.
[,Altrasa'nograefr] What seems to bring the pain on?
- ultrasonografia Is the pain relieved by drugs/rest/position?
• visualize [’vizjualaiz]
Does anything make it better/worse?
- uwidocznić
• wheeze [wi:z] - świszczenie Have you taken any medicine for the pain?
Did the tablets help?
Asking about other symptoms.
Apart from your chest pain are there any other problems?
How’s your appetite?
Do you have any problem with passing water?
Are your bowel motions regular?
Have you noticed any blood in your stools?
Past history.
Have you ever been operated on?
Have you ever been admitted to hospital?
Have you ever had chest pain before?
Family history.
Are your parents alive and well?
What did he/she die of?
Does anyone else in your family suffer from this problem?
General Information about the patient/Personal details.
How old are you?
Whafs your job?
Where do you live?
Are you married?
Do you smoke?
How many do you smoke a day?
Do you drink?

EXERCISE D. Tell the patient in a polite way.
EXAMPLE: Lie down.

Will you lie down, please.
Would you lie down, please.
1. Undress to the waist.
2. Take off his shirt.
3. Lie down on the couch.
4. Lie on his left side.
5. Open his mouth and say ‘ah’.
6. Put his tongue out.
7. Breathe through his nose/mouth.
8. Take a deep breath in and out.
9. Hołd his breath in.
10. Tum round.
11. Tum over.
EXERCISE E. Substitute for the expressions in bold and give Polish equivalents.
1. The physician took his patienfs history.

elicited
obtained
2. The patient complained of severe thoracic pain.
had
noted
suffered from
experienced
3. The patient gave a three-day history of abdominal pain.
weakness
nausea
insomnia
dyspnoea
4. The family history was unremarkable.
did not reveal anything specific
was non-contributory
5. A tentative diagnosis was madę.
initial
presumptive
differential
finał
definite

1. Najpierw przeprowadziłem wywiad z chorym, a potem badanie fizykalne.
2. Obserwacja ujawniła sinicę, wysypkę na skórze i obrzęk stawów w górnych kończynach.
3. Palpaęja jamy brzusznej wykazała powiększoną wątrobę i śledzionę oraz bolesność uciskową
mięśni brzucha.
4. Auskultacja ujawniła szmery w sercu.
5. Pacjent musi zrobić prześwietlenie klatki piersiowej, bronchoskopię, tomografię oraz badania
krwi, moczu i plwociny.
6. Podczas wziernikowania oskrzeli wykonano biopsję.
7. Proszę pokazać gdzie boli najbardziej.
8. Czy tabletki pomogły złagodzić ból?
9. Czy ktoś w rodzinie cierpał na tę chorobę?
10. Proszę rozpiąć koszulę, chcę osłuchać pana klatkę piersiową?

UNIT 19
Word List
• bonę marrow
['baun .maerau] - szpik
TREATMENT OF DISEASES AND DISORDERS
kostny
• counselling ['kaunsaliąj
- poradnictwo
• donor ['dauna] - dawca
• excision [ek'si39n]
- wycięcie, odcięcie
• immune system Having diagnosed a disease, the doctor prescribes an appropriate treatment which means any
[i'mju:n .sistam] - układ procedurę taken to cure a disease or disorder or to relieve symptoms. Examples are: drug treatment
odpornościowy
• immunosuppressant (pharmacotherapy), surgery (an operation), radiation therapy, physiotherapy, psychotherapy, etc.
[,imju:no'sAprasant] - środek Until the 1940s the surgical treatment consisted of excision, that is, cutting out a diseased or
itnmunosupresyjny damaged organ or tissue. The generał trend in today’s surgery is replacement or repair rather than
• laser ['Iciza] - laser excision. To be effective, the surgeons have to employ new methods and the latest technological
• lithotripsy ['liSo.tripsi]
- kruszenie kamieni achievements, such as the operating microscope, laser scalpel, endoscope, etc.
• palliative ['paeliativ] Transplant surgery (e.g. heart, kidney, liver, bonę marrow transplantation) is the replacement of a
- paliatywny, łagodzący diseased organ or tissue with a healthy living substitute. The organ is usually taken from a person who
• recipient [ri'sipiant] has just died (the donor). However, a great many transplanted kidneys are taken from living relatives.
- biorca
• rejection [rfdjakfan] The first transplantation operations were unsuccessful because of rejection of the transplant by the
- odrzucenie recipienfs immune system. The discovery and introduction of immunosuppressant drugs, such as
• substitute ['sAbstitju:t] cyclosporine, madę these operations morę effective.
- substytut; zastępowanie, Some organs or parts of the body can be replaced by artificial implants , such as hip joints, heart
podstawianie
• tiny ['taini] valves, lenses for the eye, parts of the middle and inner ear, parts of the blood vessels and bones of the
-mały skuli. Operations on the tiny structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, the eye or the ear are performed
• ultrasonography with the use of a special operating microscope. Such an operating techniąue is called microsurgery.
[.Altrasanografi] Laser surgery uses a laser scalpel which is a narrow beam of intense energy. Many operations on the
- ultrasonografia
eye, skin, arteries and tumours are carried out with this techniąue. Endoscopic surgery which is used
to remove tumours, cysts, foreign bodies and for taking biopsy is generally safer and easier to perform
than the conventional surgery.
To treat or relieve the symptoms physicians can choose from a wide rangę of drugs, both natura1
and synthetic. Most drugs that were originally derived from plants have now been replaced by syn
thetic ones, such as antibiotics, antimicrobials, antipyretics, antiallergics, antihypertensives, etc.
Other methods of treatment include:

• Intensive therapy which is a continuous monitoring of the patienfs body functions, such as
heart ratę and rhythm, respiratory ratę, and blood pressure in severely sick patients.
• Radiation therapy which uses X-rays or implants of radium to treat cancer.
• Dialysis in which a dialysis machinę filters the blood of the patient with kidney failure.
• Lithotripsy which is a non-invasive procedurę of breaking down stones in the body (kidney
stones or gali stones) by ultrasound.
• Physiotherapy which is the treatment of physical dysfunction or injuries by the use of exercise,
massage, heat, cold, ultrasound, etc.
• Psychotherapy which is used in treatment of mental disorders by the use of psychoanalysis,
group therapy, individual therapy and counselling.
EXERCISE A. Answer the following:

1. What kinds of treatment may be prescribed by the doctor?
2. Define the transplant surgery.
3. Why were the first transplantation surgeries ineffective?
4. Which parts of the body can be replaced by artificial implants?
5. What techniąues are used in the operations on the eye?
6. What techniąue is used for breaking the kidney stones?
7. What kind of apparatus is used for dialysis?
8. Define physiotherapy and psychotherapy.
50 English for Medical Students and Doctors -1 - E. Donesch-Jeżo

EXERCISE B. Substitute for the expressions in bold and give Polish equivalents.
1. The doctor prescribed conservative treatment.
adjuvant
long-term
dietetic
ambulatory
prophylactic
palliative
2. The patient underwent emergency operation.
exploratory
major
minor
radical
reconstructive
3. The patient has been administered an antipyretic drug.
antihypertensive
antiinflammatory
anticoagulant
antihistaminic
aperient
4. Complete recovery was noted.
Gradual
Slow
Rapid
Uneventful
Unexpected
5. The therapy gave positive results.
negative
encouraging
reliable
striking
6. After the therapy the patient felt great relief,
immediate
excellent
mild
temporary
permanent
EXERCISE C. Advise on appropriate therapy for:

1. A patient suffering from depression.
2. A hypertensive patient.
3. A patient with kidney stones.
4. A patient with retina detachment.
5. A patient suffering from kidney insufficiency.
6. A patient suffering from hip joint degeneration.
7. A patient with impaired movement after a healed leg fracture.
8. A patient with severe respiratory distress.
9. A patient with cardiac failure.
10. A patient with rectal polyps.
EXERCISE D. Study the prefixes related to number and size. Give the definitions of the
terms below.

hyper- Increased Hypertension - nadciśnienie
hypo- Decreased Hypoglycemia - hipoglicemia
macro- Large Macrocephaly - wielkogłowie
micro- Very smali Microsurgery - mikrochirurgia
multi- Many Multigravida - wieloródka
olig- Few, decreased Oliguria - skąpomocz
poły- Many, increased Polyuria — wielomocz •

Microcephalus, multilobar, oligodontia, macrocolon, hyperthyroidism, hypotension, multilatenl, /
oligopnea, micronodular, macrocomea, hypercardia, polynuclear, hypometabolism, polymorphism, (
hypersensitivity.
©
1. Lepiej zastosuj się do rady lekarza.
2. Jeżeli leczenie farmakologiczne nie złagodzi objawów, zastosujemy leczenie operacyjne i
wspomagające.
3. Blizna na ciele pacjentki została usunięta przy użyciu skalpela laserowego.
4. Operacja ucha środkowego będzie wymagała użycia techniki mikrochirurgii.
5. Dziecko połknęło małą zabawką i teraz musi przejść endoskopowe usunięcie tej zabawki.
6. Pacjentowi z rakiem płuca przepisano radioterapię i chemioterapię.
7. Jeżeli zostanie znaleziony odpowiedni dawca, operacja transplantacji serca będzie mogła być
wykonana.
8. Po transplantacji serca, pacjent musi brać leki immunosupresyjne aby zapobiec odrzuceniu
przeszczepu.
EXERCISE F. The list below contains various symptoms. Which body system are they related
to? Write them under the appropriate system (some symptoms may be written under morę than one
heading).
loss of consciousness; nausea; chestpain; diarrhoea; hoarseness; ankle oedema; paresis; cyanosis;
astigmatism; back pain; joint stiffhess; muscle guarding; conjunctivitis; dyspnoea; haematuria; pim-
ples; belching; paralysis; rhinitis; numbness of the frngers; dandruff; arterial murmur; retrostemal
pain; cholecystolithiasis; dementia; incontinence; coarse rales; tinnitus; acne; anuria; epileptic sei-
zures; crepitations; migraine; urticaria; heartbum; pleural friction; tachycardia; tachypnoea; anorexia;
wheezes; haematemesis; insomnia; haemorrhage; haemoptysis; syncope; pallor; strabismus; deafness
1. Respiratory system (RS)
2. Cardiovascular system (CVS)
3. Gastrointestinal system (GIS)
4. Genitourinary system (GUS)
5. Central nervous system (CNS)
6. Musculoskeletal system
7. Skin
8. Eye; Ear
L
UNIT 20
Word List
• adhesivc plaster
THE DOCTORS SURGERY [ad'hi:siv ’pla:sta]
- przylepiec
• adhesive tapc
[ad’hi:siv 'teip] - przylepiec
• anaesthetic [®ni:s'0etik]
- środek znieczulający
The doctor ’s surgery consists of several rooms such as: the reception, the Office, the waiting room, • analgesic [,anal'd3i:sik]
- środek przeciwbólowy
the consulting room, the treatment room and the recovery room. The reception is where the secretary • antiallergic [,aential'a:d3ik]
answers the phones firom patients and makes appointments which are noted in the appointment book. - środek przcciwalergiczny
In the office there are cabinets where the patients’ cards are stored. The patients wait for their tum in • antibiotic [,aenti'baiotik]
the waiting room. The consulting room is where the doctor takes the patients’ history, examines, - antybiotyk
• antipyretic [,antipai'retik]
prescribes appropriate treatment and gives advice on various types of complaints and troubles. The - środek przeciwgorączkowy
treatment room is where injections are given and some minor surgical procedures are performed, for • appointment [apointmant]
example, wounds and injuries are cleansed, disinfected and bandaged, sutures are laid and removed, - umówiony termin,
dressings are changed, etc. The treatment room may also serve as the recovery room for the patients zamówiona wizyta u lekarza
• auriscope [’o:riskaup]
who have undergone surgical procedures under local or generał anaesthesia. - wziernik uszny
The eąuipment of the surgery designed for examination of the patients includes: • cabinet ['kaebinat] - szafka
• the examination couch where the patient can lie while being examined, • catgut [ kaetgAt] - katgut
• the weighing scales for taking the patienfs weight, • cleanse [klcnz] - oczyścić
• constipation
• the height measure for taking the patienfs height, [.konsti'peijan] - zaparcie
• thermometers (orał and rectal) for taking the temperaturę, • consulting room
• the sphygmomanometer for taking the patienfs blood pressure, [kan's*ltiQ ,ru:m] - gabinet
• the stethoscope for auscultation of the patienfs chest cavity, especially for hearing the przyjąć lekarskich
• couch [kautj] - kozetka,
respiratory and cardiac sounds, leżanka
• the auriscope for the examination of the patienfs ears, • disinfect [.disinfekt]
• the ophthalmoscope for the examination of the interior of the patienfs eyes, - dezynfekować, odkażać
• the head mirror, laryngeal mirror, torch and tongue depressors for the examination • disposable syringe
[dispauzabl ’sirind3]
of the patienfs throat and nose, - strzykawka jednorazowego
• Snellen chart and colour vision charts to test the patienfs sight. użytku
The eąuipment designed for treatment comprises drugs, such as: • dissecting forceps
• antibiotics to treat diseases caused by bacteria and viruses, [disektiry ’fo:saps]
- kleszczyki do preparowania
• analgesics to relieve pain, • dressing ['dresiąj
• sedatives and tranąuillizers to reduce anxiety and nervousness, - opatrunek
• hypnotics to induce sleep, • eąuipment [i kwipmant]
- wyposażenie, sprzęt
• laxatives or aperients to relieve constipation,
• forceps [ fo:saps]
• antiallergics to relieve an allergy (e.g. skin irritation, hay fever, etc.), - kleszczyki, kleszcze
• antipyretics to reduce fever, • gauze [go:z] - gaza
• anaesthetics to induce loss of sensibility to pain by local or generał anaesthesia, ■ gut [gAt] - gut
• hypnotic [hip'notik]
The basie Instruments are:
- środek nasenny
• syringes and needles (disposable syringes and needles) for giving injections, • injury [’ind3ari] - zranienie,
• scalpels for cutting the skin (used by surgeons), uszkodzenie
• forceps for attaching the needle to the syringe, dressing forceps for seizing dressings, • laxative ['laeksativ] - środek
przeczyszczaj ący
and dissecting forceps for seizing anything,
• ophthalmoscope
• the suture set includes Instruments for laying sutures and sewing materiał such as surgical [of 0aelmoskaup] - wziernik
catgut or surgical gut. oczny, oftalmoskop
Dressings include: gauze, bandages, adhesive plasters or tapes and plaster of Paris. • plaster of Paris
[pla:sta av paeris] - gips
• prcscribe [pris kraib]
- zapisywać (lek, terapię)
• procedurę [pra'si:d3a]
EXERCISE A. Answer the following ąuestions. - zabieg (operacyjny)
1. How many rooms does the doctor’s surgery comprise? What are they? • reception [ri'sepfan]
2. Where are the patients’ records kept? - recepcja, rejestracja
• records [’reko:dz]
3. What is the consulting room for? - kartoteka, archiwum
4. Where are the injuries disinfected and sutures laid? • recover [ri'kAva]
5. Where can the patient recover after surgical procedures? - wyzdrowieć, powrócić do
6. What eąuipment is used for the examination of the patienfs throat? zdrowia

• recovery room 7. What is used to check the patienfs sight?
[ri'kAvari .ru:m] - sala 8. Which drugs relieve pain?
pooperacyjna, pokój
pozabiegowy 9. Which drugs relieve an allergy?
• sedative [’sedativ] - środek 10. What are forceps used for?
uspokajający
• seize [sicz] - chwytać EXERCISE B. Complete the sentences.
• sight [sait] - wzrok
• Snellen chart 1. Dr. Hill is going to palpate the patienfs abdomen. The patient must lie down on a........
[ snelan tfa:t] - tablica 2. Nurse Basset is going to take the patienfs blood pressure. She needs a.............
Snellena 3. Nurse Frith is going to take the patienfs temperaturę. She needs a...............
• suture [’sju:tfa] - szew 4. Dr. Evans is going to examine the patienfs throat and nose. He needs................
• suture set ['sjurtfa 'set]
- zestaw narzędzi do 5. Dr. Martin is going to auscultate the patienfs chest. He needs a .....................
zakładania szwów 6. Dr. Turner is going to examine the patienfs ears. He needs an.............
• tongue depressor 7. Nurse Gray is going to weigh the child. She must put it on...............
['tAQ di presa] - szpatułka do
8. Nurse Jackson is going to take the child’s height. She must put it on a.............
uciskania języka
• torch [toctj] - latarka 9. Dr. Bridge is going to examine the patienfs eyes. He needs an.............
• tranquillizcr ['traeąkwilaiza] 10. Dr. Williams is going to examine the patienfs sight. He needs...........
- środek uspokajający
• treatment room
EXERCISE C. Complete the following sentences as in the example.
['tri:tmant ,ru:m] - pokój
zabiegowy EXAMPLE: This patient has got pneumonia. The doctor must prescribe him antibiotics.
• weighing scales
['weią .skeilz] - waga 1. Mrs. Smith can’t sleep. The doctor must prescribe her..............
• wound [wu:nd] - rana
2. This child has got a rash on his face. The doctor must prescribe him.................
3. Mr. Brown has a very high temperaturę. The doctor must prescribe him...............
4. Mrs. Jones is very anxious. The doctor must prescribe her..................
5. Mr. Green has got constipation. The doctor must prescribe him..................
6. Mrs. Black is in great pain. The doctor must prescribe her...................
EXERCISE D. Complete these sentences.

1. I have to give the patient an injection. Fetch me............
2. I have to attach the needle to the syringe. Fetch me............
3. I have to cut the dressing. Pass me................
4. I have to put the dressing over the injury. Pass me................
5. I have to lay the stitches. Fetch me...............
6. I have to bandage the wound. Fetch me..............
EXERCISE E. Substitute for the expressions in bold and give Polish equivalents.
1. On admission the patient was cyanotic.
febrile
dyspnoeic
nauseated
conscious
unconscious
2. Palpation revealed tenderness of the abdomen.
muscle guarding
rigidity
distension
hepatosplenomegaly
3. Percussion notę was resonant.
duli
fiat
4. On auscultation crepitations were heard.
creps
crackles
coarse rales
fine rales
moist rales
wheezes
rhonchi
pleural friction
cardiac murmurs

©
1. Muszę odkazić ranę i założyć szwy.
2. Proszę zaprowadzić pacjenta do pokoju zabiegowego.
3. Co panu dolega?
4. Jak długo czuje pan ten ból?
5. Muszę temu pacjentowi zdjąć szwy i zabandażować ranę.
6. Pacjent, który miał znieczulenie ogólne, leży w sali pooperacyjnej.
7. Proszę położyć się na leżance.
8. Siostro, proszę zmierzyć temu pacjentowi tętno i ciśnienie krwi.
9. Ten pacjent cierpi na zaparcie i muszę przepisać mu środek przeczyszczający.
10. Proszę, podaj mi bandaż, przylepiec oraz nożyczki.
EXERCISE G. Tick the words that do not belong to the groups below.
1. A symptom
cyanosis cure cough fever cancer
2. A disease
tuberculosis nausea pharyngitis virus measles
3 Pathogens
bacteria viruses drugs parasites fungi
4. Diagnostic procedurę
bronchoscopy immunity biopsy injection angiography
5. Treatment
surgery chemotherapy ultrasonography pharmacotherapy endoscopy
6. Surgery
appendectomy haemorrhage gastritis laparotomy hysterectomy

UNIT 21
Word List
• anaesthetic room
[ ’aeni:s'0etik ,ru:m] - sala do THE MODERN HOSPITAL
wprowadzania
znieczulenia ogólnego
• communicable disease
[ka'mju:nikabl di’zi:z]
- choroba zakaźna
• dispensary [dis'pensari]
- apteka szpitalna
• emergency [i'ma:d39nsi]
The modem hospital is a complex institution responsible for providing health care to the sick and
- nagły przypadek injured. There are many different kinds of hospitals. Economically, hospitals are classified into profit
• endowment [in'daumant] or private hospitals which are owned by a Corporation or individual persons, sometimes by doctors,
- fundacja and non-profit or public hospitals. Private hospitals reąuire that a patient admitted to that hospital will
• generał hospital
['djenaral 'hospital] - szpital
pay for his treatment, hospitalization and laboratory tests. Public hospitals are financed by State or
ogólny local govemment. The cost of the patients’ hospitalization is madę up from gifts, endowments and
■ injure [ indja] - zranić health insurance. Non-profit hospitals freąuently have medical schools attached to them and thus are
• in-patient [in peifant] called teaching or university hospitals. They are often involved in research activities and provide
- chory leżący w szpitalu
• insurancc [in'Juarans]
training for medical students and postgraduates.
- ubezpieczenie Hospitals can also be categorized according to the type of services they perform. Thus, they are
■ issue ['isju:] - wydawać divided into generał or community hospitals and specialist hospitals. General hospitals treat patients
• medical ward of all ages with various illnesses and injuries. They include various wards, such as surgical, gynaeco-
['medikal ,wo:d] - oddział
wewnętrzny
logical, obstetric, paediatric, medical, dermatological, ophthalmic, geriatrie, psychiatrie, orthopaedic
• operating theatrc etc. Day hospitals are places where the patients are treated during the day and return home for the
['oparcitią 'Siata] - sala night.
operacyjna Specialist hospitals provide a specific type of medical service, for example, matemity hospitals
• out-patient department
['aufpcijht di'pa:tmant] are concemed with pregnancy and childbirth, children’s hospitals are concemed with children’s dis-
- przychodnia przy szpitalu, eases, geriatrie hospitals deal with old people’s diseases, psychiatrie hospitals are involved in the
ambulatorium treatment of mental disorders, infectious diseases hospitals deal with all types of communicable dis
• provide [pra'vaid] eases.
- dostarczyć, zapewnić
• reąuire [ri 'kwaia] - Each modem hospital has a number of departments and rooms designed for special purposes.
wymagać Here are examples of some of them:
• research [ri'sa:tj] - badania • The Emergency Department is where people who have had an accident and have been injured
naukowe or wounded are taken.
• ward [wo:d] - sala chorych
w szpitalu (oddział)
• The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or Intensive Therapy Unit (ITU) provide intensive care to
• X-ray department seriously ill patients, e.g. after heart infaret or those who need special postoperative care,
['eks rei di'pa:tmant] e.g. after heart or chest operations.
- oddział radiografii, • The Out-Patient Department is where patients are treated by specialists without staying
pracownia radiograficzna
in hospital. Out-patient services include consultations, X-rays, laboratory tests
and physiotherapy.
• The Dispensary is the store-room for all the drugs used in the hospital and the place where
they are issued to patients or medical staff.
• The Wards are rooms where in-patients live while they are in hospital.
• The Anaesthetic Room is where patients are given anaesthesia before having an operation.
• The Operating Theatre or the Operating Room (OR) is where operations are performed.
• The Recovery Room is where patients recover from an operation.
• The X-ray Department provides X-ray photographs of patients.
• The Pathology Laboratory (Path Lab) is where blood and urine tests are madę.
• The Blood Bank is the place where blood needed for transfusions is stored.
• Medical Records is where information is kept about everyone who comes to the hospital.
The information is usually stored in computers.

1. How are hospitals classified economically?
2. State the difference between profit and non-profit hospitals.
3. How are hospitals classified according to the type of services they perform?
4. State the difference between generał and specialist hospitals.
5. Where are the drugs stored?

6. What is the operating theatre?
7. Where do the patients recover after an operation?
8. Where is the blood needed for transfusions stored?
EXERCISE B. Complete the following sentences with the names of appropriate hospitals or
wards.
1. Mrs. Brown expects her baby soon. She must be taken to........... hospital.
2. Jack Brown, who is 8 years old, has measles complications. He must be taken
to...... hospital.
3. Mr. Black has got hepatitis. He must be taken to............... hospital.
4. Mrs. Turner, who is 78 years old, has got pneumonia. She must be taken to............. hospital.
5. Mrs. Johnson has got depression. She must be taken to............... hospital.
6. Mr. Jackson has broken his leg. He has been taken to................ ward.
7. Mrs. Finley has got a rash. She must be admitted to................. ward.
8. Mr. Green is going to have a cataract operation. He has been admitted to............ ward.
9. Mr. Bowell has had a lung operation and is still in a serious condition. He lies in......... ward.
10. This boy fell and injured his leg. He has been taken to............. department.
EXERCISE C. Use suitable equivalents for the bold words.

1. Public hospitals are provided with money by various levels of govemment.
2. The cost of the patienfs stay in hospital is madę up from gifts, endowments
and Insurance policy.
3. A number of non-profit hospitals have medical schools joined to them.
4. Specialist hospitals perform a specific type of medical service.
5. Each modem hospital has a number of departments and rooms planned for special purposes.
6. The Dispensary is the place where the drugs are distributed to the patients.
7. The Path Lab is where blood and urine investigations are madę.
8. The Blood Bank is the place where blood needed for transfusions is kept.
EXERCISE D. Study the abbreviations for departments of the hospital.
Abbreviations Meaning
OR Operating room
ccu Coronary care unit
ICU Intensive care unit
OB Obstetrics
Peds Paediatrics
ER Emergency room
OT Occupational therapy
PT Physical therapy
Lab Laboratory
Path Lab Pathology laboratory
ENT Ears, nose, throat (otolaryngology)

1. Wolę być leczona w ambulatorium niż na oddziale wewnętrznym.
2. Pacjent, króry miał wypadek został przewieziony do pogotowia ratunkowego.
3. Dr. Evans jest w sali operacyjnej.
4. Proszę wezwać anestezjologa do sali do wprowadzania znieczulenia ogólnego.
5. Mr. Smith leży w sali pooperacyjnej.
6. Siostro, proszę zaprowadzić tego pacjenta do pracowni radiograficznej.
7. Siostro, proszę przynieść kartę pani Smith z archiwum.

UNIT 22
Word List
• armpit [’a:mpit] - dół
pachowy
• bulb [bAlb] - bańka TEMPERATURĘ
• blunt [blAnt] - tępy
• collapse [ka laeps] - zapaść
• constrict [kanstrikt]
- skurczyć, zacisnąć
• fever [’fi:va] - gorączka
• flush [AaJ] The body temperaturę is the most important indicator of the body’s healthy or ill condition. The
- zaczerwienienie; body temperaturę is a measure of the body’s reaction to illness or injury. Because of that, taking and
zaczerwienić się
• hypothalamus
recording temperaturę is essential in the course of the therapy.
[ .haipau ’6ae I amas] The body temperaturę is controlled by the hypothalamus, the heat-regulating centre in the brain,
- podwzgórze which acts like a thermostat constantly monitoring blood temperaturę. When the body temperaturę
• infectious [in'fekjas] falls, the hypothalamus sends nerve impulses to stimulate shivering and to constrict blood vessels in
- zakaźny
■ pyrexia [pai'ri:ksia]
the skin which reduce heat loss. Conversely, when body temperaturę rises, the hypothalamus stimu-
- gorączka lates sweating and dilates blood vessels in the skin to increase heat loss.
• rangę [reindj] - zakres, The normal (skin) temperaturę is 36.8°C (98.4°F), with a normal rangę between 36.3°C to 37.2°C
zasięg (97.4°F - 99°F). In a healthy person very little variation in the body temperaturę occurs. The normal
• record [ri'ko:d] - zapisać
temperaturę varies a little from one individual to another. The body temperaturę is also affected by
• shiver [ Jiva] - drżeć,
mieć dreszcze such factors as exercise, sleep, eating, drinking and time of the day (the lowest temperaturę is early in
• site [sait] - miejsce the moming and the highest in the evening).
There are three sites used for taking the body temperaturę: the armpit, the mouth and the rectum.
The rectal temperaturę is higher by 0.3 - 0.4°C and the armpit temperaturę is lower by 0.3 - 0.5°C.
In case of an infection, increased temperaturę, called fever orpyrexia, is the body’s defence against
the organism which caused the infection. Fever caused by a disease ranges from 37.6°C to 40°C. High
fever is manifested by flushed warm skin, thirst and restlessness. High temperaturę may be accompa-
nied by convulsions. Children usually develop higher fever than adults. If the body temperaturę drops
to 35°C (95°F), it is called hypothermia, if the temperaturę drops below 35°C, the patient is in a state
of collapse which may lead to death.
The patienfs temperaturę is taken with a clinical thermometer. The orał thermometer has a long
thin bulb, the rectal thermometer has a short round bulb, however, in many hospitals electronic ther-
mometers are used for orał temperatures.

1. What does the body temperaturę indicate?
2. Which organ is responsible for the temperaturę regulation?
3. What is the temperaturę influenced by?
4. Which sites are used for taking the temperaturę?
5. How is high fever manifested?
6. What is the temperaturę below norm called?
7. How many types of thermometers are used?
8. How do they differ from each other?
EXERCISE B. Suppose a patient has come to your surgery. He complains of a sore throat, pain in
the chest, cough, lack of appetite, chilłs, temperaturę of 38.2°C. Ask the patient:
1) what his complaints are,
2) how he is feeling now,
3) if he has fever,
4) what his temperaturę is,
5) what his temperaturę was when he last took it,
6) when he took his temperaturę last,
7) how long he has been coughing,
8) if he feels any pain on coughing,
9) if he can show the place where he feels a pain,
10)how long he has had the pain,
11) if he expectorates anything on coughing,
12)if he has dyspnoea or any difficulty in breathing,

13) if he has had any chills,
14)if he has had bronchitis or pneumonia lately.
EXERCISE C. Substitute for the expressions in bold and give Polish equivalents.
1. The patient was admitted to hospital.
hospitalized for two weeks
instituted a therapy
cured
operated on
put on medication
referred to a specialist
2. The temperaturę must be taken at least twice a day.
measured
recorded
3. The patienfs temperaturę has increased.
decreased
risen
fallen
dropped
EXERCISE D. Study the abbreviations used on the patients’ charts in most hospitals. Give ab-
breviations for the expressions below.
Abbreviation Meaning Example

BP Blood pressure BP 130/85
CBC Complete blood count CBC
RBC Red blood count RBC 4,350,000/cu mm
WBC White blood count WBC 7,450/cumm
TPR Temperaturę, pulse
and respiration TPR 38.4 - 80- 18
cc: Chief complaint cc: chestpain
c/o Complains of c/o headache
pt Patient pt. appears feverish, dyspnoeic
BM Bowel movement 2 BMs
AMA Against Medical Advice Discharged AMA
OOB Out of bed OOB today
per By way of per rectum
os Mouth per os
WNL Within normal limits urinalysis WNL
NPO Nothing by mouth NPO after midnight
SOB Shortness of breath c/o SOB
O/E On examination O/E
Complete blood count within normal limits; the patient complains of stomachache; 1 bowel move-
ment daily; the chief complaint is shortness of breath; out of bed against medical advice; nothing by
mouth until 6 a.m.; no solid food by mouth; iron dextran against medical advice; the patient can be out
of bed.

1. Temperatura ciała mierzona jest w trzech miejscach: w ustach, pod pachą i w odbycie.
2. Wewnątrz ciała, tj. w odbycie, temperatura jest najwyższa.
3. Jeśli temperatura ciała jest wyższa niż 37.7°C, stan ten nazywamy gorączką.
4. Stanem zapaści nazywamy stan, gdy temperatura opadła poniżej 35°C.
5. Termometry do mierzenia temperatury w odbycie mają krótkie, tępo zakończone bańki.
6. Temperatura wszystkich pacjentów powinna być mierzona co najmniej dwa razy dziennie.

UNIT 23
Word List
• anxiety [aerfzaiati]
- niepokój, obawa
• carotid [ka'rotid] - szyjny PULSE RATĘ
• femoral ['femaral] - udowy
• force [fo.s] - siła
• heart beat [’ha:t,bi:t] - bicie
serca
• index finger ['indeks ’fir[ga]
- palec wskazujący
• infant ['infant] - niemowlę Checking the pulse is one of the routine procedures in physical examination. The pulse ratę is a
• middle finger
['midi .fiijga] - palec measure of the heart beat and reflects the healthy or ill condition of the patient’s heart and blood
środkowy circulation. Every time the heart beats, the blood is pumped through the arteries into the body. The
• newbom [’nju:,bo:n] most common site for taking the pulse is the radial artery at the wrist. It is done by placing the index
- nowo narodzony, noworodek finger and middle finger over the artery. Other sites for taking the pulse are superficial arteries, such
• popliteal [pop litial]
- podkolanowy as the carotid artery in the neck, the temporal artery at the temples, the femoral artery in the groin and
• pulse [paIs] - puls the popliteal artery behind the knee. The apical pulse can be heard by placing the stethoscope over the
• radial ['reidial] apex of the heart, just below the patienfs nipple.
- promieniowy Pulse ratę is the number of beats per minutę. The normal pulse ratę is between 50 to 100 beats per
• reflection [ri'flekjan]
- odbicie, odzwierciedlenie minutę. It is slightly higher in females (65-85 beats/min) than in males (60-80 beats/min). It is slower
• relaxation [,ri:lsek'seifan] when the person is relaxed and faster during exercise, excitement, anger or fear. Age and body build
- odprężenie also affect the pulse ratę. In a newbom infant the normal pulse ratę is 120-140 beats per minutę and it
• temporal ['temparal] decreases with age. Short, overweight persons have a slower pulse ratę than tali and thin persons. A
- skroniowy
normal pulse beat should correspond with the person’s age, should be strong and have a regular
rhythm.
A disease may change the pulse ratę and rhythm. Increased body temperaturę, certain heart dis-
eases, shock, and major injury with excessive blood loss (haemorrhage) cause a faster pulse ratę,
called tachycardia. An abnormally slow pulse ratę is called bradycardia. Irregular pulse rhythm is
called arrhythmia. If the pulse is weak, it can be a sign of heart failure, shock, an obstructed blood
circulation or peripheral circulatory disease. Any changes in the pulse ratę below 50 and above 100
indicate a serious problem.

1. Where are the heart beats transmitted?
2. Where can the pulse be felt easily?
3. How is the pulse beat taken?
4. How does the pulse ratę vary with the age of a person, sex and body build?
5. What is a normal pulse beat ratę in adults?
6. Is there any relation between the condition of the patienfs heart and the pulse?
Provide examples.
1. His respiration was accelerated and shallow.
regular and deep
noisy and laboured
intemipted
irregular
2. His pulse was alternating with galloping rhythm.
leaping with pendulum rhythm
intermittent
thready
trembling
unequal

3. The patienfs build was short and corpulent.
stocky
tali and slim
medium build
well-built
obese
4. The patient was in anxiety State.
febrile
serious
transitory
epileptic
EXERCISE C. Explain the meaning of the following abbreviations.

1. pt. c/o cc ............................................................................
2. 3 BMs .................................................................................
3. TPR 37.9-90-30 ...........................................................
4. diet AMA ...........................................................................
5. BP 140/90 ..........................................................................
6. pt. OOB from tomorrow on ................................................
7. nutrition per os today ..........................................................
8. NPO for 24 hr .....................................................................
9. c/o SOB .............................................................................
EXERCISE D. Give the opposites of the following:

1. Above-................................
2. Accelerate -..........................
3. Increase -.............................
4. Minor -................................
5. Normal-...............................
6. Superficial -..........................
7. Tachycardia -........................

1. Tętno mierzone jest na nadgarstku dwoma palcami: wskazującym i środkowym.
2. Oprócz uderzeń tętna na minutę, należy zanotować jego charakter i rytm.
3. Ilość uderzeń tętna zależy od stanu emocjonalnego pacjenta, np.wzrasta przy zdenerwowaniu,
niepokoju i złości.
4. Normalne tętno u dorosłych wynosi 65 - 80 uderzeń na minutę i powinno mieć regularny
rytm.
5. Tętno j est miarą pracy serca i całego układu krążenia.
6. Proszę mierzyć temu pacjentowi tętno co pół godziny.

UNIT 24
Word List
• apply [a'plai] - zastosować,
stosować
BLOOD PRESSURE
• blood pressure
['bUd 'preja] - ciśnienie krwi
• brachial artery
['breikial ’a:tari] - tętnica
ramienna
• chart [tja:t] - karta
gorączkowa pacjenta As the heart beats, the blood creates pressure on the walls of the blood vessels. The blood pressure
• constant [ konstant] - stały is greater in the arteries than in the veins. The highest pressure is in the aorta, and the lowest in the
• cuff [kAf] - mankiet vena cava. Blood pressure is taken by means of a sphygmomanometer at the brachial artery of the
• deflatc [di: 'fleit] - wypuścić
arm. It is measured in millimetres of mercury (mm Hg). Two types of blood pressure are measured:
powietrze
• diastolic pressure the systolic pressure when the ventricles of the heart contract (the highest) and the diastolic pressure
[,daias'tolik 'prefa] when the ventricles relax between the heart beats (the lowest).
- ciśnienie rozkurczowe Normal arterial systolic blood pressure ranges between 110 and 130 mm Hg and diastolic between
• inflate [in'fleit]
70 to 90 mm Hg. Normal blood pressure varies from one person to another. Systolic pressure in-
- napompować
• maintain [mein’tein] creases with the age, it is higher in obese persons, cigarette smokers and those leading sedentary or
- utrzymywać, podtrzymywać stressful life. It is lower in slender persons and those who exercise regularly. Systolic pressure fluctu-
• mercury [’ma:kjuri] - rtęć ates with the level of activity and excitement. A healthy young adult has the blood pressure of 120/75
• ąuantity ['kwontiti] - ilość
mm Hg which increases with the age to 130/90 mm Hg at the age of 60. A decreased blood pressure
• slender ['slenda] - szczupły,
smukły is observed in case of haemorrhage, shock and heart attack. Abnormally high blood pressure, called
• sphygmomanometer hypertension, is treated with weight loss, sodium restriction, antihypertensive drugs and modification
['sfigmoma 'nomata] of lifestyle.
- sfygmomanometr
Two pieces of eąuipment are needed to take the blood pressure: a sphygmomanometer and a
• systolic pressure
[sis'tolik preja] - ciśnienie stethoscope. Before taking blood pressure, the patient is asked to sit down with his right arm uncov-
skurczowe ered to the shoulder. A soft rubber cuff is put around the patienfs arm and the stethoscope is placed
over the brachial artery. The cuff is inflated until the brachial pulse disappears. The cuff is then slowly
deflated until the first pulse beat is heard. This is recorded as the systolic pressure. The deflation of
the cuff is continued until the last pulse sound is heard. This is recorded as the diastolic pressure.
The patienfs temperaturę, pulse, respiration (TPR) and blood pressure (BP) should be taken and
recorded on the chart regularly because they represent a valuable picture of the patienfs condition
and progress.

1. How is blood pressure maintained?
2. What instrument is used to take blood pressure?
3. What is the systolic/diastolic pressure?
4. How is the normal systolic pressure estimated?
5. How does the systolic pressure change?
6. In which cases a decreased blood pressure is noticed?
1. Auscultation of the heart region revealed extrasystole.
bradycardia
tachycardia
auricular fibrillation
arterial murmur
mitral murmur
tricuspid murmur
pericardial friction
2. The patient developed mild hypertension.
slight
severe
marked
significant

3. There was no history of heart disorder.
angina pectoris
congestive heart failure
hypertension
hypotension
myocardial ischemia
EXERCISE C. Study the abbreviations related to time and provide abbreviations for the expres-
sions in bold given below.
Abbreviation Meaning
bid Two times a day
tid Three times a day
qid Four times a day
h Hour
d Day
qd Every day
qod Every other day
ac Before meals
pc After meals
q2h Every 2 hours
q3h Every 3 hours
q4h Every 4 hours
pm When required
1. 2 tab 250 mg every 4 hours, five times daily, after meals

2. 1 tab Ig four times a day, every 6 hours, before meals
3. 1 or 2 drops two to four times a day, or when required
4. 25 mg, every day, when reąuired
EXERCISE D. Match the words that have the opposite meaning.

1. Constant fali
2. Equal continue
3. Frequent slow
4. Inflate variable
5. Rapid deflate
6. Rise different
7. Stop rare

1. Jednym z obowiązków pielęgniarki jest mierzenie ciśnienia krwi.
2. Wyróżnia się dwa rodzaje ciśnienia krwi: skurczowe i rozkurczowe.
3. Normalnie ciśnienie rozkurczowe równe jest 2/3 ciśnienia skurczowego.
4. Pacjent cierpi na dusznicę bolesną, niedokrwienną chorobę serca, a osłuchiwanie wykryło
szmer zastawki dwudzielnej.
5. W przypadku znacznego nadciśnienia, ciśnienie krwi musi być mierzone regularnie i notowane
na karcie chorobowej pacjenta.
6. Proszę podwinąć rękaw do ramienia, zamierzam zmierzyć panu ciśnienie krwi.

UNIT 25
Word List
• aspect ['aespekt] - aspekt,
strona oglądana
• buttock ['bAtak] - pośladek
• cerebro-spinal
INJECTIONS
['serabrs.spainal]
- mózgowo-rdzeniowy
• diabetic coma
[daia'betik 'kauma]
- śpiączka cukrzycowa
• disposable syringe
The most convenient route of administration of medications is by mouth. Unfortunately, some
[dis'pauzabl 'sirinds]
- strzykawka jednorazowa medications cannot be administered orally. The drug may be irritant to the mucous lining of the
• fluid [fluid] - płyn gastrointestinal tract or it may not be absorbed properly. Some drugs can be administered both orally
• hydrocortisone acetate and by injection (parenterally). The physician decides on administration by injection in case when the
[.haidra ko.tisaun 'aesititj
patient is vomiting or rapid absorption of the drug is needed.
- octan hydrokortizonu
• infusion [in'fju:3an] - wlew, Injections are used in various forms. These include: intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular,
infuzja intravenous, intra-articular, and intrathecal.
• injection [in'd3ekjan] Intradermal (or intracutaneous) injections are given between the layers of the skin. They are used
-zastrzyk
for diagnostic purposes, for example, to test for certain allergies. The site for this type of injections is
• intra-articular
[,intraa:'tikjula] - dostawowy the skin on the inner aspect of the forearm.
(zastrzyk) Subcutaneous injections (subq) also called hypodermic injections (h) are given just under the
• intradermal [,intra’da:mal] deep skin layer. They are used for smali volume injections of 1-2 ml, for example, insulin is usually
- śródskómy
given subcutaneously. The sites for this type of injections are the skin on the arm or the thigh.
• intramuscular
[,intra'mAskjula] Intramuscular injections (IM) are introduced into the muscle. They are used when ąuicker absorp
- domięśniowy tion is required than by subcutaneous injections or when the drug is irritant to superficial tissues. The
• intrathecal [.intra'9i:kal] common site for intramuscular injections are the buttocks. This method is freąuently used for the
- dooponowy
administration of antibiotics.
• intravenous [,intra'vi:nas]
- dożylny Intravenous injections (IV) are introduced directly into the patienfs vein. They are used when a
• irritant [ 'iritant] - drażniący very rapid absorption is needed and when large volumes of drugs are given. Insulin is injected intra-
• leukaemia [,lju:'ki:mia] venously into the patient in diabetic coma to obtain immediate reaction. Large volumes of dextrose
- białaczka
and electrolyte Solutions are given by intravenous infusion.
• lumbar puncture
['Umba 'pAąktfa] - punkcja Intra-articular injections are injections into a joint and may be used in the treatment of arthritis.
lędźwiowa (przebicie) Hydrocortisone acetate is administered in this way.
• meningitis [.menin'd3aitis] Intrathecal injections are special Iow dose injections given into the cerebro-spinal fluid by means
- zapalenie opon mózgowo-
of a lumbar puncture. They are used when a drug cannot be absorbed into the cerebro-spinal fluid if
rdzeniowych
• purpose ['pa: pas] - cel administered in any other way. Drugs administered in this way include penicillin and streptomycin in
■ route [ru:t] - droga the treatment of meningitis, methotrexate in the treatment of childhood leukaemia.
• subcutaneous The equipment used for injections are sterile prepackaged, disposable syringes and needles, some
[.SAbkju teinjas] - podskórny
surgical spirit and cotton wool swabs.
• superficial [,sju:pa'fifał]
- powierzchniowy

1. What types of injections can be given?
2. What are the sites for subcutaneous injections?
3. What is the common site for intramuscular injections?
4. Where is hydrocortisone acetate injected?
5. What kind of injection is given when a quick absorption is needed?
EXERCISE B. Complete the following table.
Type of injection The reason for giving An example of

this type of injection an injected drug

EXERCISE C. Study the abbreviations commonly used in the doctor’s orders.
Abbreviation Meaning
caps Capsules
tab Tablets
syr Syrup
(h) Hypodermic
subq Subcutaneous
IM Intramuscular
IV Intravenous
po, per os By mouth
pm When required
sos If necessary
q Every
qs As much as needed
stat Immediately
sp Spoon
tsp Table spoon
EXERCISE D. Explain the following orders.

1. Vitamin C 500 mg bid .................................................................................
2. Codeine per os q4h pm ..............................................................................
3. Ringers lactate 1000 ml IV ql2h .................................................................
4. Erythromycin 250 mg q6h ...........................................................................
5. Urine specimen to lab qd .............................................................................
6. Digoxin 25 mg qd ..........................................................................................
7. Blood sample to lab qod .............................................................................
8. To physiotherapy for ultrasound rt elbow bid ..............................................
9. Chest X-ray stat ...........................................................................................
10. Elix phentobarbital 1 tsp q6h ....................................................................
EXERCISE E. Give adjectives related to the following nouns.

1. Artery - ....................
2. Auricle - .....................
3. Articulation - .....................
4. Dermis - ............................
5. Cerebrum - ........................
6. Diabetes - ..........................
7. Mouth - ........................... .
8. Muscle - ...........................
9. Skin - ...............................
10. Spine - ..............................
11. Surface - ...........................
12. Vein - ...............................
EXERCISE F. Match the routes of drug administration with their defmitions.

1. Orał a) drug is applied on a localized area of the body (creams, ointments)
2. Parenteral b) drug is drawn into the airways by breathing (nasal sprays)
3. Rectal c) drug is taken through the mouth (tablets, syrups)
4. Topical d) drug is inserted into the rectum (suppositories)
5. Inhalation e) drug is administered outside the digestive tract (injections, infusions)
©
EXERCISE G. Translate into English.
1. Godzinę temu dałam pacjentowi zastrzyk domięśniowy.
2. Nigdy jeszcze nie robiłam zastrzyków dożylnych.
3. Zrobię panu zastrzyk śródskómy, aby sprawdzić czy nie jest pan uczulony na lek.
4. Ta pacjentka ma zapalenie stawu łokciowego.
5. To dziecko ma zapalenie opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych, proszę zrobić zastrzyk dooponowy
z penicyliny.
6. Czy strzykawki j ednorazowe są na tacy?
7. Gdzie są waciki?
E. Donesch-Jeżo - English for Medical Studenis and Doctors - 1 65

Part
my
ENGLISH
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
66 English for Medical Students and Doctors -1 — E. Donesch-Jeżo

A/An 1
A/an is used:
1. Before a singular countable noun mentioned for the first time (if the noun is used for the Articles
second time the is used).
e.g. They have bought a house. The house is beautifully situated on a hill. There is a
forest on the hill.
2. Before an uncountable noun when it is qualified by an adjective.
A/An
He has a strong personality.
3. Before a noun which describes a person’s character, profession or nationality.
He is a liar.
She is an Irish.
She works as a nurse.
4. Before Mr./ Ms. + sumame, eg. a Mr. Brown, which means a man called Brown and
indicates that he is a stranger to the speaker.
A Mr. Brown called and asked for an interview with Prof. Higgins.
5. Before a superlative most followed by a noun, which means ‘very’ or ‘extremely’.
Paul Roberts is a most intelligent boy. (= a very intelligent boy)
6. A/an is also used before:
a) money: a/one dollar
b) fractions: a/one third
c) weight/measures: a/one meter
d) whole numbers: a/one thousand
e) price/weight: It costs 9 pounds a kilo.
f) frequency/time: Take two tablets three times a day.
g) distance/fuel: This engine uses a galion of petrol for 50 miles.
h) distance/speed. He was driving over 100 km an hour when the police stopped him.
i) some illnesses: a cold, a headache
The The
The is used before a noun which is defined (singular and plural, countable and uncountable). It is
omitted before nouns in the plural, uncountable or abstract nouns when we talk about them in
generał.
e.g. The house he inherited from his grandfather hasn’t been renovated for twenty years.
Houses are very expensive nowadays.
The is used before:
1. Names of objects considered unique: the moon, the sun, the earth.
2. Names of:
a) cinemas and theatres: the Odeon,
b) trains and ships: the Orient Express, the Titanic,
c) hotels and restaurants: the Marriot, the ABC,
d) institutions: the WHO,
e) documents: the Constitution,
f) public bodies: the Senate, the Govemment,
g) newspapers: the Times, h) historical events: the Second World War.
but
Restaurants, pubs, shops, banks or hotels whose name is after their founder and ends in s
or ‘s do not take the, e.g. Harrods.
3. Names of:
a) seas and oceans: the Baltic (Sea), the Atlantic (Ocean),
b) rivers: the Thames,
c) groups of islands: the Canary Islands,
d) mountain ranges: the Alps,
e) groups of States: the USA, the United Kingdom,
I) deserts: the Gobi Desert, g) gulfs: the Persian Gulf.
4. Names of people/families in the plural and nationality nouns: the Browns, the English.
5. Adjectives used as nouns to describe groups of people: the rich, the poor.
6. Titles without names: the Queen, the Prime Minister.
7. Musical Instruments: She plays the piano well.
8. The superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs: This is the fastest car I’ve ever had.
9. Only, first, last (used as adjectives): The only person who arrived was her brother.

10. Names of people and places to indicate that he/she/it is the one known by everybody (the is
stressed in such cases): Was this film directed by the Fellini? Are you going to get married in the Las
Vegas?
No article is used before:

1. Proper names: Paul, Susan.
No article 2. Names of meals: She never eats breakfast.
but
The breakfast in the Hilton was excellent. (It was a specific breakfast).
3. Names of materials and substances: Linen is used to make table cloths. You have to fry it in
oil for half an hour.
4. Names of:
a) countries: France, Poland,
b) cities: London, Athens (but the Hague, the Piraeus),
c) streets: Oxford Street, Regent Street,
d) parks: Hyde Park,
e) buildings; Westminster Abbey,
f) continents: Europę, Africa,
g) single mountains: Mount Everest, Mount Blanc,
h) single islands: Malta, Corsica, i) lakes: Lakę Baikal.
but
When the names contain a preposition the is used: the Tower of London, the Mountain of
the Seven Sighs.
5. Bed, church, college, court, hospital, prison, market, school, sea when these places
are used for their primary purpose: When he was seriously ill he was taken to hospital.
but
His mother visited him in the hospital every day.
Work (place of work) is never used with the: She is still at work.
6. Titles with proper names: Queen Elizabeth.
7. Home when it is used alone: He isn’t at home now.
but
America is the home for many emigrants.
8. Mother/father when we refer to our mother/father: Mother has gone out shopping.
9. Names of sports, activities, diseases, subjects of studies and colours:
He plays basketball.
She enjoys gardening.
Her son is lying in bed with bronchitis.
My daughter hates mathematics and physics.
She loves wearing blue.
10. Abstract nouns used in a generał sense:
Life is precious.
Health is essential to happiness.
Notes:
1. When we use a noun in singular number to represent a class of things or animals,
the or a/an can be used.
e.g. The cat is a domestic animal. A cat is a domestic animal.
2. A/an + noun (any one), e.g. I’d like a cake, please.
one + noun (when counting), e.g. I ordered one cake, not two.
EXERCISE A. Insert a, an or the where necessary.

1. She’s been lying in........ bed with......... pneumonia for two weeks.
2. The hotel serves......... breakfast until 10 a.m. and.......... dinner until 10 p.m.
3. ........ three boys standing on the bridge are my brothers.
4. This incident was described in........ Spectator.
5. The Wrights, who live........ next door, have flown to...........Bahamas on their holiday.
6 ‘Queen Elizabeth’ is one of..................... most luxurious ships.
7. He had to go to........ court where.......... judge accused him of........... theft and sent him to
......... prison for......... long time.
8 sky is so elear that you can see................... moon and........... stars.
9 bicycle my son got for his birthday has just broken down.

10 .1 have to leave..... work and go back...........home earlier because I feel I caught...... fiu.
11. They collected a lot of money for... .. sick children in Malaysia.
12 knowledge is................. effective weapon.
13. She usuałly has...... cup of strong coffee in...........moming.
14 Atlantic Ocean lies between................... Great Britain and....... United States.
15 hostels should be built for.................. homeless.
16. Whenever he comes to...... London, he stays in...........Forum Hotel, has.......... meals in
........ best restaurants, visits.......... British Museum, does shopping in........... Harrods and
goes to......... cinema or...........theatre.
17 people who live in................ Netherlands are called......... Dutch.
18. His uncle has worked as.... FBI agent for the last ten years..
19. Is this..... only restaurant in the area?
20........... President will give........ speech in...........evening.
21. Is this..... teacher who taught you Spanish?
22. She likes.... biology, hates......... geography and wants to study......... pharmacy.
23. Is...... health morę important than........... wealth or vice versa?
24. In...... developed countries........... sick have...........good medical care.
25. He was in...... pain after he sprained his ankle.
26.1’ve always wanted to leam to play....... saxophone.
27. At the age of sixteen he was chosen....... leader of the gang and........ few years later was sent
to...... jail.
EXERCISE B. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one,
using the words given.
1. I haven’t seen him before.
TIME
This is............................................................. I’ve seen him.
2. There’s one problem we’ve got, and that’s the money.
ONLY
is the money.
3. A lot of meat is eaten in Germany.
GERMANS
eat a lot of meat.
4. Can ’t you walk faster than that?
FASTEST
Is............................................................... can walk?
5. Is he a good guitarist?
GUITAR
Can he.............................................................well?
6. I was impressed by his painting.
IMPRESSION
I was under..................................................... painting.
7. There are no good films on this week.
CINEMA
There is nothing............................................. this week.
8. First I’11 take a train to Dover and then I’11 change to a boat.
BY
First, 1’11 go.................................................................... boat.
EXERCISE C. Fili in the blanks with a/an or the where necessary.

I live in......... smali house in...........country............Swale is...........river that cuts across...........
forest near my house. When.......... weather is nice, I often sit on...........deck chair by........... river
watching......... swimmers and.......... passing boats. There is......... smali city.......... few miles away.
Going to......... city is no problem as there is.......... bus stop opposite my house. I usually go to.........
work by........ bus............ week ago, I went to.......... city to buy......... dress and........... pair of shoes.
I had been invited to........ party and I wanted to look attractive. I was expecting.......... friend of minę
to come and spend......... evening with me, so I wanted to come back to........... house as early as
possible. I drove to......... centre of the city, parked..........car in..........Westside Street and went to
......... department storę in.......... adjacent Street. When I retumed with.......... dress and.......... shoes,
I found....... parking ticket on my car. I’d forgotten to insert........... coin in........... parking meter.
......... fine I had to pay was fifteen pounds.

2
Tenses of
the verbs PRESENT TENSES
Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perf. Cont.
Repeated action or Action happening at the Recently fmished Past action producing
habit e.g. moment of speaking action visible result in the
I read a newspaper e-g. eg- present
every day. He is reading a newspa He has just left. eg-
She usually goes to per now. I’ve already She’s been crying.
work by bus. Why is she shouting? finished writing the (Her eyes are red.)
report.
Permanent State Temporary action e.g. Action beginning in An action beginning in
e.g. He Iives in She is living with her the past and continuing the past and continuing
Amsterdam. sister until she fmds up to the present e.g. up to the present (espe-
something of her He has been in cially verbs sit, lie, wait,
own. hospital for 3 weeks. stay, work, study) e.g.
I’ve known him sińce She’s been studying for
1993. three hours. (She’s still
studying.)
Arranged futurę action Defmite arrangement in Action without defmite

(timetables, pro- the near futurę time
grammes, etc.) e-g- eg-
e-g. I’m coming to see you He’s lost his key.
The conference begins tomorrow aftemoon. (we don’t know when)
at 8.30 next Tuesday
moming.
Repeated action with Repeated action up to the

always (often to show present
criticism and irritation) e-g-
e.g. She’s drunk four cups of
He is always coming late. coffee sińce the moming.
Permanent truth e.g. She is always complaining. He’s changed his job
Light travels faster several times in the last
than sound. five years.
Instructions, orders
e-g-
Wash the meat, cut it
into pieces, add some salt
and pepper and fry in
boiling oil.
Time expressions usually used with Present Forms
Presenf Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect & Present Perfect Continuous
every day/week/month/ now, at the moment, just, ever, never, already, yet (negations & questions),
year, usually, sometimes, at present, nowadays, today, always, how long, so far, recently, sińce (=from a
always, rarely, never, tonight, always, starting point in the past), for (= over a period of time),
often, in the moming/ still, etc. today, this week/month, etc.
evening/aftemoon, For and sińce are usually used with Present Perfect
at night, on Mondays etc. Continuous to emphasise the duration of an action.

Stative verbs describe a permanent State and do not have continuous forms. They include verbs
of:
• senses: see, hear, smell, feel, taste
• thinking: think, feel (= think), know, expect, agree, believe, understand, suppose, remember
• emotions: feel, forgive, like, love, hate, mind, wish, want, prefer
• possession: possess, have (= possess), own, belong to
• qualities: be, look, appear, seem, hołd, contain, consist of, cost
• other: matter, depend (on), trust, deserve
Notes:
Some verbs of senses can be used in the continuous form l’m seeing (=I’m visiting) my friends tomorrow. Can
but with a change of meaning. you see these people over there?
These are: see, think, smell, taste, look Be quiet, please! I’m thinking.
What do you think of your new boss?
Have can have continuous forms in certain expressions, We’re having a great time at the seaside. We have a
such as have breakfast, have a bath, have a nap, have nice room in the hotel near the sea.
fun, etc.
Feel can be used in the simple and continuous form. I feel well. I’m feeling well.
has been to/has been in/has gone to has been to/has been in/
He has been to Japan. = He has gone there and came back. has gone to
He has been in San Francisco for3 years. = He lives there.
He has gone to Athens. = He is staying there. He hasn’t come back yet.
EXERCISE A. Put the verbs in brackets in the appropriate present tense.

1. Can I (borrow) the dictionary? You (use) it?
2. You (see) my spectacles anywhere? I can’t find them.
3. He (run) this firm sińce his father’s death.
4. They (go) on a trip to Scotland next week.
5. She (always, leave) her clothes all over the room. I can’t stand it.
6. His hands and clothes are dirty. He (repair) his car.
7. I can’t answer the phone. I (take) a shower.
8. You (see) Prof. Higgins this week?
9. Tom (look) very smart. He (wear) a dark suit and a tie.
10.1 (look after) my neighbour’s cat this weekend.
11. He (write) his doctoral thesis for half a year. He (write) only 20 pages so far.
12. What kind of work you (do)?
13. What you (do)? The whole bathroom is flooded.
14. This book (lie) on your desk for a week. You (read) it yet?
15. She (not, be) here sińce 1995.1 wonder where she (live) sińce then.
16. He (go) to Italy on holiday. He Tl be back next Tuesday. He (never, be) there.
EXERCISE B. Explain the differences in meaning of the following sentences.

1 a) Dr. Briggs operates on Tuesday.
b) Dr. Briggs is operating on Tuesday.
c) Dr. Briggs operates on Tuesdays.
d) Dr. Briggs is operating on Tuesdays.
2. a) Do you sleep enough?
b) Are you sleeping enough?
3. a) She is always borrowing money from me.
b) She always borrows money from me.
4. a) Don’t come on Friday moming. I’m usually cleaning my fiat on Friday moming.
b) I usually clean my fiat on Friday moming.
5. a) This soup tastes delicious.
b) She is tasting the soup to see if it is salty enough.

6. a) I’m beginning my language course next Monday.
b) The language course begins next Monday.
7. a) I think they can win this match.
b) Fm thinking of selling my house.
8. a) He is feeling the materiał.
b) The materiał feels rough.
9. a) I’m seeing my doctor tomorrow.
b) I see how to do it now. Thanks for the explanation.
c) I see some dark clouds in the sky.
10. a) She looks like her mother in this hairstyle.
b) Who is that woman? She is looking at us.
11. a) I’ve been waiting for two hours but there’s no sign of him.
b) I’ve waited long enough. I’m going home.
12. a) She is having a bad cold.
b) She has a big bathroom.
13. a) Someone has drunk my winę.
b) Someone has been drinking my winę.
PAST TENSES
Simple Past Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perf. Cont.
Action completed in Past action in progress at a Past action which hap- Duration of a past action
the past when direct or given point in time e.g. He pened before another past occurring before another
indirect time is given was reading a newspaper at action e.g. When we past action e.g. He had
e.g. She left two hours 4 o’clock yesterday after- arrived at the station, the been trying to repair the
ago. (direct time) She noon. train had already left. tap all the moming before
left after lunch, he called a plumber.
(indirect time)
Past habits e.g. Past action in progress As the past eqivalent of the Action giving visible
She wore a uniform interrupted by another Present Perfect. He has results in the past e.g. His
when she was at action e.g. When you already read all the clothes were covered with
school. phoned, I was washing up. articles. He had read all paint because he had been
the articles before he left. painting the fence.
Past actions happening Simultaneous actions

one after another e.g. While I was reading
e.g. He packed his she was playing the piano.
suitcase, phoned the
airport and left.
Past action which Polite requests

won’t happen again e.g. I was wondering if you
e.g. Princess Diana could check it for me.
performed a lot of
charity work.
Time expressions usually used with Past Forms
Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous
yesterday, last week, etc., while, when, as, the for, sińce, already, after, for, sińce
(how long) ago, then, moment that, etc. just, never, yet, before,
just now, when, in 1992, etc. by, by the time, etc.

USED TO, BE/GET USED TO, WOULD, WAS/WERE TO
Used to + infinitive (past habitual action) He used to play bridge. (He doesn’t any morę)
Be/get used to + gerund/noun He isn’t used to getting up early.

He can’t get used to living in a new house.
Would + infinitive When she lived in the country

(past repeated action and routine) she would drink ffesh milk.
Was/were to + infinitive They were to phone the chief and apologise.

(past obligation with an unknown result)
Notę:
USED TO,
She has never seen an elephant before. = It’s the first time she has seen an elephant.
BE/GET USED TO,
He hasn’t visited us for a long time. = It’s a long time sińce he visited us.
WOULD,
She moved to France two years ago. = It’s two years sińce she moved to France.
WAS/WERE TO
EXERCISE C. Put the verbs in brackets in the appropriate past tense.
1. When he (ride) on his motorbike, he (lose) his rucksack.
2. When I (arrive) at the party, they already (drink) all the champagne.
3. How fast you (drive) when the accident (happen)?
4. She (vomit) for several weeks before the doctor (tell) her she was pregnant.
5. We (run) under the bridge when the storm (break).
6. I (take) a photo of her while she (yawn).
7. They (know) each other for only one month when they (decide) to get married.
8. It’s the second time I (see) that film.
9. When I (finish) ironing I (prepare) lunch.
10. He (not tell) his wife that he (have) a car crash.
11. When we (live) in France we (drink) a lot of winę.
12. While the guests (dance) thieves (break) into the house and (steal) some valuable objects.
13. He (not go) on a scholarship to England until he (leam) English.
14. Whenever we (go) to Spain on holiday we (stay) in the Ritz Hotel.
15. Sorry I (wake) you up. What you (dream) about?
16. When my grandmother (go) for a walk, she always (wear) gloves.
17. When I (look) for my passport I (find) this old photo.
18. He (think) of his datę with Maisie all the time while you (talk) to him.
EXERCISE D. Explain the differences in meaning between the following sentences.

1. a) When Sue arrived, they had dinner.
b) When Sue arrived, they were having dinner.
c) When Sue arrived, they had had dinner.
2. a) She greeted the foreign guests at 5 p.m.
b) She was greeting the foreign gests at 5 p.m.
3. a) Have you ever ridden a camel?
b) Had you ever ridden a camel before?
4. a) He worked for the Motorworks.
b) He has been working for the Motorworks.
5. a) She has completed her doctoral thesis.
b) She has been completing her doctoral thesis.
6. a) She was feeling depressed when the doctor saw her.
b) She felt depressed when the doctor saw her.
7. a) He told me they were staying with his sister.
b) He told me they had stayed with his sister.
8. a) She has been admired by millions of people.
b) She was admired by millions of people.
9. a) He told about it when his wife was leaving.
b) He told about it when his wife had left.
10. a) My chief has sprained his ankle.
b) My chief sprained his ankle.
11. a) Our neighbour was an invalid all his life.
b) Our neighbour has been an invalid all his life.

EXERCISE E. Choose the most suitable tense.
1. Do you wait/Are you waiting for the 57A hus?
2. Has Dr. Briggs left/Did Dr. Briggs leave any message when he has called/called?
3. Have you reminded/Did you remind him about the conference?
4. What was she doing/did she do when the manager entered the office?
5. I can’t answer the phone. I have/I’m having a bath.
6. Could you repeat, please? I didn’t listen/haven’t listened/haven’t been listening to you.
7. I don’t understand/I haven’t been understanding what happens/’s happening: the lights keep
going off and on.
8. Go straight. Then you take/you are taking the third tuming to the left.
9. Who drove/was driying the car when it crashed into the Mercedes parked in the Street?
10. Did you visit/Have you visited/Were you yisiting many museums when you stayed in Romę?
Did you like/Were you liking/Do you like yisiting museums?
11. By the time Frank got back, Brenda left/had left.
12. It’s the second time I rode/have ridden a horse.
13. What did she wear/was she wearing/has she wom when you first saw her?
14. How was your holiday in Greece? Did you visit/have you yisited many interesting places?
15. 1 didn’t know you had bought/bought this house.
16. 1 don’t think we’ll have a barbecue as the weather has been changing/has changed/had changed.
17. It’s/It has been six years sińce I got married.
18. How many poems has Byron written/has Byron been writing/did Byron write?
19. David would/used to work in a chocolate factory and attend evening classes.
20.1 can’t remember how long/when I’ve had this watch.
21. Don’t you think/Haven’t you been thinking Angela looks/is looking like Marilyn Monroe?
FUTURĘ FORMS
Will/Shall be going to Futurę Cont. Futurę Perfect
Predictions, ofifers, Intention e.g. I’m going to Action in progress at a given Action finished before a
promises, reąuests, visit them next weekend. futurę time certain futurę time
suggestions eg- e.g.
e-g- At this time tomorrow 1’11 be By the end of June he will
You will feel better soon. flying over the Atlantic. have passed all his exams.
Will you be quiet, please?
Shall I help you with the
housework?
Decision at the time of Planned actions Logical assumption about the Logical assumption in the
speaking e.g. The doorbell e-g- present past e.g. It’s 2 p.m.; they will
is ringing. 1’11 open the The Windows are very dirty. e-g- have had their lunch by now
door. I’m going to clean them on It’s lunchtime; they’11 be
Monday. having lunch.
In main clauses of condi- When there is evidence that Already planned action Futurę Perf. Cont. Duration
tional sentences sth. will definitely happen (instead of Present Cont.) of an action up to a certain
e-g- e.g. She looks pale. She’s e-g- time in the futurę
If I meet her, 1’11 tell her going to faint. 1’11 be seeing Ann tomorrow so e-g-
about it. I can ask her about it. By the end of this year, 1’11
have been working for 27
years.
Opinions, hopes, fears, Action being a result of sth.

esp. with think, expect, else in the futurę e.g. He
suppose, perhaps, etc. doesn’t know how to use this
eg- apparatus. He is gong to
I think they will win this damage it.
match.

Time expressions used with:
Futurę Simple & Be going to Futurę Perfect Futurę Perfect Continuous
tomorrow, tonight, next week/month, before, by, by then, by the time, by... for
in two/three, etc. days, the day after (until is used only in negative
tomorrow, soon, in a week/months etc. sentences with this tense)
Notę:
By/before are used with Futurę Perfect in positive sentences; until is used in negative sentences.
e.g. They will have finished their house by the end of September.
They won’t have finished their house until the end of September.
Other ways of expressing the futurę
Be + infinitive Futurę plans e.g. He is to give a speech at a conference.

Be about + infinitive Immediate futurę e.g. She is about to ery.
EXERCISE F. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct futurę form.
1. This time tomorrow he (take) the exam in microbiology.
2. I think he (pass) it.
3. I (see) my grandmother next weekend.
4. Don’t phone me between 5 and 7 p.m. I (work) on my new assignment.
5. You (use) your bicycle this aftemoon? I’d like to borrow it.
6. This heavy rain (probably, cause) the flood.
7. On 1 st October she (study) medicine for three years.
8. Can you believe it? This time next week we (sunbathe) at the seaside.
9. I’m afraid, he (not marry) her.
10. Look at this man who is staggering. He (fali) down.
11.1 (pass) the post office on my way to work, so I can post a letter for you.
12. By tomorrow it (rain) for the whole week.
EXERCISE G. Explain the differences in meaning between the following sentences.

1. a) I will talk to Prof. Higgins about this case tomorrow.
b) I will be talking to Prof. Higgins about this case tomorrow.
c) I’m going to talk to Prof. Higgins about this case tomorrow.
2. a) It will rain soon. b) It’s going to rain soon.
c) It’s raining. d) It rains in autumn.
3. a) Sorry, I can’t meet you. I’m visiting my parents on Saturday aftemoon.
b) Sorry, I can’t meet you. I visit my parents on Saturday aftemoon.
4. a) He doesn’t work tomorrow. b) He isn’t working tomorrow.
c) He won’t work tomorrow. d) He won’t be working tomorrow.
EXERCISE H. Decide which of the underlined expressions is correct.

1. I have two tickets to the cinema. Do you come/Will you come with me?
2. I promise I never see him/I will never see him again.
3. There is no need to hurry. John drives us/John is going to drive us there.
4. If you say it again, 1’11 leave/I’ll be leaving.
5. I’m having/ITl have an important meeting next Tuesday.
6. What time will your train leave/does your train leave tomorrow?
7. Look at the clouds in the sky! It’s going to be a storm/It’ll be a storm in a moment.
8. I expect Fm getting/Fll get perfumes for my birthday.
9. Are you doing/Will you do anything on Saturday?
10. This time next week 1’11 fly/1’11 be flying to New York.
EXERCISE I. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1. Why are your eyes sore? I (read).
2. She (drive) back home last night when she (realise) that she (leave) her bag in the office.
3. Sue (be) twenty next year.
4. He (go) home twice a term. He (not be) there sińce Easter.
5. I promise, I (never, take) your car without asking for permission.
6. She had a strange feeling that she (meet) him before.
7. ‘I (find) a $20 notę.’ ‘Where you (find) it?’
8. By the time you read this postcard, I (lie) on the beach for a couple of days.
9. I (watch) the news on television when the lights (go) offi
E. Donesch-Jeźo - English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 75

10. If you don’t hurry, you (miss) the train.
11. You (write) any letters yesterday? No, I forgot but I (write) them tomorrow moming.
12. The cost of living (rise) by 16% sińce last April, unemployment (fali) by 3% and export
(increase) by 8%.
13. The children were not hungry because they (already, have) their dinner.
14. My father (have) a car accident but fortunately he (not be) badly hurt.
15. By the end of this year he (get) married and (settle) down.
16. Janet was out of breath because she (run).
EXERCISE J. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1. Do you know anyone who (speak) Chinese?
2. You still (work) when the boss came back from the meeting?
3. When I (enter) the room last night, the television (be) on but nobody (watch).
4. You (see) my brother anywhere?
5. I think Gregory is ill; he (get) thinner and thinner.
6. By next summer I expect I (pass) my finał exam.
7. What’s that terrible noise? Loraine (practise) the violin. She (practise) for the whole moming.
8. When I (live) in Itały a few years ago, I often (see) operas.
9. This heavy rain (probably, cause) flood.
10. It (be) very quiet when I came back home last night because my children (already, go) to bed.
11. They (live) in the same house for 20 years before they (move) away.
12. My horoscope says that I (meet) a very interesting person on Thursday.
13. He (not buy) a car until he gets his driving licence. He (leam) to drive for the last five years.
He (fail) his driving test three times so far.
14. Don’t lean out of the window or you (fali) out.
15. It’s the first time he (fly) by piane.
16. They (wait) for two hours before the ambulance arrived.
EXERCISE K. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

1. When I (travel) to Lester by train, I met my English teacher whom I (not see) for 20 years.
2. If you (not stop) making that terrible noise, I (cali) the police.
3. They (not talk) to each other sińce they (get) divorced.
4. Why is he out of breath and all sweated. He (play) basketball sińce 11 o’clock.
5. When I first saw him, he (work) in a bank.
6. This time last year we (enjoy) our holiday. Unfortunately, I (get) an urgent message and we
(must) come back earlier.
7. Yesterday I (tell) my boss that I (want) to give up my job because I (find) a better one.
8. We (have) a chat while we (wait) for our bus.
9. Mr. Wilkins (go) to Glasgow to open a new firm next week. He (stay) there a couple of days.
He (not be) back until 15th July.
10. What time the train (arrive) in Colchester? If I don’t get there by noon, I (not meet) Prof.
Walter with whom I have an appointment
11. 1 (phone) in reply to your advertisement I (read) in the local newspaper saying that you (want)
to sell the house at 42 Yincent Street. You (sell) it or is it still available?
12. Jack admitted that he (hit) another car but (not, damage) it.
13. Your sister and her friend (come) to stay with you next weekend? Let me know as soon as they
(arrive).
14. Oh no! You always (make) the same mistake. It drives me crazy.
15. The police (come) as fast as they could but the thieves (already, run) away.
16. Bob can give us a lift. He (drive) to the city in half an hour.
17. By December this year we (know) each other for exactly 10 years.
18. Why are your clothes covered with paint? I (paint) my room. I (not paint) it sińce I moved in
10 years ago.
19.1 was very nervous as it was my first ride; I (never, ride) a motorbike before.
20. It’s the first time he (ever, drive) a car.
21. She (wear) a charming purple dress when I (see) her at the Martins’ at a dinner party last
Friday.
22. When you get to the station I (wait) for you outside.
23. It’s the second time I (see) this play.
24. Before he died he (make) and (lose) several fortunes in gambling.
25.1 have a strange feeling that something terrible (happen) in a minutę.

3
Modal
verbs
The modal verbs are:
can, could, may, might, must, ought to, will, would, shall, should, have to, need,
dare, used to
Modal Verbs Express:
Ability/Inability Possibility/Impossibility Permission
I can hear a strange noise. She can’t I can send the message by e-mail. Can I park my car here? Could I
speak German. When she was We could book the room in this see you for a moment? May I say
young, she could swim very well. hotel in advance. He may win if he something? May I watch TV
(past repeated action) She was able tries harder. He might win. (slight tonight? Might I use your phone?
to swim across the English Channel. possibility) It may snów tomorrow. (formal) You can keep this book
(past single action.) She wasn’t able It might snów tomorrow. She can’t until Monday. You can leave
to/couldn’t ski. (Both types can be go out tonight. He couldn’t come work earlier.
used in the negative for either a to visit me last Saturday.
repeated or single action.)
Obligation/Duty Necessity Prohibition
I must leave now. (strong obligation He needs to practise regularly. He You mustn’t smoke here. You are
from the speaker ’s viewpoint) has to book the flight. The Win not to smoke here. (= it’s against
I have to begin the lecture at nine. dows need cleaning. He has to the rules) You can’t go abroad
(thats the time arranged) He had to send the documents. Must I take without a passport. (= it is not
operate on this patient. these tablets? Do I have to sign it allowed to go abroad without a
now? Need I go shopping today? passport)
Absence of obligation or necessity Logical assumption (affirmative) Logical assumption (negative)
You needn’t pay the fee - the That building must be very old. (= He can’t be ill - Fm surę he isn’t.
entrance is free. You don’t have to it looks old) He must have missed I can’t have madę a mistake.
get up early. You needn’t have his train. (He hasn’t come yet) (I’m surę I didn’t do it) You can’t
bought so much food. (But you did) They must have gone out. (No- have been studying hard. (You
You didn’t need to buy much food. body answered the phone) failed your exam)
(And you didn’t)
Advice Criticism Requests, Offers, Suggestions
You should see a doctor. You ought You should have booked the flight Can you open the window,
to work less. You shouldn’t eat so earlier. (But you didn’t) You could please? Would you give me
much. He oughtn’t to drive too fast. have informed us about it earlier. something to drink? 1’11 pay for it.
(But you didn’t) You ought to Shall I put this box on the shelf?
have telephoned me yesterday. She should visit her parents morę
(But you didn’t) often. You ought to thank them.

EXERCISE A. Choose the best altemative.
1. Let’s inform Joe about it. He could not/might not know.
2. I can’t stay longer. I have to/might go.
3. The doorbell is ringing. It has to be/must be a postman.
4. I suppose he might/should get this job.
5. In my opinion the manager should/must give us a rise.
6. You mustn’t/don’t have to give the answer now.
7. When he was a boy he could/might ride a pony.
8. Mr. Smith could be/must be elected the president of the company.
9. It’s a hospital nile; all nurses must/have to wear uniforms.
10. If you want this job, you must/can apply as soon as possible.
11. You have a high cholesterol level. You dont’t have to/mustn’t eat fatty food.
12. You needn’t/don’t have to ask me for permission if you want to use my bike.
EXERCISE B. Choose the best altemative.

1. You shouldn’t have told/can’t have told her about the accident. She was very worried.
2. You don’t have to/mustn’t pay now. You are able to/can pay later.
3. You must have tumed/should have tumed the radio down. She was preparing for her
examination and the musie disturbed her.
4. You can’t/mustn’t drive over 100 km/h across the city.
5. My doctor says I must/may have injections.
6. The phone is ringing. It should/could be my mother.
7. Helen doesn’t want to go to the cinema with us. She must have seen/should have seen
the film before.
8. The prisoner could/was able to escape when the guard fell asleep.
9. Mark must have taken/should have taken your mobile phone by mistake.
10. When I went to school, we mustn’t/didn’t have to wear uniforms.
11. Betty doesn’t know Jack. She can’t have met/shouldn’t have met him before.
12. Might/Could you shut the window. There’s a draught.
Must, May, Can, Can’t

Must,
May, Fm surę she is at work. = She must be at work.
Can, I don’t think she is at home. = She can’t be at home.
Can ’t Perhaps she works in the aftemoon. = She may work in the aftemoon.
I don’t think he will win the first prize. = He can’t win the first prize.
I’m surę he is reading now. = He must be reading now.
Fm surę she wrote it. = She must have written it.
Perhaps she has gone abroad. = She may have gone abroad.
Perhaps she went abroad. = She might have gone abroad.
Fm surę they didn’t eat all that food. = They can’t have eaten all that food.
Fm surę he wasn’t sleeping. = He can’t have been sleeping.
Perhaps he will be watching TV tonight. = He may be watching TV tonight.
Fm surę she has been working = She must have been working
here for a long time. here for a long time.
Mustn’t = It’s forbidden/not allowed.

You mustn’t talk loudly here. = It’s forbidden to talk loudly here.
Needn’t = It’s not necessary.
You needn’t tell her about it. = It’s not necessary for you to tell her about it.
Needn’t have done = although it was not necessary, the action was done.
I needn’t have bought another car. (I bought it, although one car was enough for me.)
Didn’t need to do = the action was not necessary and wasn’t done.
I didn’t need to buy another car. (I didn’t buy it because one car was enough.)
EXERCISE C. Choose the best altemative.

1. You shouldn’t have phoned/can’t have phoned her so late. She should have been /she must
have been asleep.
2. You don’t have to/mustn’t take this drug now. You are able to/can take it later.

3. You must have tumed/should have tumed to the left. Now, we got lost.
4. My doctor says I needn’t have taken/didn’t need to take these tablets because they proved
ineffective. I must have had/should have had physical therapy instead.
5. You drove much too fast. You must have/could have caused an accident.
6. He needn’t have bought/didn’t need to buy a new suit because I had lent him minę.
7. Sue didn’t want to go to the museum. She must have been/ought to have been there before.
8. Maisie had no news about her son. She shouldn’t have/may not have received a letter from him
yet.
9. He came home early. He needn’t have worked/didn’t need to work late this afternoon.
10. Bob and Ann must have guarrelled/should have guarrelled. They are not on speaking terms
now.
11. He did something wrong. He shouldn’t have repaired/didn’t have to repair it by himself.
12. Mary and Jack know each other very well. They must have met/had to meet before.
13. May/Must you speak so loud? I can’t concentrate.
14. She needn’t have prepared/didn’t need to prepare so much food because not all the guests
arrived and plenty of food was left.
15. There was a car crash. The driver can*t have noticed/didn’t have to notice the Street sign.
EXERCISE D. Comment on each of these situations using needn’t have, didn’t need, should
have, shouldn’t have, must have, may have, can’t have, etc.
1. George bought a second-hand car and now regrets it.
He..........................................................................
2. Ann went to Paris and enrolled on French classes, although she’d already known French very
well.
She.........................................................................
3. I don’t think Sue enjoyed her holidays; the weather and food were awful.
She.........................................................................
4. It’s possible that they met before.
They............................................
5. I’m surę Mark was very clever when he was at school.
Mark......................................................................
6. Perhaps Cathy didn’t intend to offend Frank.
Cathy..........................................................
7. Bob prepared a speech for the conference in Stockholm, later he was told that the conference
had been cancelled.
He......................................................................
8. It’s possible that he left the documents at home.
He.......................................................................
9. I’m surę she didn’t see Tom in a restaurant as he’d left for Madrid a week before.
She.....................................................................
10. Perhaps my friend telephoned yesterday.
My friend......................................................
11. 1 think he was wrong to sell his house.
He.................................................................
12. It wasn’t necessary for me to go there after all.
I........................................................................
EXERCISE E. Complete the sentences using the words in bold.

1. Perhaps he is asleep at the moment.
be He........................................
2. It wasn’t necessary for her to take so much money on holiday.
have She .......................................
3. Perhaps they went away last week.
have They .....................................
4. I’m surę he attended the lecture last Friday.
have He ..........................................
5. I’m surę it is George at the door.
be It...........................................
6. Perhaps he is going to Greece on his holiday.
be He..........................................

7. It wasn’t necessary for the children to get up so early.
have The children......................
8. It’s wrong that you didn’t inform them about the changes in the timetable.
have You ........................................
9. Perhaps she was taking a bath when you called her.
been She...................................
10. 1’m surę her husband is seriously ill.
be Her husband...........................
11. 1 don’t think he is in hospital.
be He.....................................
12. Perhaps he has left hospital.
have He.........................................
13. It wasn’t necessary for her to cali for an ambulance because her husband took her to
hospital.
didrft She.........................................
14.1’m surę he is back already.
be He.........................................
15. Perhaps he stole a bicycle.
have He ............................
16.1’m surę there is a train to Canbury twice a day.
be There...................
17. Perhaps she was feeling tired yesterday.
been She............................
18.1’m surę Jane has prepared enough sandwiches.
have She.............................

4
Passive
voice
Tenses Active Voice Passive Voice
Simple Present She writes a book. A book is written.

Simple Past She wrote a book. A book was written.
Present Continuous She is writing a book. A book is being written.

Past Continuous She was writing a book. A book was being written.
Present Perfect She has written a book. A book has been written.
Past Perfect She had written a book. A book had been written.
Futurę She will write a book. A book will be written.

Futurę Perfect She will have written a book. A book will have been written.
Conditional She would write a book. A book would be written.

Conditional Perfect She would have written a book. A book would have been written.
Present Infmitive She should write a book. A book should be written.

Perfect Infinitive She should have written a book. A book should have been written.
Gerund He hates his parents telling him He hates being told what to do.
what to do.
Notes:
1. The agent is omitted when it is (a) a pronoun, (b) a word like: one, someone, people, etc.
e.g. Someone has cut the tree down.
The tree has been cut down.
2. The passive with verbs such as say, think, believe, expect, report, assume, know, consider,
etc. is formed in two ways:
e.g. They think he writes books.
(a) It is thought that he writes books.
(b) He is thought to write books.
Passive (b) is morę common than passive (a).
Study other examples:
They suppose that he is carrying a handgun.
It is supposed that he is carrying a handgun.
He is supposed to be carrying a handgun.
They believe that he found/has found a new therapy.
It is believed that he found/has found a new therapy.
He is believed to have found a new therapy.
They expect that the police will find the missing child soon.
It is expected that the police will find the missing child soon.
The police is expected to find the missing child soon.
3. Passive voice with‘by’or‘with’.
by + agent e.g. Meals are usually prepared by my mother.
‘Romeo and Juliet’ was written by W. Shakespeare.
instrument
with + materiał
object e.g. This wound has been cut with a knife.
The Container is filled with petrol.
The room was decorated with thousands of flowers.
4. Verbs which take two objects such as ask, give, lend, send, allow, etc. have two passive
forms:

e.g. He lent me the English dictionary.
(a) I was lent the English dictionary.
(b) The English dictionary was lent to me.
Passive (a) is morę common than (b).
5. Verbs: make, hear, see, help are followed by to + infinitive in the passive.
e.g. She madę them drink milk.
They were madę to drink milk.
6. Let becomes was/were allowed to in the passive.
e.g. My parents let me come back late.
I was allowed to come back late.
7. Modal verb + active infinitive -> Modal verb + passive inflnitive
e.g. He can’t repair the fax machinę. —> The fax machinę can’t be repaired.
8. Have + object + past participle can be used to replace a passive verb when we talk about an
accident or misfortune.
e.g. He had his car damaged. (= His car was damaged.)
EXERCISE A. Change the following sentences from active into passive.

1. They left the notę on the kitchen table.
2. The owner of the firm hasn’t paid mę yet, although they madę me the manager.
3. They believe he has written this letter.
4. Finally, they let me go on holiday.
5. She has madę her son tidy his room.
6. Strong winds have blown down a lot of trees and damaged many houses.
7. The police are ąuestioning the onlookers who had gathered at the scene of the accident.
8. Many people listen to this programme.
9. We are renovating our house this summer because we haven’t renovated it sińce 1985.
10. They suppose that four persons were injured by a bomb explosion.
11. They told the students to wait outside.
12. Somebody must have touched the documents while I was out.
13. They had done nothing until he came.
14. They expect that he’ll fmish his studies next year.
15. Did the noise frighten the children?
16. They say he has found a better job and will leave the firm soon.
17. You must wash and iron this blouse for tonight.
18. They think she works fourteen hours a day.
19. He showed me the way to the station.
20. They should have sent this letter last Tuesday.
21. When they last saw Mark, someone was training him to use a Computer.
22. Bad weather conditions must have caused the accident.
23. While they were repairing my car, they found that someone had cut one of the wires.
24. As soon as we receive your application we will send a reply.
25. She expects the book will be published soon.
EXERCISE B. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct passive tense.
1. Three persons who (just, bring) by an ambulance (be) discharged from hospital tomorrow.
2. The man who (injure) in a car accident, (take) to hospital an hour ago.
3. When my car (repair) last week, I (give) a lift to work by my colleague.
4. My G.P.’s office is very modem; it (equip) with an ultrasonograph and Computer tomograph.
5. Ali this damage can’t (do) last night because we were at home at that time.
6. The mail (deliver) every day at 10 o’clock.
7. The tickets can (pick up) at the box-office from 9 a.m to 6 p.m.
8. The researchers (already, give) a grant of $ 10,000 and another $ 5,000 (expect).
9. The students who (imprison) for disturbing the peace last week, (release) this moming.
10. They (give) three weeks in which the fine should (pay).
11.1 (make) exercise every day by my physiotherapist.
12. My bicycle which (steal) two weeks ago (just, find).
13. Where it (find)?
14. Winę should (open) about three hours before it (use).
15. My wallet must (steal) in the supermarket yesterday moming.
16. She should (operate) on earlier.
17. The contract (just, sign) by the managing director.
English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 - E. Donesch-Jeżo

5
Reported
There are three types of Reported Speech:
1) statements, speech
2) questions,
3) commands.
Direct Speech Reported Speech
1. STATEMENTS
‘Tom dances very well,’ they said. They said (that) Tom danced very well.
‘I don’t like bananas,’ she said. She said (that) she didn’t like bananas.
2. QUESTIONS
‘Where do you live?’ he asked. He asked where I lived.
‘Are you tired?’ she asked She asked if I was tired.
3. COMMANDS
‘Take these tablets regularly,’ he said He told me to take those tablets regularly
‘Don’t eat it!’ he said. He told me not to eat it.
‘Switch off the television, please,’ he said. He asked me to swtich off the tełevision.
Changing from Direct Speech into Reported Speech
Direct Speech Reported Speech
Simple Present Simple Past

‘I want to go home,’ he said. He said (that) he wanted to go home.
Present Continuous Past Continuous

Tm writing a letter,’ she said. She said (that) she was writing a letter.
Present Perfect Past Perfect

‘They’ve bought a new house,’ he said. He said (that) they had bought a new house.
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

Tve been working for this firm for 15 years,’ he said. He said (that) he had been working for this firm
for 15 years.
Simple Past Past Perfect

‘I sold my old car,’ she said. She said (that) she had sold her old car.
Futurę Conditional
TH write to you soon,’ he said. He said (that) he would write to me soon.
Futurę Continuous Conditional Continuous

TH be taking an examination in anatomy on Tuesday,’ She said (that) she would be taking an examination
she said. in anatomy on Tuesday.
The following words also change:

This/these —> that/those/the
here -> there
now -»then
today -> that day
tonight —> that night
yesterday —> the day before, the previous day
tomorrow —> the day after, the following day, the next day
tomorrow moming -»the moming after, the next moming
last night -> the night before, the previous night
the day before yesterday —> two days before

the day after tomorrow -> in two day’s time
this week/month/year —> that week/month/year
last week/month/year/Tuesday, etc. —> the previous week/month/year/Tuesday, etc.
next week/month/year/Tuesday, etc. —> the following week/month/year/Tuesday, etc.
three days/years ago —> three days/years before
e.g. ‘She left yesterday,’ he said. —> He said that she had left the day before.,
The changes of modal verbs in Reported Speech
MUST Direct Speech Reported Speech
1. When must expresses obligation, it ‘You must help her,’ he said. He said I had to help her.
changes into had to (when the sen- ‘You must come here again,’ she said. She said 1 would have to come here
tence in Direct Speech refers to the again.
present) or would have to (when the
sentence in Direct Speech refers to the
futurę)
2. When must expresses advice, duty ‘You must try this new restaurant,’ she She said I must/should try that new
or logical assumption, it does not said. (advice) ‘You must always read restaurant. He said (that) I must
change or it changes into should. the documents before you sign them,’ he always read the documents before I
said. (duty) ‘You must be hungry,’ she sign them. She said (that) I must be
said. (logical assumption) hungry.
3. Mustn’t usually remains unchanged ‘You mustn’t leave before 4 p.m.,’ He told me that I mustn’t/wasn’t to
or it is expressed by wasn’t/weren’t he told me. leave before 4 p.m.
to.
CAN Direct Speech Reported Speech
Can changes into could (when the ‘I can try again,’ he said. He said (that) he could try again.
sentence in Direct Speech refers to the ‘I can come next week,’ she said. She said (that) she would be able to
present) or would be able to (when come the following week.
the direct sentence refers to the
futurę)
SHALL Direct Speech Reported Speech
1. Shall changes into offered (when it She asked, ‘Shall I open the window?’ She offered to open the window.
expresses willingness to do sth.).
2. Shall changes into should (when it He asked, ‘ What shall I buy for my He wondered what he should buy for
asks for advice). wife?’ his wife.
3. Shall changes into would (when it She asked, ‘Where shall we meet?’ She asked where they would meet.
asks for information).
NEEDN’T Direct Speech Reported Speech
1. Needn’t changes into didn’t need ‘You needn’t eat it,’ she said. She said I didn’t need to/ didn’t
to/didn’t have to (when the sentence have to/needn’t eat it.
in Direct Speech refers to the present)
or remains the same.
2. Needn’t changes into wouldn’t She said, ‘You needn’t do shopping She said I wouldn’t have to do
have to (when the sentence in Direct tomorrow.’ shopping tomorrow.
Speech refers to the futurę).

Notes:
1. The most common reporting verbs are:
say, tell, talk, speak, ask, wonder, remark, notice, want to know.
2. There is no change in the verb tenses in Reported speech when the following verbs are used:
could, would, might, should, ought to, had better, used to, needn’t have.
e.g. ‘It could be our bus,’ she said. She said it could be our bus.
‘She might leave a message,’ he said. He said she might leave a message.
‘You ought to go to the doctor,’ he said. He said I ought to go to the doctor.
EKERCISE A. Put the following sentences into Reported Speech.

1. ‘He keeps criticising me.’ (She complained ...)
2. ‘When are you going to tell me the truth?’ (She asked ...)
3. Tm surę it was love at first sight.’ (He said ...)
4. ‘Does he know how I’m feeling now?’ (She wondered ...)
5. ‘I don’t remember where I put my key.’ (He said....)
6. ‘Why can’t she mind her own business?’ (He asked ...)
7. ‘Listen to me for a moment.’ (She asked her daughter ...)
8. ‘You must tidy your room this Saturday.’ (He told his son ...)
9. TT1 start practising again next week.’ (He said ...)
10. ‘Have you anything else to say?’ (The policeman asked the suspect...)
11. TH see you here tomorrow at 5 p.m.’ (Jack told Mary ...)
12. ‘Can you say it a little louder?’ (She asked her teacher ...)
13. ‘When I first met you, you were wearing thatblue shirt which you have never wom sińce.’
(She told her husband...)
14. ‘Don’t wait for me.’ (She told her son ...)
15. TTl never forget this moment.’ (He said ...)
16. ‘ Who are you writing this letter to?’ (She wanted to know ...)
17. ‘Where have you been all the moming?’ (The manager asked his assistant...)
18. ‘You must reduce alcohol consumption.’ (The doctor told him ...)
19. ‘You mustn’t overwork.’ (He told her ...)
20. Tve been writing this report for the last two days and I haven’t finished it yet.’ (He said ...)
21. ‘You needn’t go on a diet but you must reduce the fat intake.’ (His G.P. told him ...)
22. ‘Do you think I understand what you mean?’ (She wondered ...)
23. Tm afraid I haven’t bought any milk.’ (She explained ...)
24. ‘Who is this pretty woman sitting alone at the table?’ (He wanted to know ...)
25. ‘Why should I go there?’ (She asked ...)
26. ‘How shall I help you?’ (She asked ...)
27. ‘I can come next week.’ (He said ...)
28. ‘You needn’t write this report for tomorrow.’ (The chief told his secretary ...)
29. TTl be working in a restaurant during this summer holiday because I need money for a
motorbike.’ (He told his parents ...)
30. ‘You needn’t ask for permission because you’re an adult; you only have to be reasonable.’
(He told his daughter ...)
31. ‘Do you still love Peter?’ (I asked my sister ...)
32. ‘Why should I tell you?’ (She answered ...)
33. ‘I still can’t afford to buy a sports car, although I’ve taken a lot of extra work for the last
two years.’ (He complained ...)
34. ‘Have you sent the fax yet?’ (The manager asked me ...)
35. ‘Try it again.’ (He advised me ...)
EXERCISE B. Put the following sentences into Reported Speech.

1. ‘She went out at 9 o’clock yesterday moming and nobody has seen her ever sińce.’ (He told
the police ...)
2. ‘I hope 1’11 have morę Information soon, so you can phone me next Friday.’ (She told me ...)
3. ‘Don’t say a word.’ (He forbade me ...)
4. TTl stay here by the phone for the next half an hour because they may cali again.’ (She
explained...)
5. T’ve got a good job in Birmingham and I’m moving there next month.’ (He informed us ...)
6. T’d rather you didn’t tell anyone what we’ve just spoken about.’ (He told me ...)
7. ‘I may be able to give you a lift but I won’t know until 10 o’clock.’ (She explained ...)

8. ‘ You can only have a hamster as a pet because our fiat is very smali. ’
(Mother explained to her son ...)
9. ‘Wait here until you are called.’ (She told me ...)
10. ‘You must be extremely tired because you haven’t had a break today.’ (He said ...)
11. ‘Please, sit down and make yourself at home.’ (She said ...)
12. ‘It really sounds serious so I think you should go to a solicitor where you can get the
proper advice.’ (My father said ...)
13. ‘Shall I tell the truth?’ (She asked ...)
14. ‘You must send this fax before lunchtime.’ (The chief told me ...)
15. ‘Don’t forget to let me know as soon as you’ve arrived safely.’ (My aunt asked me ...)
16. ‘I couldn’t find my door key and that is why I broke the window.’ (He explained to the
policeman...)
17. ‘You must always ask for a receipt when you pay by cash.’ (He advised me ...)
18. ‘If I can, I will help you, unfortunately I’m not in a position to do so at the moment.’
(He said...)
19. ‘They ought to give you a pay rise because you’ve brought the company a lot of income
thisyear.’ (He said...)
20. ‘What’s on at the cinema that you would like to see?’ (She asked me ...)

6
There are three main types of conditionals:
Conditionals
Type 1 If-clause Main clause Use
If + Present Tense will/can/may + Real or possible
(or should + infinitive: infinitive situation
morę doubtful or polite) imperative+ infinitive in the present
should + infinitive or futurę
e.g. If he needs your advice, he will tell you.

If you heat ice, it turns to water.
If you make a mistake, correct it.
If you want, you may invite him.
If you should see him, tell him I want to talk to him.
(It’s doubtful that you will see him.)

If + Past Tense would Advice or
could + infinitive imaginary
should situation
might in the present
(unreal or unlikely
to happen)
e.g. If he asked me, I would tell him the truth.

If I were you, I would apply for this job.
If I knew her address, I could go and see her.

If + Past Perfect Would Imaginary
could + have + p.p. situation
should in the past
might (impossible to fulfil)
e.g. If he had studied harder, he would have passed the exam.

If I had saved money, I could have bought a house.
Notes:
1. Other expressions used instead of if are the following:
even if, even though, when, provided that, providing, as long as, suppose, supposing,
unless (if not).
He won’t come here unless he feels better.
Suppose you forgot your passport, what would you do?
He’ll borrow you the money provided that you give it back next week.
Her parents don’t mind where she goes as long as she is back before 11 p.m.
Even though he tries very hard, he never succeeds.
2. When there is should, were or had in the if-clause, there is an inversion and if is omitted.
If he should cali, tell him to leave a message.
Should he cali, tell him to leave a message.
If I were you, I wouldn’t go there.
Were I you, I wouldn’t go there.
If he had got up earlier, he wouldn’t have missed the train.
Had he got up earlier, he wouldn’t have missed the train.
Mixed Conditionals
The conditionals can be mixed in the following way:
If-clause Main clause
Typel If he is reliable, she would have asked him for help. Type 3
Type 2 If I knew him, I would have invited him. Type3
Type 3 Ifhe had passed the exams, he would enjoy his holiday now.. Type2

EXERCISE A. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
1. If she had taken a taxi to the station, she (not miss) the train.
2. If you hurry, you (be) in London by noon.
3. Her mother (be) very worried if she (not get) home before midnight.
4. Suppose you (lose) yourjob, would you start your own business?
5. If you (check) the petrol before we set out, we (not stop) on the road.
6. She would get a sick leave if she (be) ill.
7. If it (not rain) tomorrow, we (go) to the zoo.
8. They would have met me providing they (wait) longer.
9. He (understand) as long as you speak clearly and slowly.
10. What would she do if you (tell) her the truth?
11. If she (not stop) eating so much, she will weigh 100 kg soon.
12. He would have visited us if he (have) morę time.
13. Even if you repeated it several times, she (not understand).
14.1 (lend) you my car provided you drive carefully.
15. Suppose you (catch) the last train, what time would you arrive in Brighton?
16. He (be) angry if I took his car without his permission.
17. He won’t ask you unless he (understand) everything.
18. Even if she had loved him, she (not marry) him.
19. Would you feel lonely if you (not have) so many friends?
20. If he (be) morę careful, he wouldn’t have had an accident.
21. She would kill me if she (be) here!
22 .1 (let) you drive provided you had a driving licence.
23. If you (go) to town tomorrow, (you, do) some shopping for me?
24. He would be very happy if you (do) what he asked.
EXERCISE B. Put the following sentences into the inverted form.

1. If I were him, I would be morę careful.
2. If you should need morę information about the conference, phone the organizer.
3. If they had come, the party would have been morę enjoyable.
4. If he were morę experienced, he wouldn’t make such a mistake.
5. Ifhe had fallen into the river, he could have drowned.
6. If Ted should object, I won’t join you.
7. If she were older, she could stay alone.
8. If I had known you were coming, I could have changed my plans.
9. Ifhe should come earlier, tell him to wait for me.
10. If she were slimmer, she could work as a model.
EXERCISE C. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

1. If she hadn’t got wet in the rain last night, she (not have) catarrh now.
2. If I were his wife, I (divorce) him a long time ago.
3. I wouldn’t be surprised ifhe (lose) his newjob last month.
4. If she is optimistic, she (not expect) such a disaster during our last joumey. ,
5. The house wouldn’t be bumt to the ground, if the fire (be) noticed earlier.
6. If she hadn’t been invited, she (not be) here now.
7. Ifhe is a good swimmer, he (save) the boy from drowning.
8. If they had quarrelled, they (not talk) to each other now.
9. If you had asked his permission, he (not be) angry with you now.
10. Ifhe is trustworthy, why you (not ask) him for advice earlier?
11. Ifhe lost his ticket, he (not be) able to go to the concert tonight.
12. Ifhe had reported to the doctor earlier, he (be) healthy now.

Form Use
I wish (if only) + Past Tense regret about a present situation

e.g.
I wish he were/was healthy now.
If only he were/was healthy now.
I wish (if only) + Past Perfect regret about a past situation

e-g-
I wish he hadn’t told her about it.
If only he hadn’t drunk so much last night.
I wish (if only) + subject + would + present inf. regret about the present; request;
e-g- .- a wish for a change in
If only he would give up smoking. the futurę which is not
I wish he would change for better. likely to happen
If only it would stop raining!
I’d rather + object + Simple Past Imaginary, unreal,

Suppose/Supposing + Simple Past improbable situation in the present
As if/As though + Simple Past
It’s (about/high) time + Simple Past
e-g-
I’d rather you told me now.
Suppose you lost your job, what would you do?
She behaves as if she knew everybody here.
It’s high time we left.
I’d rather + object + Past Perfect Imaginary, unreal or

Suppose/Supposing + Past Perfect improbable situations in the past
As if/As though + Past Perfect
It’s (about/high) time + Past Perfect
e-g-
I’d rather she had finished university.
Suppose we had lost all the money.
They behave as if they had won the match.
EXERCISE A. Finish the following sentences.

I. I can’t drive. I wish................................ ................................... ...v........
2. It’s a pity I didn’t come to your birthday party last Saturday. If only............................
3. I’m sorry, I have to leave. I wish..................................................................................
4. Why don’t you invite Mikę? I’d rather you.............. ...................................................
5. Paula has seen a nice dress but it’s very expensive. She wishes....................................
6. It’s a pity you told Maggie about it. I’d rather you................... ;..................................
7. The car I bought was a complete waste of money. I wish..............................................
8. He’d better start leaming English. It’s high time...........................................................
9. I had to work very hard last year. If only......................................................................
10. Bob’s neighbours make a lot of noise. He wishes.......................................................
11. Why don’t you have your car repaired. I’d rather you...............................................
12 .1 think Sarah won’t lose her job. Suppose.................................................................
13 .1’m not a child. You treat me as if.............................................................................
14. You’d better not behave like that again. I’d rather you..............................................
15. It’s a pity you didn’t go on holiday with me. I wish...................................................
16. Why don’t you go to see your doctor? It’s high time.................................................
17. He is not a criminal. There is no need to treat him as though......................................
18. Alex didn’t practise enough and that’s why he didn’t enter the competition. If only.
19. It’s a pity my sister doesn’t help our parents.I’d rather she.........................................
20. Anna hasn’t done ironing yet. It’s high time...............................................................

21. She regrets she married John. She wishes....................................................................
22. Why don’t you leave Tom alone. I’d rather you...........................................................
23. He didn’t see this programme on TV last night. He wishes..........................................
24. Sue ate too much at the party last night. She wishes.....................................................
25. Fortunately, he hasn’t lost much money on gambling. Suppose....................................
26. He is not the owner of this house. He behaves as if........................................................
EXERCISE B. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the flrst one,
using the word given.
1. What a pity I’m not thinner.
WISH
2. I’d rather he paid for the lunch.

ONLY
3. I’m sorry he hasn’t left any message for you.

WISH
4. What a pity you didn’t offer to help her.

RATHER
5. He regrets he couldn’t go with us.

ONLY
6. You spend too much money on jewellery.

RATHER
7. What a pity she didn’t come to see us.

WISHES
8. She is sorry she can’t go to the concert tonight.

ONLY
9. It’s a shame he doesn’t have a mobile phone.

WISHES
10. We ought to start work now.

TIME
11. He’d like to be taller.

ONLY
12. It’s a shame she doesn’t know any foreign languages.

WISHES
13. She should start to leam English.

TIME
14. What a pity he doesn’t have his car repaired.

ONLY
90 English for Medical Studcnts and Doctors - 1 - E. Donesch-Jeżo

8
We form interrogatives with auxiliary verbs by inverting the subject and verb (we put the verb Interrogative
before the subject). Study the following examples:
forms
Positive Interrogative
Dr. Evans is a surgeon. Is Dr. Evans a surgeon?
He was operated on last week. Was he operated on last week?
These syringes were sterilized. Were these syringes sterilized?
He is still taking these tablets. Is he still taking these tablets?
I shall send you the results tomorrow. Shall I send you the results tomorrow?
He must stop smoking. Must he stop smoking?
I ought to help him. Ought I to help him?
She has sent the letters. Has she sent the letters?
The interrogatives of all other verbs are formed with do and does in the present tense and did in
the past tense + the infinitive.
Positive Interrogative
Present Tense
You feel better. Do you feel better?
She gets out of bed. Does she get out of bed?
Past Tense
He became ill last week. Did he become ill last week?
She caught a cold a few days ago. Did she catch a cold a few days ago?
The interrogative sentences can also begin with a question word, e.g. who, which, when, what,
etc., and these are placed before the auxiliary verb or the verb do (does, did).
e.g. When will you come back?
What did you do yesterday?
Another type of interrogative sentences are those which ask about the subject. They begin with an
interrogative pronoun and they do not reąuire inversion of the subject and verb or presence of do
(does, did). The following interrogative pronouns are used:
Who for persons in generał
What for things in generał
Which for restricted persons or things
Study these examples:
Who broke this cup?
What has happened?
What people live in this house?
Which of you wrote this notice? (limited choice)
Which house is yours? (limited choice)
Notę the distinction between these two interrogatives:
Who saw you yesterday?
Who did you see yesterday?
EXERCISE A. Change the following statements into ąuestions, asking about the words in bold.
1. The pain comes after meals.
2. Her back aches.
3. He has a cut on his foot.
4. Dr. Turner has just left the hospital.
5. The nurse will give you an injection in a moment.
6. He should try to eat something.
7. The old woman fell down the stairs.
8. Mr. Smith lives alone.
9. It hurts when I press here.
10. Somebody tumed ofif the television.

11. She is writing to her sister.
12. He comes from Liverpool.
13. They are laughing at the freckles on her nose.
14. This telegram is from my grandmother.
15. They want to talk about this case.
16. 1 gave it to my brother.
17. My sister sold her house to a famous actor.
18. The chief wants to speak to the accountant.
19. He works for Microsoft.
20. Fm thinking of my forthcoming operation.
EXERCISE B. Ask the nurse:

1) how the patient is feeling
2) what the patienfs blood pressure was (pulse, temperaturę)
3) if she has cultured and Gram-stained the sputum
4) if she has got the patienfs chest film
5) when the lab studies will come back
6) what complications she is expecting
7) if she has got the patienfs CBC (complete blood count)
8) if she can let you see the patient
92 English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 — E. Donesch-Jeżo

9
Adjectives tell us morę about a noun; they tell us what kind, what colour, how much, how many Adjectives
and which. Most adjectives come before nouns they qualify: a rare disease, a therapeutic dose, a
sick child, a clever girl. Adjectives can follow certain verbs, such as appear, be, become, feel, get,
grow, keep, look, make, seem, smell, sound, taste, etc.
e.g. He is handsome.
The wound looks serious.
The patient seems frightened.
It sounds interesting.
It smells horrible.
Keep quiet!
Notes:
1. Nouns, present participles and past participles can be used as adjectives: neck glands, chest
pain, blood vessels, kidney disease, burning pain, aching eyes, depressing situation, nursing staff,
swollen glands, broken arm, damaged organ, etc.
2. Nouns used as adjectives do not have comparative and superlative forms and cannot be modi-
fied by very.
e.g. a silver bracelet a winter coat
a gold necklace a summer dress
a stone wali a paper bag
but
a woollen coat (not a wool coat)
a wooden table (not a wood table)
3. Present participles used as adjectives describe the quality of a noun. Past participles
describe how the noun feels.
e.g. an annoying situation (What kind of situation? annoying)
an annoyed teacher (How does a teacher feel? annoyed)
a frightening story (What kind of a story? frightening)
a frightened child (How does a child feel? frightened)
4. Certain adjectives can be used with the to represent a group as a whole.
e.g. the rich, the poor, the blind, the young, the old, the unemployed, the homeless,
etc.
5. Compound adjectives are formed with:
a) present particples: long-lasting smell, long-playing record, hard-wearing shoes
b) past participles: double-breasted jacket, long-sleeved blouse, kind-hearted woman
c) numbers + nouns: three-year-old child, four-week course, five-mile walk, ten-pound notę
d) prefixes and suffixes: non-stop show, waterproof watch
e) well, badly, ill, poorly: well-dressed woman, badly-damaged car, ill-mannered person,
poorly-paid assistant
6. A generał rule of the order of adjectives is the following:
number, opinion, size/weight, age, shape, colour/temperature, origin/nationality,
materiał + noun
e.g. three nice, smali, round, brown, carved, wooden tables
one large, old, rectangular, brown, Persian, woollen carpet
7. Regular comparisons of adjectives
Positive Comparative Superlative
One-syllable long longer (than) the longest (of/in)

clean cleaner (than) the cleanest (of/in)
nice nicer (than) the nicest (of/in)
Two-syllable happy happier (than) the happiest (of/in)

clever cleverer (than) the cleverest (of/in)
careful morę careful (than) the most careful (of/in)
Morę than two syllables intelligent morę intelligent (than) the most intelligent (of/in)
dangerous morę dangerous (than) the most dangerous (of/in)

Notę:
Two-syllable adjectives ending in -er, -ly, -y usually form their comparatives and superlatives by
adding -er and -est to the positive form, whereas those ending in -re or -ful take morę and
most
e.g. dirty - dirtier - dirtiest
obscure - morę obscure - most obscure
usefui - morę useful - most useful
Irregular comparisons of adjectives

Bad worse worst
Good better best
Little less least
Many/much morę most
Far farther (of distance only) farthest
further furthest
Old older oldest
elder (of members of a family, eldest
implying seniority,
never used with than)
EXERCISE A. Underline adjectives in the following sentences.

1. The patient complained of reddened, buming eyes, aching lower limbs, swollen neck glands
and mild skin irritation.
2. The child was thin, pale, dehydrated and shocked with marked tendemess over the upper
abdomen.
3. A careful examination showed abnormally dislocated hip joint on the left side.
4. The patient has been under intense physical therapy and pharmacological treatment for a long
time.
EXERCISE B. Rewrite these sentences putting the adjectives in brackets into the appropriate
places.
1. She usually spends her holiday in a/an (old, big, comfortable, dark, summer, wooden) house.
2. Her chief is a/an (handsome, middle-aged, tali, rich, divorced, well-mannered) man.
3. He arrived on a/an (hired, sports, Japanse, fast, black) motorcar.
4. They went to a/an (popular, smali, picturesąue, Spanish, holiday, popular, overcrowded)
resort.
5. Yesterday I saw a/an (American, recent, long, boring) film.
6. She wore a/an (dark green, expensive, short, evening, embroidered, silk, French) dress.
7. She bought a/an (antiąue, triangle, Venice, metal, smali) lamp.
8. I ate a/an (three-course, fat-free, fresh, large, tasteful) meal.
EXERCISE C. Put the adjectives in brackets in the comparative or superlative form.

1. He demands a (high) salary than the managing director.
2. A (hard) mattress often helps for back injuries.
3. My new assistant is (lazy) than the previous one.
4. His grandfather was (extraordinary) man I have ever met.
5. That’s (good) advice of all I’ve been given.
6. My neighbour owns a (large) collection of stamps than anyone else I have ever met.
7. Geriatrics is (little) popular branch of medicine.
8. He is (bright) and (advanced) than his twin brother.
9. It was (exciting) holiday I have had so far.
10.1 would have done a (good) job than he did.

Adverbs usually describe a verb but they can also modify adjectives, nouns, sentences or other
10
adverbs. Adverbs tell us: how (adverbs of manner), when (adverbs of time), where (adverbs of Adverbs
place), how often (adverbs of frequency), to what extent (adverbs of degree) something happens.
e.g. She left the room ąuietly. (How? Adverb of manner)
My sister lives upstairs. (Where? Adverb of place)
They left yesterday, (When? Adverb of time)
She was absolutely right in what she wrote. (To what extent? Adverb of degree)
They usually go on holiday in July. (How often? Adverb of freąuency)
Notes:
1. Adverbs of manner are usually formed by adding -ly to the adjective.
clever - cleverly bad - badly
careful - carefully capable - capably
basie - basically busy - busily
slow - slowly extreme - extremely
2. Some adjectives ending in -ly form their adverbs by adding the word ‘way’ or ‘manner’.
e.g. She spoke in a friendly way.
He behaved in a cowardly manner.
3. Certain adverbs, such as above, upstairs, downstairs, inside, outside, etc.
can be used as adjectives.
e.g. an upstairs bedroom, a downstairs bathroom, the above example, the inside page.
4. Some adjectives have the same form as adverbs:
clean fine
first pretty
further right
daily hard
cheap hourly
late weekly
far long
fast Iow
He is a fast driver. He drives fast.
That was a cheap dress. I bought it cheap.
She was the first student to take the exam. She took the exam first.
He is a weekly visitor. He comes weekly to the classes.
She has a high temperaturę. She aims high.
5. Certain adverbs have two forms (with -ly and without -ly) and have two different
meanings.
Direct = by the shortest route Directly = immediately

Hard = in a hard way Hardly = scarcely
High = to a high level Highly = very much
Short = suddenly Shortly = not long, soon
Right = correctly Rightly = wisely
Deep = a long way down Deeply = greatly
Free = without cost Freely = willingly
Wide = fully Widely = to a large extent
Last = after all others/most recently Lastly = finally
Late = after the usual time Lately = recently
Near = a short distance from Nearly = almost
Pretty = fairly Prettily = in a pretty way
Wrong = in a wrong way Wrongly = mistakenly
Peter works hard. (very much)

Tom hardly works. (not much at all)
She’s working late. (longer hours than usual)
She hasn’t worked lately. (recently)
He lives near our hospital. (a short distance from)
After she heard the news she nearly fainted. (almost)

6. Word order of adverbs is the following: manner, place, time.
When there is morę than one time adverb, the one expressing a shorter time period precedes
the one which expresses a longer period.
a) subject + verb + (object) + manner + place + time
He ate his dinner ąuickly in a restaurant at 6.30 p.m. yesterday.
b) subject + verb of movement + (object) + place + manner + time
He left the restaurant hurriedly at 7.45 p.m.
c) time (to emphasize the time) + subject + verb + (object) + place + manner
Every moming he takes his children to school by car.
7. Adverbs of freąuency are usually placed after the auxiliary verb and after the verb be or
before the main verb, but in short answers they come before the auxiliary verb.
I have always dreamt about going to Hawaii.
He is late for the lecture again. Yes, he always is.
She is often tired after her work.
She sometimes goes to the cimema with her friends.
8. Adverbs of degree usually go before the words they modify.
e.g. He runs quite fast. She spoke only several words.
9. Certain adverbs such as generally, probably, evidently, obviously, actually, certainly,
undoubtedly, etc. can be placed at the beginning of a sentence.
Generally, hospitals need morę money.
Undoubtedly, it was his greatest success.
Obviously, 1’11 help you.
Comparison of adverbs

One-syllable fast faster (than) the fastest (of/in)
Two-syllable early earlier (than) the earliest (of/in)
Adv. formed by adding -ly ąuickly morę ąuickly (than) the most ąuickly (of/in)
EXERCISE A. Underline all adverbs in the following text.

Take two tablets daily, one in the moming and one in the evening. This drug will help you feel
morę lively. You may not feel much better at first, but you have to take these tablets regularly. If you
forget, you can take them later. If you feel tired or weak, take another tablet after lunch.
EXERCISE B. Put the adjective or adverb in brackets in the comparative or superlative form.
1. This is (cheap) medicine I have ever taken.
2. Today the patient looks (happy) than he did yesterday.
3. What is (stressful) aspect of being a doctor?
4. Generally, women drive (careftil) than men.
5. He feels much (fit) sińce he started exercising.
6. This new drug is (effective) than the one I’ve taken so far.
7. His (old) brother has just graduated from medicine.
8. Please, speak a little (loud) so that I can hear you.
9. Unfortunately, he failed his exam again, but at least he tried (hard) than last time.
10. The Street where I live now is (narrow and quiet) than the Street where I used to live.
11. She eats and drinks (little) than she did last week.
12. His present marriage is (happy) than his last one.
13. That’s really (bad) food I’ve ever eaten.
14. What is (useful), a telephone or a Computer?
15. Your condition seems much (bad) than minę.
16. She is (attractive) woman in the world!
EXERCISE C. Choose the correct word.

1. Although the accident looked serious/seriously, nobody was serious/seriously injured.
2. It is strong/strongly coffee but it tastes strange/strangely.
3. Is she all right? She is speaking very loud/loudly and looks terrible/terribly.
4. She smiled sweet/sweetly and left quick/quickly.
5. Although he was speaking slow/slowly and with some difficulty, he seemed happy/happily.

6. Our holiday was wonderful/wonderfully but the time passed guick/guickly.
7. Keep silent/silently. I’ve been working hard/hardly all the moming.
8. Why are you walking so fast/fastly? Can’t you walk slow/slowly?
9. Although he appears nervous/nervouslv. he works perfect/perfectly.
10.1’ve hard/hardly wom this jacket. That is why it looks so clean/cleanly.
11. The doctor told me to open my mouth wide/widely and said that my throat looks serious/
seriously infected. °
12. We were told that we can visit this place free/freely but others have to pay a fee regular/
regularly.
13. It is wide/widely believed that she disappeared under high/highly suspicious circumstances.
14. The blow wasn’t strong/strongly but he was bad/badly injured.
15. The children usually play loud/loudly but they’ve kept guiet/guietly today.
16. The restaurant was moderate/moderately cheap and the food tasted delicious/deliciously .
17. Although the man behaved violent/violently. I was kind/kindly to him and asked him to leave
immediate/immediately .
18. My son is a good/well driver but he often drives too fast/fastly.
19. When I retumed home I was complete/completely exhausted and everything seemed
unusual/unusually.
20. The police assessed the situation as high/highly dangerous and asked the onlookers to keep
calm/calmly.
EXERCISE D. Put the adverb in brackets in its correct position.

1. Her gums bleed. (occasionally)
2. She is short of breath at night. (firequently)
3. She has been seriously ill. (never)
4. His backache is intensified by movement. (usually)
5. He has lost his consciousness at the doctor’s. (often)
6. She visits her relatives. (rarely)
7. Does she feel tired? (often)
8. He will remember to brusłf his teeth regularly. (always)
EXERCISE E. Choose the correct word.

1. The whole situation was amusing/amused and I felt embarrassing/embarrassed .
2. Everybody was amazing/amazed with his confusing/confused explanation.
3. Having heard the shocking/shocked news everybody was shocking/shocked.
4. Rainy and foggy weather makes me depressing/depressed .
5. Although I frequently come from work exhausting/exhausted, I find my job interesting/
interested.
6. I was annoying/annoyed with the film which was boring/bored.
7. It was such an exciting/excited match. Everybody was surprising/surprised seeing that our
team had won. -
8. At first he was disappointing/disappointed with his new job but now he finds it satisfying/
satisfied.
Other types of comparison

1. As ... as - not as/so ... as
I’m as tali as you are.
Breathe as deeply as you can.
She is not as young as I expected.
He is not so ill as we thought.
2. The + comparative... the + comparative
The morę he eats, the morę hungry he becomes.
The sooner you go to the doctor, the better for you.
3. Comparative + and + comparative
The play was becoming morę and morę boring.
EXERCISE F. Complete the following comparisons.

1. He is............ poor............... a church mouse.
2. Fortunately, this patient is getting............. and................
3. She is not............ healthy................ can be expected.

4. The morę money people get,..................
5. Heisnot............. brave................alion.
6. The morę you wprk,.................
7. In autumn the days are getting............. and................
8. Although she eats a lot, she remains............ light................a feather.
9. This new nurse is not............. effective................ the previous one.
10. This child is........... nervous............... his mother.
11. The earlier the disease is diagnosed,...........
12. March is not....... cold............January or February.

DICTIONARY
(ENGLISH -POLISH)
Plurals of the Classical Nouns A
Classical nouns often keep their classical plural forms. Their abate [a'beit] - zmniejszyć, obniżyć, znieść
endings are spelled and pronounced in the following way: abdomen [a?b'dauman; 'aebdaman] - brzuch
abdominal [aeb'dominal] - brzuszny
(Sing.) -us [as] - (PI.) - i [ai] abnormality ['aebno: 'maeliti] - anormalność, nieprawidłowość
focus ['faukas] - foci ['fausai] abrupt [ae 'brApt] - nagły
fungus ['fArjgas] - fungi ['fAndâi] abscess ['aebsis] — ropień
absorb [aeb'so:b] - wchłaniać, pochłaniać
(Sing.) - us [as] - (PI.) - ii [iai] absorption [a?b'so:pjan] - wchłanianie, pochłanianie
radius ['reidias] - radii ['reidiai] abstain (from) [ab'stein] - powstrzymywać się (od czegoś)
genius ['d^nnias] - genii ['dsirniai] accelerate [aek'selareit] - przyspieszać
access ['aeksas] - dostęp
(Sing.) - is [is] - (PI.) - es [i:z] accessory [aek'sesari] - dodatkowy, pomocniczy
basis ['beisis] - bases ['beisi:z] accident ['aeksident] - wypadek
crisis ['kraisis] - crises ['kraisńz] accompany [a'kAmpani] - towarzyszyć
accurate ['aekjurit] - dokładny, ścisły
(Sing.) - a [a] - (PI.) - es [i:z] ache [eik] - ból; boleć
larva ['la:va] — larvae [lla:vi:] achieve [ae'tfi:v] - osiągnąć, dojść do czegoś
formula ['fo:mjula] - formulae ['foimjuli:] acne ['akni] - trądzik
acoustic [a'ku:stik] - słuchowy
(Sing.) - on [an] - (PI.) - a [a] acquired [ae 'kwaiad] - nabyty
phenomenon [fTnomanan] — phenomena acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
[ffnomana] [a'kwaiad i'mju:n di'fifansi 'sindram] - zespół
criterion [krai'tiarian] - criteria [krai'tiaria] nabytego niedoboru odpornościowego
act [sekt] - działać
(Sing.) - um [am] - (PI.) - a [a] acute [a'kju:t] - ostry
memorandum [mama'rendam] - memoranda addition [a'difan] - dodatek
[mama'renda] adenocarcinoma [.aedinoka:si'nauma] - gruczolakorak
adenoid ['aedinoid] - wyrośl adenoidalna
(Sing.) ex [ ks] - (PI.) -ices [isi:z] adequate ['aedikwit] - odpowiedni, właściwy
index ['indaks] - indices ['indaisuz] adhesive tape [ad'hi:siv 'teip] - przylepiec, plaster
appendix [a'pendiks] - appendices [a'pendisi:z] adipose ['aedipaus] - tłuszczowy
adjacent [a'dêisant] - przyległy, sąsiadujący
adjunctive [a'dÂąktiy] - pomocniczy, wspomagający
adjuvant ['aedjuyant] - środek wspomagający
administer [ad'minista] - podawać, stosować lek
administration [ad-minis'treifan] - podawanie leku,
administracja
admission [ad'mi|an] - przyjęcie, przyznanie
admit [ad'mit] - przyznać, dopuścić, przyjąć
adolescence [>aeda'lesans] - wiek młodzieńczy
adolescent [.aeda desant] - młodzieniec
adrenal [aed'ri:nal] - nadnerczowy
adrenalectomy [aed-ri:na'lektami] - usunięcie gruczołów
nadnerczy
adult ['aedAlt] - dorosły
afebrile [a'fi:brail] - bezgorączkowy
affect [a'fekt] - wywierać wpływ, zaatakować chorobą
aggravate ['aegriveit] - pogorszyć się
agitate ['asdgiteit] - pobudzić, poruszyć
agonizing ['seganaizirj — dręczący, męczący (ból)
aid [eid] — pomoc
ailment ['eilmant] - choroba, schorzenie, cierpienie
aim [eim] - cel; celować
air sac ['ea saek] - pęcherzyk płucny
airway ['ea wei] — droga oddechowa
alert [a'la:t] - czujny, uważny
allergy ['aeladî] - alergia
altemating ['o:ltaneitir|J - zmienny, naprzemienny
alveolus ['ąelvialas], (pl.) alveoli -pęcherzyk
ambulance ['aembjulans] — ambulans, karetka pogotowia

amenorrhoea [a-meno'ri:a] - brak miesiączki arm [a:m] - ramię
amino acid [a'mi:nau 'aesid] - aminokwas armpit ['a:mpit] - pacha
amount [9'maunt] - suma, ilość; wynosić, równać się arrhythmia [a'ri0mia] — arytmia
amputate ['aempjurteit] - amputować art [a:t] - sztuka, umiejętność, rzemiosło
anaemia [a'ni:mia] - anemia arteriosclerosis [a:.tiariosklia'rausis] - stwardnienie tętnic
anaesthesia [-aeni:s'0izja] - znieczulenie arteriole [a: 'tiariaul] - tętniczka
anaesthesiologist [ -ae 'ni :s0izj 'oladgist] - anestezjolog artery ['a:t9ri] - tętnica, arteria
anaesthesiology ['aeni:s0izj 'olad$i] - anestezjologia arthritis [a:'0raitis] - zapalenie stawów
anaesthetic ['aeni:s'0etik] - środek znieczulający articulation [.a:tikju'leijan] - staw, połączenie stawowe
anaesthetist [’aeni:s'0etist] - anestezjolog dający narkozę artificial [-a:ti 'fijal] - sztuczny
analgesia [.3enel'd3i:zi9] - znieczulenie ascend [9'send] - iść w górę, wznosić się
analgesic [-aenardjiisik] - środek przeciwbólowy aspirin ['aespirin] - aspiryna
anastomosis [-3en9st9'm9usis] - zespolenie, anastomoza assess [9'ses] — oceniać, oszacować
aneurysm [anj 'uansm] - tętniak assessment [9'sesmant] - ocena, oszacowanie
angina pectoris [aen'd3ain9 'pektaris] - dusznica bolesna assign [9'sain] — wyznaczyć, wydzielić
angiography [-aendgfiograefi] - angiografia, assistance [a'sistans] - pomoc, asysta
radiografia naczyń krwionośnych assistant [a'sistant] - pomocnik, asystent
angioplasty [âendjioplaesti] - plastyka naczynia associate [a's9ufńeit] - połączyć, skojarzyć, związać
ankle [aerjkl] - kostka u nogi, staw kolanowy asthma ['aesma] - astma
ankle jerk ['aerjkl 'd39:k] - odruch ścięgna Achillesa astrocytoma [<aestrasai'tauma] - gwiaździak
ankylosing spondylitis ['eer[ki'lausir|spondi'laitis] atheroma [-ae0a'rauma] - ognisko miażdżycowe
- usztywnienie kręgów atherosclerosis [’ae0aro-sklia'rausis] — miażdżyca tętnic
anorexia [<aeno'reksia] - brak łaknienia atrium ['eitriam] - przedsionek
anovulation [<aenovju'leijan] -brakjajeczkowania, atrophy ['aerofi] - zanik, atrofia
anowulacja attach [9'taetj] - przymocować, przyczepić
antacid [ant'aesid] — środek zobojętniający kwasy attempt [9'taempt] - próba; próbować
anterior [an'tiaria] - przedni auditory bonę ['o:dit9ri 'b9un] - kostka słuchowa
antiallergic [-aentia'a:ld3ik] — środek przeciwalergiczny auditory meatus ['o:dit9ri mi'eit9s] - otwór, przewód
antibiotic [>aentibai'otik] - antybiotyk słuchowy
antibody ['aenti-bodi] - przeciwciało auricle ['o:rikl] - przedsionek serca, małżowina uszna
antipyretic [.aentipai'retik] - środek przeciwgorączkowy auriscope ['o :risk9up] - wziernik uszny
anuria [9'njuaria] - bezmocz, brak wytwarzania moczu auscultation [-o:sk91'teij9n] -osłuchiwanie, auskultacja
anus ['einas] - odbyt autoimmune [.o:tai'mju:n] - wytwarzający przeciwciała
anvil [ 'aenvil] - kowadełko (kostka słuchowa) przeciw własnym antygenom, autoimmunogenny
anxiety [aerfzaigfi] - niepokój, obawa autonomie [-o: ta 'nornik] - autonomiczny
anxious ['aeqkfas] - niespokojny, bojaźliwy average ['aevrid3] - średni
aorta [ei'o:tó] - aorta aware (of) [9'wea] - świadomy
aortography [.eio:'tografi] - aortografia avoid [a'void] - uniknąć, stronić
aperient [3'piariant] — środek przeczyszczający axial ['aeksial] - osiowy
apex ['eipaks] - szczyt, wierzchołek, koniuszek axilla [9k'sil9] - pacha
apical ['aepikal] - szczytowy axillary [ak'sil9ri] - pachowy
appendage [ae 'pendidg] - przydatek axon ['aeksan] - aksona
apparent [9'paer9nt] - jawny, widoczny azoospermia [9 'z9usp9:mia] - brak plemników w nasieniu
appearance [a'piarans] - wygląd, powierzchowność
appendectomy [-aepen'dekt9mi] - wycięcie wyrostka B
robaczkowego backache ['baek-eik] - ból pleców
appendicitis [a-pendi'saitis] - zapalenie wyrostka balance ['baelans] - równowaga
robaczkowego bandage ['baendidj] - bandaż; bandażować
appendix [9'pendiks] - dodatek, wyrostek robaczkowy barium meal ['be9ri9nvmi:l] - papka barowa podawana
appetite ['aephtait] - apetyt do połknięcia
application [.aeplfkeijan] - zastosowanie, posmarowanie base [beis] - podstawa
(maścią), wniesienie podania o pracę basement ['beismant] - podstawa
apply [a'plai] - stosować, smarować (maścią), basis ['beisis], (pl.) bases - podstawa
wnieść podanie o pracę basophil ['beisofil] - leukocyt zasadochlonny
appointment [a'pointmant] - umówiony termin, bedridden ['bed-ridn] - przykuty do łóżka, złożony chorobą
zamówiona wizyta u lekarza behaviour [bi'heivj9] - zachowanie
approach [a'praut[] - zbliżenie się, podejście do zagadnienia; belching ['beltjiryj - odbijanie
zbliżyć się, podejść do zagadnienia bend [bend] (bent, bent) - schylać się, zginać
approve [a'pru:v] - zatwierdzać, aprobować benign [bi'nain] - łagodny (nowotwór, choroba)
aąueous ['eikwias] - wodny, ciecz wodnista w przedniej beta-blocker ['bi:t9 'blok9] - leki blokujące (blokery)
komorze oka receptor adrenergiczny
area ['earia] - powierzchnia, obszar, pole bicuspid [bai'kAspid] - dwudzielny (o zastawce)
100 English for Medical Studenta and Doctors - 1 - E. Donesch-Jeżo

bile [bail] - żółć cardiac arrest [-ka:diak a'rest] - zatrzymanie akcji serca
biliary tract ['biliari -trakt] - przewód żółciowy cardiac failure [.ka:diak 'feilja] - niedomoga, wada serca
bilirubinaemia [bili-ru:bi'ni:mia] -bilirubinemia, cardiac sphincter [-ka:diak 'sfiąkta] - zwieracz wpustu
obecność bilirubiny we krwi do żołądka
bilirubinuria [bili-ru:bin juaria] - obecność bilirubiny cardiovascular [-ka:dia'vaeskjula] - sercowonaczyniowy
w moczu care [kea] - opieka; opiekować się
biopsy ['baiopsi] - biopsja, pobranie tkanki do badania carotid [ka'rotid] - szyjny
bladder ['blaeda] - pęcherz carry out [-keari 'aut] - wykonywać, przeprowadzać
bleed [bli :d] (bied, bied) - krwawić - cartilage ['kartilids] — tkanka chrzęstna, chrząstka
blotch [blotf] - plama casualty department ['kasûalti di 'paitmant] - pogotowie
blood [bUd] — krew ratunkowe
blurred [bla:d] - zamazany, niewyraźny cataract ['katarakt] - zaćma
body ['bodi] - ciało catgut ['kaetgAt] - katgut
bolus ['baulas] - kęs catheter ['kae0ita] - cewnik
bonę [baun] - kość caudal [ko:dl] - ogonowy
bonę marrow ['baun -maerau] - szpik kostny causalgia [ka'zaeld3ia] - piekący ból, kauzalgia
bother ['boóa] - niepokoić, kłopotać cause [ko:z] - przyczyna; wywoływać, powodować
bound [baund] - związany caustic ['ko:stik] - żrący, kaustyczny
bout [baut] - atak, napad (bólu) cavity [’kaeviti] - jama
bowel ['baual] - jelito cease [si:s] - przerwać, wstrzymać
brachial ['breikialj-ramienny celi [sel] - komórka
bradycardia [-bradi'ka:dia] - rzadkoskurcz serca, centrifuge [’sentrifju:d3]-odwirować
bradykardia cerebellum [-seri'belam] - móżdżek
brain [brein] — mózg cerebral ['serabral] - mózgowy
brain stem ['brein 'stem] - pień mózgowy cerebral palsy [-serabral 'po:lzi] - porażenie mózgowe
branch [bramtj] - odgałęzienie, dziedzina; rozgałęziać się cerebro-spinal ['serebro.spainl] - mózgowo-rdzeniowy
breast [brest] - pierś cerebrum ['seribram] - mózg
breath [bre0] - oddech cervical ['sa:vikal] - szyjny
breathe [bri:ó] - oddychać cervix ['sa:viks] - szyja
breathing ['bri:Óir|J - oddychanie chamber ['tjeimba] - komora
bring about [’brir|9'baut] - spowodować, doprowadzić character ['kaerikta] - charakter, rodzaj
brittle [britl] - łamliwy, kruchy charcoal ['tfa:kaul] - węgiel drzewny
bronchiole ['bror^kial], (pl.) bronchioli -oskrzelik chart [tfa: t] - karta chorobowa, sporządzać wykres,
bronchitis [bror['kaitis] - zapalenie oskrzeli zanotować temperaturę na karcie chorego
bronchography [-brorfkografi] - bronchografia check [tfek] - sprawdzać, kontrolować
bronchoscopy [-brorfkoskapi] - wziernikowanie oskrzeli check up ['tfek Ap] - badanie kontrolne
bronchospasm ['bror|kaspaezm] - skurcz oskrzeli cheek [tfi:k] - policzek
bronchus ['brorjkas], (pl.) bronchi - oskrzele chemist ['kemist] - chemik, aptekarz
bruise [bru:z] - siniak (chemisfs shop - apteka)
bruit [bru:t] - szmer naczyniowy, ton chemotherapy [-kemau'0erapi] - chemioterapia
buccal ['bAkal] - policzkowy chest [tjest] - klatka piersiowa
bundle [bAndl] - pęczek, wiązka chew [tfu:] - żuć
buming ['ba:nir|J - palący, piekący chicken-pox ['tjikan-poks] - ospa wietrzna
buttock ['b a tak] - pośladek childbirth ['tfaild-ba:0] - narodziny dziecka
chin [tfin] - broda, podbródek
C choroid ['koroid] - naczyniówka oka
cabinet ['kaebinat] - szafka chronic ['kronik] - długotrwały, przewlekły
cachexia [ka'keksia] - charłactwo, wyniszczenie chum [tfa:n] - obracać, posuwać, ubijać
caecum ['si:kam] - jelito ślepe chyme [kaim] - miazga pokarmowa
caesarean [si'zerian] circulation [-sa:kju'leifan] - krążenie
calculus ['kaelkjulas], (pl.) calculi - kamień circulatory [-sa:kju'leitari] - krążeniowy
calf [ka:f] - łydka cleanse [klens] - oczyścić, przemyć
calyx [ 'kaeliks] - kielich clench [klentj] - zaciskać, zaginać
canal [ka'nael] - kanał ciot [klot] - skrzep; krzepnąć
cancer ['kae:nsa] - rak (nowotwór) clotting [ 'klotir|J - krzepnięcie
capillary [ka'pilari] - naczynie włosowate cluster ['klAsta] —pęk, skupisko
capsule ['kaepsjml] - kapsułka, torebka coarctation [.kaua:k'teifan] - zwężenie; zwężać, ścieśniać
carbohydrate ['ka:bo'haidreit] - węglowodan coarse rales ['ko:s -ra:lz] - rzężenie grubobańkowe
carbon dioxide ['ka:ban dai'oksaid] - dwutlenek węgla cochlea ['koklia] - ślimak (część ucha)
carcinoma [.ka:si'nauma] - rak (nowotwór) coiled ['koild] - zwinięty
cardia [’ka:dia] - wpust, część wpustowa żołądka colic ['kolik] - kolka, kolkowy (ból)
cardiac ['ka:diak] - sercowy colitis [ka'laitis] - zapalenie okrężnicy
101
E. Donesch-Jeżo - English for Medicał Students and Doctors - 1
collapse [ka'laeps] - zapaść contraction [kan'traek[an] - skurczenie, zwężenie, skurcz
collapsible [ka'laepsabl] - składany, nadmuchiwany contraindicate [-kontra'indikeit] -przeciwskazać
collect [ka'lekt] - zbierać contributory [kan'tribjutari] - przyczynkowy,
colon ['koułan] - okrężnica przyczyniający się
colonoscopy [kau'lonoskapi] - wziernikowanie okrężnicy convalesce [.konva'les] - powracać do zdrowia,
colostomy [ka'lestami] - chirurgiczne wytworzenie przetoki rekonwalescencja
okrężniczo-skómej convert [kan'va:t] - zamienić, przemienić
colposcopy [kol 'poskąpi] - kolposkopia convex [’konveks] - wypukły
coma ['kauma] - śpiączka cooperate [kau'opa.reit] - współpracować
combat ['kombat] - walka; zwalczyć comea ['ko:nia] - rogówka
commit suicide [ka'mit 'sjuisaid] - popełnić samobójstwo coronary ['koranari] - wieńcowy
communicable disease [ka'mju:nikabl di'zi:z] corpuscle ['kozpAsl] - krwinka, ciałko
— choroba zakaźna correspond [.koris'pond] - odpowiadać, zgadzać się
compatible [kam'paetabl] - zgodny cortex ['ko:teks] - kora
complain (of) [kam'plein] - uskarżać się, narzekać cortical ['ko:tikal] - korowy
complaint [kam'pleint] - skarga, dolegliwość couch [kautj] - leżanka, kozetka
complete blood count [kam'pli:t 'bUd 'kaunt] - morfologia cough [kof] - kaszel; kaszleć
krwi counselling ['kaunsalirjJ -dradztwo, poradnictwo
complication [-komplfkeijan] - powikłanie, komplikacja count [kaunt] - liczba, ilość; liczyć
comprise [kam'praiz] - zawierać, składać się, obejmować couple [kApl] - para, kilka
compulsive [-kam'pAlsiv] - natrętny course [ko:s] - kurs, cykl, przebieg
concave ['kor[keiv] - wklęsły cover ['kAva] - przykryć
conceive [kan'si:v] - począć, zapłodnić crack [kraek] - pęknięcie, szpara, pękać
conception [kan'sepjan] - poczęcie, zapłodnienie cramp [krasmp] - kurcz, skurcz; kurczyć
concem [kan'sa:n] - zajmować się, mieć do czynienia, cranial ['kreinial] - czaszkowy
dotyczyć cranium ['kreiniam] - czaszka
concomitant [kan'komitant] - równoczesny, występujący crease [kri:s] - fałda, zakładka, zagięcie
równocześnie create [kri:'eit] - stworzyć, utworzyć, powoływać
concussion [kan'kAjan] - wstrząs crepitation [-krępi'teifan] - trzeszczenie, krepitacja
condition [kan'dijan] - stan, warunek cross-eye ['kros-ai] - zez
conduct [kan'dAkt] - przewodzić, przesyłać crushing ['krAjirJ - miażdżący
cone [kaun] - stożek, czopek siatkówki crust [ktAst] - skorupa, strup
confirm [kan'fa:m] - potwierdzić cryosurgery [-kraio'sa:da3ri ] -kriochirurgia (użycie zimna)
confase [kan'fju:z] - splątać, pogmatwać cryotherapy [-kraio'0erapi] - krioterapia, leczenie zimnem
congenital [kan'dsenital] - wrodzony culture ['kAltfa] -kultura, hodowla; hodować bakterie
congestive [kan'd3estiv] - przekrwiony, zastoinowy curable ['kjuarabl] - uleczalny
conization [kanai'zeijan] - konizacja, wycięcie stożka tkanki cure [kjua] - leczyć
z szyjki macicy cyanosis [-saia'nausis] - sinica
conjunctiva [-kond3Ar|k'taiva] - spojówka cyanotic [-saia'notik]-siniczy
conjunctivitis [-kond3Ar|kti'vaitis] -zapalenie spojówek cyst [sist] - cysta, torbiel
connect [ka'nekt] - łączyć, połączyć cystitis [sis 'taitis] - zapalenie pęcherza
connection [ka'nekfan] - połączenie cytoplasm ['saitaplaezm] - cytoplazma
connective [ka'nektiv] - łączny cytotoxic ['saitatoksik] - cytotoksyczny
conscious ['konfas] - przytomny
consciousness ['konfasnis] - przytomność D
consecutive [kan'sekjutiv] - kolejny damage [’daemid3] - szkoda, uszkodzenie; uszkodzić
consider [kan'sida] - rozważać dead [ded] - martwy
consideration [-kansida'reijan] - rozważanie deaf [def] - głuchy
(take into consideration - wziąć, brać coś pod rozwagę) deafness ['defnis] -guchota
consist (of) [kan'sist] - składać się deal (with) [di:l] (dealt, dealt) - mieś do czynienia, traktować
consistency [kan'sistansi] - konsystencja, gęstość death [de0] - śmierć
constant ['konstant] - stały, trwały, liczba stała debris ['debri:] - odpadki, pozostałości
constipation [>konsti'pei]an] - zaparcie decrease [di'kri:s] - zmniejszyć, obniżyć
constituent [kan'stitjuant] - składnik defensive [di'fensiv] - obronny, odporny, oporny
constrict [kan'strikt] - kurczyć, skurczyć defibrillation [-difaibri'leijan] - defibrylacja,
consulting room [kan'sAltią -ru:m] przerwanie migotania komór
- gabinet przyjęć lekarskich deficiency [diTijansi] - niedobór
contagious [kan'teidsas] - zakaźny deflate [di:'fleit] - wypuścić powietrze z czegoś
contain [kan'tein] — zawierać deformity [di'fo:miti] - deformacja
contaminate [kan'taemineit] - zakazić, zanieczyścić degeneration [di-d3ena'reijan] - degeneracja, zwyrodnienie
contraceptive [-kontra'septiv] - środek antykoncepcyjny degree [di'gri:] - stopień
contract [kan'traekt] - kurczyć się dehydrated [di: 'haidreitid] - odwodniony
102 English for Medical Stu dents and Doctors - 1 - E. Donesch-Jeżo

deliver [di'liva] - wydać na świat, dostarczyć rozwarstwienie
delivery [di livari] - poród, dostarczenie dissolve [di'zolv] - rozpuścić
delusion [di'lu:3an] - omany, złudzenie distal ['distal] - dystalny, dalszy
dementia [di'menfia] - demencja distension [dfstenfan] -rozszerzenie, rozluźnienie
dendrite ['dendrait] - dendryt distress [di'stres] - ciężki stan, wyczerpanie
denture ['dentja] - proteza zębowa diuretic [djua'retik] - lek moczopędny
deny [di'nai] - zaprzeczyć diverticulitis [daiva-tikju'laitis] - zapalenie zachyłka,
deposit [di'pozit] - osad, złogi; odkładać, osadzać uchyłka
depressed [di'prest] - przygnębiony, wgnieciony divide [di'vaid] - dzielić, podzielić
derive [di'raiv] - wywodzić (ród, pochodzenie) dizziness ['dizinas] - zawrót głowy
dermatitis [>da:ma'taitis] - zapalenie skóry dizzy spell ['dizi .spel] - zawrót głowy
dermatologist [<da:ma'tolad3ist] - dermatolog donor ['dauna] - dawca
dermatology [,da:ma'tolad3i] - dermatologia dorsal [’do:sal] - grzbietowy
dermatomycosis [■da:matomai'kausis] - grzybica skóry dorsiflexion [.do:si'flek[an] - wygięcie ku górze (stopy)
dermis [’da:mis] - skóra właściwa (warstwa skóry) dosage ['dausid3] - dawkowanie
descend [di'send] - schodzić, obniżać się dose [daus] - dawka; dawkować
design [di'zain] - projekt, plan; projektować, planować downwards ['daunwadz] - na (w) dół, ku dołowi
detachment [di'taetfmant] - odwarstwienie się, odklejenie drainage [’dreinid3] - drenaż, sączkowanie
detect [di'tekt] - wykrywać, wyśledzić dressing ['dresir[] - opatrunek
deterioration [di-tiaria'reijan] - pogorszenie się, degradacja drop [drop] - kropla; upuścić
determine [di'ta:min] - określać, ustalać, decydować drowsy ['drauzi] - senny, ospały
develop [di'velop] - rozwinąć drowsiness ['drauzinas] - senność, ospałość
devote (to) [di'vaut] - poświęcić się komuś, czemuś drug [drAg] - lekarstwo, narkotyk
diabetic [-daia'betik] - chory na cukrzycę, cukrzycowy drum [dr Am] - bębenek
diabetes [<daia'bi:tiz] - cukrzyca dry [drai] - suchy
diagnose ['daiag'nauz] - rozpoznawać, diagnozować duet [dAkt] - przewód, kanał
diagnosis [.daiag'nausis] - diagnoza due (to) [dju:] - zawdzięczać, być przyczyną czegoś
diameter [dai'3emita] - średnica duli [dAl] - tępy
diaphragm [-daiafraem] - przepona duodenotomy [.djuadi'notami] - nacięcie dwunastnicy
diarrhoea [-daia'ria] - biegunka duodenum [>djua'di:nam] - dwunastnica
diastolic [•daias'tolik] - rozkurczowy duration [djua'reijan] - trwanie
diathermy [-daia'0a:mi] - diatermia duty ['djuti] - obowiązek, dyżur
dietician [-daia'tijan] - dietetyk dyspnoea [dis'pnia] - duszności
differential [.difa'renjal] - różnicowy dysuria [disjuaria] - bolesne lub trudne oddawanie moczu
diffuse [di'fju:s; di'fju:z] - rozproszony; rozpraszać, rozlewać
diffusion [di'fju:39n] - rozproszenie E
digestion [di'd3estfan] - trawienie ear [ia] - ucho
digestive [di'd3estiv] - trawienny, dotyczący trawienia earache ['iareik] - ból ucha
dilated [dai'leitid] - rozszerzony eardrum ['iadrAm] - błona bębenkowa
diminish [di'minij] - zmniejszyć, maleć echocardiogram [-ekau'ka:diaugreem] - echokardiogram
diphtheria [dif Oiaria] - błonica ectopic [ek'taupik] - przemieszczony,
direct [di'rekt] - kierować, skierować (ectopic pregnancy - ciąża pozamaciczna)
disable [dis 'eibl] - powodować kalectwo eczema ['eksima] — wyprysk, egzema
disabled [dis'eibld] - ułomny, kaleka edge [edg] - krawędź
discectomy [di 'sektami] - wycięcie krążka międzykręgowego effect [i'fekt] - skutek
discharge [dis'tja:d3] - wydzielina, wypisanie ze szpitala; effective [i'fektiv] - skuteczny
wydzielać, wypisywać ze szpitala effiision [i'fju39n] - wysięk, wylew do jamy
discipline [ 'disiplin] - dyscyplina, dziedzina elbow ['elbau] - łokieć
discoid ['diskoid] - dyskoidalny electrocardiogram [i dektrau 'ka: diaugraem]
discomfort [dis'kAmfat] - niewygoda, dolegliwość, - elektrokardiogram
złe samopoczucie electrodiathermy [i-lektrau'daia0a:mi] - elektrodiadermia
discovery [dis'kAvari] - odkrycie electroencephalogram [i dektrauen 'sefalagraem]
disease [di'zi:z] - choroba — elektroencefalogram
disinfect [<disin'fect] - dezynfekować, odkażać electrolyte [i'lektraulait] - elektrolit
disinfectant [>disin'fektant] - środek dezynfekujący elevate ['eleveit] - podnosić, wznosić
disorder [dis'o:da] - zaburzenie, choroba elicit [i'lisit] - wydobywać (coś z czegoś), wyciągać
dispensary [dis'pensari] - apteka szpitalna embolus ['embalas], (pl.) emboli - zator
disposable syringe [dis'pauzabl 'sirinds] - strzykawka emergency [i'ma:d3ansi] - nagły przypadek
jednorazowego użytku emergency department (room) [i'ma:d3ansi di'pa:tmant]
dissecting forceps [di'sektir[ 'forsaps] - kleszczyki - pogotowie ratunkowe
do preparowania emotion [i'maufan] - emocja
dissection [di'sekjan] - rozcinanie, preparowanie, emphysema ['emfi'si:ma] - rozedma płuc

employment [imploimant] - zajęcie, zatrudnienie exertion [ig'za Jan] - wysiłek
employer [im'ploia] - pracodawca exhale [eks'heil] - wydychać
encephalitis [en-sefa'laitis] - zapalenie mózgu exhaust [ig'so:st] - wyczerpanie
encourage [in'kArid3] - zachęcić expect [ik'spekt] - oczekiwać
encroachment [in'krautjmant] - wtargnięcie, wdarcie się, experience [ik'spiarians] - doświadczenie
wkroczenie expectorate [ek'spektareit] - odkrztuszać
endemic [en'demik] - endemiczny expiration fekspi'reijan] - wydech
endocarditis [>endauka:'daitis] - zapalenie wsierdzia expose [ik'spauz] - wystawiać, narażać na działanie czegoś
endocardium [>endau'ka:diam] - wsierdzie exposure [ik'spau3a] - wystawienie,
endolymph ['endaulimf] - endolimfa narażenie na działanie czegoś
endoscope ['enda-skaup] - wziernik do badania wnętrz jam extend [ik'stend] - zasięg; rozciągać, rozprzestrzeniać
endotracheal intubation [>endau'traeki:al -intju'bei]~an] extemal [ik'sta:nal] - zewnętrzny
— intubacja dotchawicza exudate ['eksjudeit] - wysięk
endowment [in'daumant] - fundacja eye [ai] - oko
enema ['enima] - wlew, lewatywa eyeball [ 'aibozl] - gałka oczna
enlarge [in'la:d3] - powiększyć eyebrow ['aibrau] - brew
enlargement [in'la:d3mant] - powiększenie eyelash ['ailaej] - rzęsa (powiekowa)
enteroscopy [-entaro'skapi] — wziernikowanie jelita eyelid ['ailid] - powieka
environment [in'vaiaranmant] - otoczenie, środowisko eye socket ['ai -sokat] - oczodół
enzyme ['enzaim] - enzym
eosinophil [-i:ou'sinafil] - granulocyt eozynochłonny F
epicardium [-epi'ka:diam] - osierdzie face [feis] - twarz
epidermis [>epi'da:mis] - naskórek facial [ 'feijal] - twarzowy
epigastrium [.epi'gaestriam] - nadbrzusze facilitate [fa'siliteit] - ułatwiać
epiglottis [ -epi'glotis] - nagłośnia facility [fa'sility] - ułatwienie, udogodnienie
epilepsy ['epilepsi] - epilepsja factor ['faekta] - czynnik
epileptic [-epi 'leptik] - epileptyk, epileptyczny fade [feid] - blednąc, więdnąć
epistaxis [epi'staeksis] - krwawienie z nosa faeces [ 'fi :si:z] - kał, stolec
epithelium [-epi'0i:liam] - nabłonek fail [feil] - zawieść, nie spełnić swojego zadania
equal [’i:kwal] - równy, jednakowy failure ['feilja] - niewydolność
eąualize ['i:kwalaiz] - równoważyć faint [feint] - zemdleć
eąuipment [i'kwipmant] - wyposażenie, sprzęt fali [fo:l] (fell, fallen) - spaść, upaść
eradicate [i 'raedikeit] - wytępić, wyniszczyć Fallopian tubę [fa'laupian 'tju:b] - jajowód
erect [i'rekt] - wyprostować, wyprostowany fat [faet] - tłuszcz; tłusty, gruby
erosion [i'rau3an] - nadżerka fatal [feitl] - śmiertelny
error ['era] - błąd fatigue [fa'ti:g] - zmęczenie
erythema [eri'0i:ma] - rumień fatty ['faeti] - tłuszczowy
erythrocyte [i'ri0rosait] - erytrocyt, czerwona krwinka fatty acid ['faeti 'aesid] - kwas tłuszczowy
erythrocyte sedimentation ratę feature [ 'frtja] - cecha znamienna
[i'ri0rosait -sediman'tejan 'reit] febrile ['fi:brail] - gorączkowy
- prędkość opadania krwinek (O.B.) feed [fi:d] (fed, fed) - karmić
essential [a'senjal] - zasadniczy, ważny female ['fi:meil] - kobieta; żeński
estimate ['estbmeit] - oceniać, obliczać, szacować fertile ['fa:tail] - płodny
estrogen ['estradsan] - estrogen fertilize ['fa:talaiz] - zapłodnić
Eustachian tubę [ju:s'teifan 'tju:b] - trąbka Eustachiusza fetus ['fi:tas] - płód
evaporate [i'vaeparait] - parować, ulatniać się fever ['fi:va] - gorączka
evaporation [bvaepa'reijan] - parowanie feverish ['fi:varij] - gorączkujący
exacerbation [eks.2esa'beij~an] - zaostrzenie, pogorszenie fibrę ['faiba] - włókno
examination [ig.zaemi'neijan] - badanie, egzaminowanie fibrillation [.faibrideijan] - drżenie włókienkowe mięśnia
examine [ig'zaemin] - egzaminować, badać prążkowanego, migotanie
excessive [ik'sesiv] - nadmierny fibroid ['faibroid]-włóknisty
exchange [iks'tjeind3] - wymiana; wymieniać fibula [Tibjula] - strzałka, kość strzałkowa
excise [ek'saiz] - wyciąć finał ['fainl] — końcowy
excision [ek'si3an] - wycięcie, odcięcie fine rales ['fain -ra:lz] - rzężenia drobnobańkowe
excited [ik'saitid] - podniecony, zdenerwowany finger ['fiąga] - palec
excitement [ik'saitmant] - podniecenie, zdenerwowanie fmgerprint ['fiqgaprint] - odcisk palca
excoriation [eks-ko:ri'eijan] - otarcie skóry firm [fa:m] - twardy, stały, stanowczy
excreta [ik'skri:ta] - wydaliny, odchody firmly ['fa:mli] - mocno, twardo
excrete [ik'skri:t] - wydalać fissure ['fija] - szczelina, pęknięcie
excretory [ik'skri:tari] - wydalniczy fist [fist] - pięść
excretion [ik'skri Jan] - wydalanie fit [fit] — dostosowany; dostosować
excruciating [ik'skrujieitir|j - rozdzierający (ból) fitting [ 'fitirjJ - dostosowany, odpowiedni

flap [flaep] - płat skóry gradual ['graedjual] - stopniowy
flash [flaej] - błysk światła granule [ 'graenju:1] - granulka, ziarnistość
fiat [flaet] - płaski granulocyte ['graenjulosait] - granulocyt, dojrzały leukocyt
flex [fleks] — zgiąć grasp [grassp] - chwycić, uchwycić
flexible ['fleksablj-giętki, elastyczny gravel [’graeval] - żwir
flow [flau] - płynąć grip [grip] — kurczyć, ściskać
fiu [fiu:] - grypa groin [groin] - pachwina
fluid [fluid] - płyn ~ - gross [graus] - masywny, duży
fluoroscopy [>flua'roskapi] - fluoroskopia guarding ['ga:diqj - obrona (mięśniowa)
flush [flAJ] - rumieniec; zarumienić się gum [gAm] - dziąsło
flushed [flAjt] - mieć rumieńce gut[gAt]-jelito
focus ['faukas] - skupiać, ogniskować gynaecologist [-d3aini'kolad3ist] - ginekolog
fold [fauld] - fałd, zagięcie; zaginać, fałdować gynaecology [-d3aini'kolad3i] - ginekologia
follow-up ['folau Ap] - badanie kontrolne,
dalsza obserwacja chorego po leczeniu szpitalnym H
foot [fut], (pl.) feet - stopa habit [ 'haebit] - zwyczaj
foramen [fa'reiman], (pl.) foramina - otwór hacking cough [-haekir[ 'kof] - kaszel urywany, szczekający
forearm ['fo:ra:m] - przedramię haematemesis [-hi:ma'temisis] -krwioplucie
force [fo:s] - siła, zmuszać haematoma [-hi:ma'tauma] - krwiak
forceps ['fo:saps] - kleszcze haematuria [>hi:ma'tjuaria] -krwiomocz
forehead ['forid] - czoło haemodialysis [-hi :madai'aelisis] - hemodializa
foreign ['fo:rin] - obcy haemoglobin [-hi:ma'glaubin] -hemoglobina,
forwards [’fo:wadz] - naprzód, ku przodowi czerwony barwnik krwi
fragile [ 'fraedâil] - kruchy, łamliwy haemoptysis [hi: 'moptisis] - krwioplucie
fresh [frej] - świeży haemorrhage ['hemarid3] - krwotok
fructose ['frAktaus] - cukier owocowy hair [hea] - włosy
function ['fAiąkfan] - funkcja hammer ['haema] - młotek, młoteczek (kostka słuchowa)
fund [fAnd] - fundusz, kapitał hand [haend] - dłoń
fungi (pl.) ['fAndjai], (sing.) fungus - grzyby handicap ['haendikap] - upośledzenie
fur [fa:] - nalot na języku, puszek, futro harmful ['ha:mful] - szkodliwy
furuncle ['IjuarAiąkl] - czyrak mnogi harsh [ha:J] - chropowaty, szorstki
fuse [fju:z] - zespolić, złączyć się hay fever ['hei -fi:va] - katar sienny
head [hed] - głowa
G headache ['hedeik] - ból głowy
galactose [ga'laektaus] - galaktoza health [hel0] - zdrowie
gallbladder [-go:l-blaeda] - pęcherzyk żółciowy hearing [ 'hiariiąj - słyszenie, słuch
gastric ['gaestrik] - żołądkowy heart [ha:t] - serce
gastritis [gae'straitis] - nieżyt żołądka, zapalenie żołądka heart beat ['ha:t -bi:t] - uderzenie serca
gastroenteritis [-gaestra-enta'raitis] - zapalenie żołądka i jelit heartbum [’ha:tba:n] - pieczenie w przełyku
gather ['gaeda] - gromadzić heart infarct ['ha:t -infa:kt] - zawał serca
gauze [go:z] - gaza height [hait] - wzrost
generał hospital [-dênaral 'hospital] - szpital ogólny hemiparesis [-hemfpaerasis] - połowiczy niedowład
generał practitioner ['djenaral .praek'tifna] - lekarz ogólny hemisphere ['hemisfia] - półkula
gentle [djentl] - delikatny hepatic [hi 'paetik] - wątrobowy
geriatrician [-dseria '•trifan] - geriatra hepatomegaly [-hepato'megali] - powiększenie wątroby
geriatrics [>d3eri'aetriks] - geriatria hemia ['ha:nja] - przepuklina
German measles [<d3a:man 'mi:zlz] - różyczka herpes [’ha:pi:z] - opryszczka
girdle [ga:dl] - obręcz hilar ['haiła] - wnękowy
gland [glaend] - gruczoł hilum ['hailam], (pl.) hili - wnęka
glaucoma [glo:'kauma] - jaskra hip [hip] - biodro
glomerulonephritis [glo-marulone'fraitis] hives [haivz] - pokrzywka
- zapalenie kłębuszkowe nerek hoarseness ['ho:snis] - chrypka
glomerulus [glo'merulas], (pl.) glomeruli hollow ['holau] - pusty, wydrążony
- kłębuszek nerkowy hospital ['hospital] - szpital
glucose ['ghrkaus] - glukoza, cukier gronowy hospitalization [>hospitalai'zeijan] - leczenie w szpitalu,
glycerol ['glisaraul] - gliceryna hospitalizacja
gnawing ['no:iqj - gryzący human ['hju:man] - ludzki
gonorrhea [-gona'ri:a] - rzeżączka humerus ['hju.maras] - kość ramienna
gout [gaut] - skaza moczanowa humour ['hju:ma] - ciecz ustrojowa, humor
graft [gra?:ft] - przeszczep hurt [ha.t] (hurt, hurt) - zranić, skaleczyć, boleć
Gram-stain ['grtem -Stein] - barwnik Gram’a; hydrocephalus [-haidra'sefalas] - wodogłowie
barwienie barwnikiem Grama hydrochloric acid [-haidra'klorik 'assid] -
E. Donesch-Jcżo - English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 105

kwas chlorowodorowy inflammation [-infla'meijan] - zapalenie
hypercalcemia [-haipaka:l'si:mia] - podwyższony poziom inflate [in'fleit] - napompować
wapnia we krwi influenza [-influ'enza] - grypa
hypercalciuria [-haipakaelsi 'juaria] - nadmierne wydalanie infusion [in'fju:3an] - wlew, infuzja
wapnia z moczem ingest [incest] - spożyć, przyjmować pokarm
hyperlipidemia [,haipalipi'di:mia] - podwyższony poziom ingestion [in'de3estjan] - spożywanie, przyjmowanie
lipidów we krwi pokarmu
hyperglycaemia [<haipaglai'si:mia] -hiperglikemia, inherited [in'heritad] - dziedziczny
nadmiar cukru we krwi initial [i'nifal]-początkowy, wstępny
hypermetropia [.haipama'traupia] - dalekowzroczność, injection [in'd3ekjan] - zastrzyk, injekcja
hipermetropia injure ['ind3a] - zranić, uszkodzić
hyperresponsiveness [-haiparis'ponsivnis] -nadreaktywność injury ['indsari] - zranienie, uszkodzenie
hypersensitive [.haipa'sensitiv] - nadwrażliwy inorganic [ino: 'gaenik] - nieorganiczny
hypersensitivity [<haipa-sensi'tiviti] -nadwrażliwość in-patient ['impeifant] - chory hospitalizowany
hypertension [<haipa'tenjan] - nadciśnienie insemination [imsemi'neijan] - unasiennienie, zaplemnienie
hypertrophy [hai'pa :trafi] - przerost, powiększenie insert [in'sa:t] - wstawić, włożyć
hypnotic [hip'notik] - środek nasenny insignificant [ńnsig'nifikant] -nieistotny
hypoglycaemia [.haipauglai'si:mia] -niedocukrzenie krwi insomnia [in'somnia] — bezsenność
hypogonadism [.haipau'gonaedizam] — zwiększone inspection [in'spekfan] - badanie, oglądanie
wydzielanie hormonów gonad inspiration [anspa'reijan] - wdech, inspiracja
hypoplastic [.haipau'plaestik] -hipoplastyczny, instruction [in'strAkfan] - instrukcja
niedorozwinięty insulate ['insjuleit] - izolować
hypotension [.haipau'tenfan] - niedociśnienie insulin ['insjulin] - insulina
hysterectomy [hista'rektami] - histerektomia, wycięcie insurance [in'Juarans] - ubezpieczenie
macicy intend [in'tend] - mieć zamiar
intense [in'tens] - intensywny
I intention [in'tenjan] - intencja, zamiar
iatrogenic [.aiaetro'd3enik] -jatrogenny, spowodowany przez intercostal [ anta'kostl] - międzyżebrowy
lekarza intermittent [-inta'mi tant] - przerywany,
identify [ai'dentifai] - identyfikować, utożsamiać występujący z przerwami
ileum ['iliam] - jelito ślepe, krętnica intemal [in'ta:nal] - wewnętrzny
ill [il] - chory intemal medicine [in'ta:nal 'medsin] - interna
illness ['ilnis] - choroba intestine [in'testin] - jelito
imbalance [im'baelans] - brak równowagi intoxicate [in'toksikeit] - zatruć
immediate [i'mi:diat] - bezpośredni, natychmiastowy intra-articular [-intra 'a:tikjula] - dostawowy
immune [i'mju:n] - odporność, odporny intradermal [ńntra'da:mal] - śródskórny
immune deficiency [i'mju:n di'fijansi] - osłabienie intramuscular [ńntra'mAskjula] -domięśniowy
odporności intrathecal [ńntra'0i:kal] - dooponowy
immunize ['imjumaiz]-uodpornić intravenous [antra'vi:nas] - dożylny
impair [im'pea] - uszkodzić, nadwerężyć investigation [imvesti'geifan] - badanie
impairment [im'peamant] - uszkodzenie, nadwerężenie involuntary [in'volantari] - mimowolny, niezależny
impermeable [im'pa:miabl] -nieprzepuszczalny involve [in'volv] - włączyć
impersonal [im'pa:sanal] - bezosobowy iris ['aiaris] - tęczówka
impression [im'prejan] - wrażenie irradiation [i -reidi'eijan] - napromieniowanie
improve [im'pru:v] - polepszyć, ulepszyć, udoskonalić irregular [i'regjula] - nieregularny
impulse ['impAls] - impuls irrigate ['irigeit] - płukać
incision [in'si3n] - nacięcie, wcięcie irritable ['iritabl] - pobudliwy, drażliwy
incline [in'klain] - pochyłość; pochylać, mieć skłonność irritant ['iritant] - wywołujący podrażnienie, drażniący
include [in'klu:d] - włączać, zawierać irritability [arita 'biliti] - drażliwość
incontinence [in'kontinans] - nietrzymanie (moczu) irritation [iri'teifan] - podrażnienie, drażnienie
increase [in'kri:s] — zwiększyć, podwyższyć ischaemia [is'ki:mia] -niedokrwienie
indicate ['indikeit] - wskazać, zalecić issue ['isju:] - wyjście, ujście; wydawać, wypływać,
individual [ńndi'vidjual] - osobnik, indywidualny emitować
infant ['infaent] - niemowlę, dziecko do 2 lat itch [itj] - swędzieć
infarct [in'fa:kt] - zawał, obszar martwicy niedokrwiennej
infarction [in'fa:kjan] - zawał, obszar martwicy J
niedokrwiennej jaundice [’d3o:ndis] - żółtaczka
infected [in'fektad] - zakażony jejunum [d3i'd3u:nam] - jelito czcze
infection [in'fekjan] - infekcja, zakażenie jelly-like ['dselilaik] — koloidalny, galaretowaty
infectious [in'fekfas] - zakaźny jerk [d3a:k] - odruch
infertility [info'tiliti] - bezpłodność, niepłodność join [d3oin] - łączyć, połączyć
infiltration [anfil'treifan] - naciek, infiltrat joint [d3oint] - staw (anat.)

junction ['dÂi^k/an] - połączenie lozenge ['lozinds] - pastylka do ssania
junior ['d3u:nia] - młodszy (rangą) lumbar ['Umba] - lędźwiowy
juvenile ['d3u:vanail] - młodzieńczy lumen ['lu:man] - światło przewodu
lump [Ump] - guzek
K lung [lAi|g] - płuco
keratinization [-keratinai'zeijan] -keratynizacja, lymph [limf] - limfa, limfatyczny
rogowacenie (lymph gland - gruczoł limfatyczny)
kidney ['kidni] - nerka
kill [kil] - zabić M
kit [kit] - zestaw macula ['maskjula] - plamka żółta
knee [ni:] - kolano maintain [mein'tein] - utrzymywać, podtrzymywać
knowledge ['nolid3] - wiedza major ['meidsa] - większy, ważniejszy
knuckle [nAkl] - kostka (u ręki) majority [ma 'dsoriti] - większość
malabsorption [ -maelab 'so:p]an] - niewłaściwe wchłanianie
L malaise [ma'leiz] - złe samopoczucie
labyrinth ['laebarinO] - labirynt małe [meil] - mężczyzna; męski
laboratory (lab.) [la'boratari] — laboratorium malignant [ma'lignant] — złośliwy (choroba, np. nowotwór)
labour ['leiba] — poród malnutrition [>maelnju'trifan] - niedożywienie
laceration [-lassa'reijan] - rozdarcie, otarcie, poszarpanie, mammary gland ['maemari -glaend] - gruczoł mleczny
lacrimal gland ['laekrimal -glaend] - gruczoł łzowy manometer [ma'nomita] - manometr
lacunar [la'kju:na] - jamisty, zatokowy marked [ma:kt] - wyraźny, znaczny, znaczący
laparotomy [-laepa 'rotami] - otwarcie jamy brzusznej, massage ['maesa:3] - masaż
laparotomia mastectomy [maes'tektami] - wycięcie, odjęcie sutka
laryngitis [4aerin'd3aitis] - zapalenie krtani mastication [-maesti'kei]an] - żucie
laryngoscopy [-laerir['goskapi] - wziernikowanie krtani mastoiditis [>maestoi'daitis] - zapalenie wyrostka
larynx ['laeriąks] - krtań sutkowatego
lateral ['laetaral] - boczny, poprzeczny matemity unit [ma'ta:niti 'junit] - oddział położniczy
lavage ['laeva:3] - płukanie, przemywanie matrix ['meitriks] - substancja podstawowa,
lavatory ['laevatari] - umywalnia, ustęp, toaleta istota śródkomórkowa
layer ['leia] - warstwa measles ['mi:zlz] - odra
lay sutures ['lei 'sju:tjaz] - zakładać szwy measure [’me3a] - miara; mierzyć
laxative [’laeksativ] - środek przeczyszczający mechanism [ 'męka -niżom] - mechanizm
leap [li:p] (leapt, leapt) - podskoczyć, (o sercu) nagle zabić medial ['mi:diol] - środkowy
leg [leg] - łydka, noga median [’mi:dion] - środkowy, pośrodkowy
lens [lenz] — soczewka medical ward ['medikol -wo:d] - oddział wewnętrzny
lesion ['li:3an] - uszkodzenie, zmiana chorobowa medicine ['medsin] - medycyna, lekarstwo
lethargy ['Ie0ad3i] — letarg medulla oblongata [mo'dAlo obloar['gaeta] - rdzeń
leucopenia [4ju:ka'pi:nia] - zmniejszona liczba białych przedłużony
, krwinek we krwi melaena [mo'li:no] - smołowate stolce
leukaemia [4ju:'ki:mia] -białaczka melanin ['melonin] - melanina
leukocyte ['lju:kasait] - leukocyt, krwinka biała melanoma [-melo'naumo] - czerniak
leukocytosis [4ju:kasai'tausis]-leukocytoza, zwiększona membranę ['membrein] - membrana, błona
liczba białych krwinek we krwi meninges [ma'nind3is] - opony
leukorrhoea [4ju:ka'ria] -upławy meningioma [manind3i'auma] - oponiak
level [4eval] - poziom meningitis [>menin'd3aitis] - zapalenie opon mózgowo-
lift [lift] - podnieść rdzeniowych
ligament ['ligamant] - więzadło meningococcal meningitis [ma-nir[go’kokol -menin'd3aitis]-
limb [lim] - kończyna meningokowe zapalenie opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych
limp [limp] - kuleć, utykać menopause [’menapo:z] -menopauza, klimakterium
linctus ['liijktas] - lekarstwo do ssania menses ['mensi:z] - miesiączka
linę [lain] - linia, lina; wyłożyć wykładziną mental disorder ['mentl diz'o:da] - zaburzenie psychiczne
linen ['linen] - płótno, bielizna pościelowa mental State ['mentl 'steit] - stan psychiczny, stan umysłowy
lip [lip] - warga mercury ['ma:kjuri] - rtęć
lipase ['lipeis] — lipaza metastasis [ma'taestasis], (pl.) metastases - przerzut
lithotripsy [ 'li0a-tripsi] - kruszenie kamieni nowotworu
liver [’liva] - wątroba method ['me0ad] - metoda
lobe [laub] - płat, płacik uszny migraine [’mi:grein] - migrena
location [lau'keijan] - ulokowanie, umiejscowienie mild [maild] - lekki, łagodny
loin [loin] - lędźwie minor ['maina] - mniejszy, lżejszy
long-sightedness ['lor[-saitidnis] - dhigowzroczność mirror ['mira] — lusterko
loose [lu:s] - luźny, rozluźniony miscarriage [-mis'kaerid3] - poronienie
lose [lu:z] (lost, lost) - gubić, tracić mitral ['maitral] -mitralny

mix [miks] - mieszać nipple [nipl] - brodawka sutkowa
mixture ['mikstfa] - mieszanka nitroglycerin [.naitrau'glisari:n] - nitrogliceryna
mobility [mau'bilati] - ruchliwość, zmienność nocturia [nok'tjuaria] - nadmierna diureza nocna,
modę [maud] - sposób zbyt częste oddawanie moczu w nocy
moist [moist] - wilgotny node [naud] - gruczoł
moist rales ['moist ’ra:lz] - rzężenia wilgotne nodule ['nodju:l] - guzek
moisten [moisn] - zwilżyć nonproductive cough [<nonpra'dAktiv 'kof] — suchy kaszel
mole [maul] - znamię, mol, gramocząsteczka notch [notf] - wcięcie
monocyte ['monasaitj-monocyt nourish ['nArij] - odżywiać
morphine [mo:fi:n] - morfina nourishment ['nArifmant] - odżywianie
mouth [mau0] - usta nucleated ['nju:klieitid] -jądrzasty
mucoid ['mjuikoid] - śluzopodobny, śluzowaty nucleus ['nju:klias], (pl.) nuclei-jądro
mucopurulent [-mju:ka 'pjuarulant] - śluzowo-ropny nurse [na:s] - pielęgniarka
mucosa [mju'kausa] - śluzówka, błona śluzowa nutrition [nju: 'trijan] - żywienie
mucous ['mju:kas] - śluzowy nutritional [nju: 'trijanal] - odżywczy, dotyczący odżywiania
mucus ['mju:kas] - śluz
multiple sclerosis f'mAltipl sklia'rausis] - stwardnienie
rozsiane O
multiplication [,mAltipli'keiJan] - pomnożenie, rozmnożenie obese [au'bi:s] - otyły, tęgi
mumps [mAmps] - mums, świnka obesity [au'bi:sati] - otyłość
murmur ['ma:ma] — szmer oblique [a'bli:k] - skośny, ukośny
muscle [mAsl] - mięsień obstetrician [,obsta'trijan] - położnik
muscular ['mAskjula] - mięśniowy obstetrics [,ab'stetriks] - położnictwo
myelin ['maialin] - mielina obstruct [ab'strAkt] - zatkać, zaczopować
myocardial infarction [»maiau'ka:dial in'fa:kjan] - zawał obstruction [ab^trAkfan] - zatkanie, niedrożność
mięśnia sercowego (zawał serca) obtain [ab'tein] - otrzymać
myocarditis [-maiaka/daitis] - zapalenie mięśnia sercowego occlusion [a'klu:39n] - zamknięcie
myocardium [<maia'ka:diam] - mięsień sercowy occupation [-okju'peifan] - zajęcie, zawód
myopia [mai'aupia] - krótkowzroczność occupational therapist [,okju'peijanal '©erapist]
myringitis [-mirir['d3aitis] - zapalenie błony bębenkowej - terapeuta zajęciowy
myringotomy [-mirir['gotami] - nacięcie błony bębenkowej occur [a'ka:] - występować, mieć miejsce
myxovirus [-mikso'vaiaras] -miksowirus oedema [i'di:ma] - obrzęk
oedematous [i'dematas] - obrzękły
N oesophagus [i: 'sofagas] - przełyk
nail [neil] - paznokieć, gwóźdź ointment ['ointmant] - maść
narrowing ['naerauirjj - zwężenie oligospermia [-oligo'spa:mia] - zbyt mała ilość plemników
nasal ['neizal] - nosowy w nasieniu
nausea ['no:sia] - nudności, mdłości onset ['onset] - początek
nauseated ['no:sieitid] - mający/cierpiący z powodu mdłości opacity [au'paesiti] - nieprzeźroczystość
navel ['neival] - pępek opaque [aupeik] - nieprzejrzysty
neck [nek] — szyja operate ['opareit] - operować
necrosis [na 'krausis] - martwica operating theatre ['opareitiią ’0iata] - sala operacyjna
needle [ni :dl] - igła operation [,opa'reijan] - operacja
neonatal [mi:o'neital] - noworodkowy ophthalmic [of 0aelmik] - okulistyczny, oczny
neonate [-ni:o'neit] - noworodek ophthalmologist [-ofOsefinołódsist] - okulista
neoplasm ['ni:oplaezm]-nowotwór ophthalmology [,of0al'molad3i] - okulistyka, oftalmologia
neoplastic [.ni:o'plaestik] - nowotworowy ophthalmoscope [of ©aelmoskaup] - wziernik oczny,
nephrectomy [na'frektami] - wycięcie nerki oftalmoskop
nephritis [na'fraitis] - zapalenie nerek ophthalmoscopy [.of0ael'moskapi] - wziernikowanie oczu
nephroblastoma [mefroblaes'tauma] - guz Wilmsa opposite ['opazit] - przeciwległy, przeciwny
nephron ['nefron] - nefron optic nerve [.optik 'na:v] - nerw wzrokowy
nephropathy [ne'fropa0i] - nefropatia, choroba nerek orał ['o:ral] - ustny, doustny
nerve [na:v] - nerw orchitis [o:'kaitis] - zapalenie jąder
nervous ['na:vas] - nerwowy organ [’o:gan] - organ
neuron ['njuaraun] - neuron organizer [o:ga'naiza] - organizator
neuropathy [njua'ropa0i] — neuropatia, choroba układu origin ['oridîn] — pochodzenie, źródło, początek
nerwowego orthopaedic surgeon [-o:0au'pi:dik 'sardjan] -
neuropsychiatric [.njuaro.saiki'aetrik] - neuropsychiatryczny chirurg ortopeda
neurosis [njua'rausis] - nerwica orthopaedics [>o:0au'pi:diks] - ortopedia
neutrophil ['njmtrafil] - krwinka biała obojętnochłonna ossicle ['osiki] - kostka, kosteczka
newbom ['nju:bo:n] - noworodek osteitis [-osti'aitis] - zapalenie kości
nightwear ['naitwea] - bielizna nocna osteoarthritis [ -ostiaua: '0raitis] - zapalenie kości i stawów

osteomyelitis [,ostia<maia'laitis] - zapalenie szpiku kostnego pendulum ['pendjulam] - wahadełko
osteoporosis [,ostiaupa'rausis] - osteoporoza penicillin [-peni'silin] - penicylina
otitis extema [au'taitis iks'tama] - zapalenie ucha peptic ulceration ['peptik ,Alsa'reifan] - owrzodzenie
zewnętrznego trawienne
otitis interna [au'taitis in'ta:na] - zapalenie ucha peptide ['peptaid] -peptyd
wewnętrznego peptone ['peptaun] - pepton
otitis media [au'taitis 'mi:dia] - zapalenie ucha środkowego perception [pa'sepfan] - postrzeganie, percepcja
otolaryngologist [-auta.laeriią'golad3ist] - laryngolog percussion [pa: 'kAfan] - opukiwanie
otolaryngology [-auta-laerir['golad3i] - nauka o chorobach percutaneous [-pa:kju'teinias] - przezskómy
ucha, nosa, krtani perfbrate f'pa:fareit] - przebić
otoscope ['autaskaup] - wziernik do ucha perform [pa'fo:m] - dokonywać, wykonywać
out-patient [-aut'peifant] - pacjent ambulatoryjny pericarditis [-perika:'daitis] - zapalenie osierdzia
out-patients’ department ['aubpeifants di'pa:tmant] pericardium [-peri'ka:diam] - osierdzie
- przychodnia, ambulatorium perilymph ['perilimf] - perilimfa
outstretched [aut'stretjt] - rozpostarty, otwarty period ['piariad] - okres
ovary ['auvari] - jajnik periodical [-piari 'odikal] - okresowy
o.verdo [auva'du:] - przemęczyć się peripheral [pa'rifaral] - obwodowy
ovoid ['auvoid] - owalny peristalsis [<peri'staelsis] - perystaltyka, ruch robaczkowy
ovum ['auvam], (pl.) ova-komórka jajowa, jajeczko peritoneum [-peritau'ni :am] - otrzewna
oxalate ['oksaleit] - szczawian permit [pa'mit] - pozwolić
oxygen ['oksidgan] - tlen persistent [pa'sistant] - uporczywy, naprzykrzający się
perspiration [.pa:spa'reifan] - pocenie się
P pharyngitis [-faerin'd3aitis] - zapalenie gardła
pad [paed] - podkładka, tampon pharyngoscopy [.feerip/goskapi] - wziernikowanie gardła
paediatrician [,pi:dia'trifan] - pediatra pharynx ['faeriąks] - gardło
paediatric [-pi:di'aetrik] - pediatryczny pharmacist ['fa:masist] - farmaceuta
paediatrics [<pi:di'aetriks] - pediatria pharmacy ['fa:masi] - farmacja, apteka
pain [pein] - ból phlegm [flem] - flegma
painful ['peinful] - bolesny photocoagulation [,fautakauaegju'leifan] - fotokoagulacja
painless ['peinlas] - bezbolesny physical examination ['fizikal ig,z3emi'neifan] - badanie
pale [peil] - blady fizykalne
palliative ['paeliativ] - paliatywny, łagodzący objawy physician [ffzifan] - lekarz, internista
pallor ['paela] - bladość physiotherapist [-fizio'0erapist] - fizjoterapeuta
palm [pa:m] - dłoń pigment ['pigmant] - barwnik
palpation [<pael'peijan] -palpacja pigmented ['pigmantid] - zabarwiony
palsy [po:lzi] - porażenie, paraliż pili [pil] - pigułka
pancreas ['paerjkrias] - trzustka pillow [pilau] - poduszka
pancreatitis [-p3er[kria'taitis] - zapalenie trzustki pinna [pino] - małżowina uszna
paraesthesia [<paeas'0i:zia] -parestezja, czucie opaczne pinprick ['pin-prik] - ukłucie szpilką
parallel ['paeralal] - równoległy plague ['pleig] - plaga
paramyxovirus [<paera-mikso'vaiaras] -paramiksowirus plantarflexion ['pla:nta-flekj~an] - wygięcie stopy w dół
paranoia [,paera'noia] - paranoja, obłęd plaque [pla:k] - płytka
parasite ['paerasait] - pasożyt plasma ['plaezma] — plazma, osocze
parasympathetic [-pćEra -simpa' Getik] - przywspółczulny plaster of Paris ['pla:sta av 'paeris] - gips chirurgiczny
parathyroid [,paera'0airoid] - przytarczyczny plastic surgery ['plaestik 'safari] - chirurgia plastyczna
parathyroidism f p3era'0airoidizm] - zaburzenie pracy platelet ['pleitlit] - płytka krwi
gruczołów przytarczycznych pleura ['pluara] - opłucna
paresis ['paerisis] - niedowład, porażenie postępujące pleuritis [plua'raitis] - zapalenie opłucnej
parietal [pa 'raitl] - ścienny pneumonia [nju: 'maunia] - zapalenie płuc
parotid [pa'rotid] -przyuszny poison [poizn] - trucizna
particie ['pa:tikl] - cząsteczka poisoning ['poizanirjj - zatrucie, otrucie
pastę [peist] - pasta poliomyelitis ['paulia-maia'laitis] - zapalenie istoty szarej
patch [paetj] - łata rdzenia
patella [pa'tela] - rzepka pollen ['polan] - pyłek kwiatowy
patent ['peitant] - drożny pollution [pa'lu:Jan] - skażenie, zanieczyszczenie
pathologist [pa'0olad3ist] - patolog polycystic [.poli'sistik] - wielotorbielowy
pathology [pa'0olad3i] -patologia polydipsia [<poli'dipsia] - nadmierne pragnienie
pathway ['pa:0wei]-droga, ścieżka polyphagia [.poli'feid3ia] - żarłoczność, nadmierne łaknienie
patient ['peifant] -pacjent, cierpliwy polyposis [-poli'pausis] - polipowacenie
pause [po:z] - pauza, przerwa polyuria [polijuaria] - wielomocz
pelvic ['pelvik] - miednicowy pons [pons] - most (anat.)
pelvis [pelvis] - miednica porous ['po:ras] - porowaty

portal ['po:tal] - wrotny pulse beat [ pAls 'bi:t] - tempo tętna
posterior [po'stiaria] - tylny pump [pAmp] - pompa; pompować
potentiate [pa'tenfi-eit] - działać aktywniej, wzmóc działanie puncture ['pAiąktfa] - przebicie, nakłucie
powder [panda] - puder, zasypka pupil [ 'pjuzpil] - źrenica, uczeń
practitioner [-prask'tijna] — lekarz purpose ['pa:pas] - cel
precipitation [pri.sipfteijan] - strącenie, osadzanie się purulent ['pjuaralant] - ropny
precise [pri'sais] - dokładny, precyzyjny pus [pas] - ropa
predominate [pri'dombneit] - przeważać, górować pyelography [-paia'lograefi] - pielografia, radiografia
pregnancy ['pregnansi] - ciąża miedniczek nerkowych
pregnant ['pregnant] - ciężarna, w ciąży pyelonephritis [.paialona'fraitis] - odmiedniczkowe zapalenie
preparation room [-prepa'reifan <ru:m] — sala, w której nerek
przygotowuje się pacjenta do operacji pyjamas [pa'd3a:maz] - piżama
prescribe [pri'skraib] - zapisać lek, kurację pyloric sphincter [pai'lorik 'sfiljkta] - zwieracz odźwiemika
prescription [pri'skripjan] — recepta pylorus [pai'lo:ras] - odźwiemik
presence ['prezans] - obecność pyretic [pai'retik] - gorączkowy, gorączkujący
pressure ['preja] - ciśnienie pyrexia [pai'reksia] - gorączka
prevent [pri'vent] - zapobiegać
prevention [pri'venj"an] - zapobieganie Q
preventive medicine [pri'ventiv 'medsin] ąualify ['kwolifai]-kwalifikować
- medycyna zachowawcza ąuality ['kwoditi] -jakość
previous ['pri:vias] - poprzedni ąuantity ['kwo:ntiti] - ilość
prick [prik] - ukłucie
prickling ['priklirj - kłujący R
primary ['praimari] - podstawowy radiate ['reidieit] - promieniować
prior ['praia] - poprzedni radiographer [-reidfografa] - technik radiograf
probe [praub] - zgłębnik, badać zgłębnikiem radiologist [-reidi’olad3ist] - radiolog
procedurę [pra'si:d3a] - zabieg, postępowanie, procedura radiology [-reidi'olad3i] - radiologia
process ['prausas] — proces radiopaąue [<reidiau'peik] - nieprzepuszczalny dla promieni
product ['prodAkt] - produkt Rtg
productive cough [pra 'dAktiv 'kof] - kaszel z odpluwaniem, radius ['reidias] - promień
mokry kaszel rales (pl.) [ra:Iz] - rzężenia
profession [pra 'fefan] - zawód rapid [ 'raepidj - szybki, prędki
prognosis [prag'nausis] - rokowanie, prognoza rash [raej] - wysypka
progress ['praugras] - postęp ratę [reit] - częstotliwość, pędkość
progressive [prau'gresiv] - postępujący ray [rei] - promień
project [pra'd3ekt] - wystawać, projekt reaction [rfaekjan] - reakcja
projection [pra'd3ekjan] - wystawanie reason ['ri:zan] - przyczyna, powód
prolapse [pra'laeps] - wypadnięcie reassure [.ri:a'Jua] - zapewnić, upewnić, uspokoić
prominent ['prominant] - wyraźny, wystający reassuring [,ri:a'Juarią] - zapewniający, uspokajający
propagation [<propa'geijan] - rozmnażanie reception [ri'sepjan] -recepcja, rejestracja
proper ['propa] - właściwy receptive [ri’septiv] - przyjmujący, wrażliwy
prophylactic agent [.profTlaektik 'eidasnt] - czynnik recipient [ri'sipiant] - biorca
zapobiegawczy, profilakyczny recognize ['rekag-naiz] - rozpoznać
protect [pra'tekt] - chronić record ['reko:d] - zapis, zarejestrowanie
protection [pra'tekjan] - ochrona record [ri'ko:d] - zapisać, zanotować,
protective [pra'tektiv] - ochronny, obronny recover [ri'kAva] - wyzdrowieć, powrócić do zdrowia,
protein ['prautim] — białko, proteina odzyskać przytomność
prothrombin [pra'9rombin] -protrombina recovery [ri'kavari] - wyzdrowienie,
provide [pra'vaid] - dostarczyć, zaopatrywać odzyskanie przytomności
provisional [pra ’vi3anal] - prowizoryczny, tymczasowy recovery room [ri'kAvari 'ru:m] - sala pooperacyjna
proximal ['proksimal] - bliższy, dosiebny reereation [<rekri'eijan] — wypoczynek, rekreacja
psoriasis [so'raiasis] - łuszczyca rectal ['rektal] - odbytniczy
psychiatrie [-saiki'aetrik] - psychiatryczny rectoscopy ['rekta-skaupi] - wziernikowanie odbytnicy
psychiatrist [-sai 'kaiatrist] - psychiatra rectum ['rektam] - odbyt
psychiatry [.sai'kaiatri] - psychiatria recumbent [ri'kAmbant] - leżący, oparty
psychological [>saikau'lod3ikal] -psychiczny recur [ri'ka:] - nawracać, powracać
psychology [sai'kolad3i] - psychologia recurrence [rfkArans] - nawrót, powrót choroby
psychosis [sai'kausis] - psychoza, choroba umysłowa recurring [ri'kArir|J — nawrotowy, nawracający
psychotic [sai'kautik] - psychotyczny red count ['red -kaunt] - liczba czerwonych krwinek
puffy ['pAfi] - obrzękły, nalany reduce [ri'dju:s] - redukować, zmniejszyć
pulmonary ['pAlmanari] - płucny refer [ri'fa:] - skierować (na badania do specjalisty)
pulse [pAls] - tętno reference ['refarans] - odwołanie się, w związku z,

odnośnie do zapalenie stawów, gościec przewlekły
reflection [ri'flekjan] - odgięcie, odbijanie rhinitis [rai'naitis] - nieżyt nosa, katar
reflex ['rkfleks] - odruch rhonchi (pl.) ['roijkai], (sing.) rhonchus - rzężenia
refuse [ri' fju:z] - odmawiać rhythm ['rióam] - rytm
register ['redgista] - rejestr, zapis; rejestrować, zapisywać rib [rib] - żebro
regular ['regjula] - regularny rigid ['ridjid] - sztywny
regularity [-regju'laeriti] - prawidłowość, miarowość rigidity [ri 'dgiditi] - sztywność
regulation [<regju'leijan] - regulacja rise [rais] (rosę, risen) - podnieść (się)
rehabilitation [-ri:a-bili'teifan] - rehabilitacja roaring ['ro:riqj - dychawica świszcząca
rejection [ri'dêkjan] - odrzucenie role [raul] - rola
relapse [ri'laeps] - nawrót choroby root [ru:t] - korzeń
relate (to) [ri'leit] - odnosić się, związać, wiązać routine [ru: 'ti:n] - rutyna; zwykły, rutynowy
relative [’relativ] - krewny rubella [ru: 'bela] - różyczka
relationship [ri'leijanfip] - związek rupture ['rAptfa] - przerwanie
relax [ri'laeks] - rozluźnić, odprężyć
relaxation [-ri:laek'seijan] - rozluźnienie, odprężenie S
release [ri'li:s] - uwolnić sac [saek] - torbiel, pęcherzyk
relevant ['relavant] - odpowiedni, stosowny sacrum ['seikram] - kość krzyżowa
relieve [ri 'li: v] - złagodzić ból, cierpienie safe [seif] - bezpieczny
remarkable [ri'ma:kabl] - wybitny, nadzwyczajny, znaczący saliva [sa'laiva] - ślina
remit [ra 'mit] - złagodzić, zelżeć (o chorobie) salivary gland [>saelivari 'gland] - ślinianka, gruczoł ślinowy
removal [ri: 'mu:val] - usuwanie, usunięcie sample [saempl] - próbka
remove [ri'mu:v] - usunąć save [seiv] - ratować, oszczędzać
renal ['ri:nal] - nerkowy scabies ['skeibuz] - świerzb
replace [ri'pleis] - zastąpić scalp [skaelp] - owłosiona skóra głowy
replacement [ri'pleismant] - zastąpienie scalpel ['skaelpal] - skalpel
report [ri'po:t] - sprawozdanie, raport; poinformować, scan [skaen] - przegląd; analizować, dokonywać przeglądu,
zawiadomić, zgłosić wykonywać scyntygrafię
reproductive [-ri:pra'dAktiv] -reproduktywny, rozrodczy scanning ['skaenirj - rejestracja rozkłdu radioizotopu w
reproduction [-ri:pra'dAkJan] - rozmnażanie, reprodukcja ustroju na błonie fotograficznej, skanowanie
reąuire [ri'kwaia] - wymagać scapula ['skaepjula] - łopatka
research [ri'sa:t[] - badania naukowe; badać naukowo scar [ska:] - blizna
resect [ri 'sekt] - wyciąć scarlet fever [-ska:lat 'fi:va] - szkarlatyna
resection [ri'sek]an] - resekcja, wycięcie lub odcięcie części schizophrenia [-skizau'fri:nia] - schizofrenia
narządu science ['saians] - nauka
residual [ri'zidjual] - szczątkowy, resztkowy, pozostały scissors ['sizaz] - nożyczki
resign [ri'zain] - zrezygnować, rezygnować selera ['skliara] - twardówka
resistance [ri'zistans] - odporność sclerotic [>sklia'rotik] - twardówka; stwardniały
resistant [ri'zistant] - odporny scratch [skraetj] - drapać
resolve [ri'zolv] - ustępować, zanikać screening ['skrimirj - masowe badania populacji, skrining
resonant ['rezanant] -jawny (odgłos opukowy) seal [si:l] - uszczelnienie; zalakować, uszczelnić
respiration [.respa'reijan] - oddychanie sebaceous gland [si'bei]as 'glaend] - gruczoł łojowy
respiratory ['respiratari] - oddechowy sebum ['si:bam] - łój skórny
respond (to) [ri'spond] - reagować na bodziec secrete [si'kri:t] - wydzielać
responsible (for) [ri'sponsabl] - odpowiedzialny (za) secretion [si'kri:Jan] - wydzielanie
rest [rest] - odpoczynek, podpórka; odpoczywać, podpierać sedation [si: 'deijan] - uspokojenie
restless ['restlas] - niespokojny sedative ['sedativ] - uspokajający
restrict [ri 'strikt] - ograniczyć sedentaiy [sedantari] - siedzący (o trybie życia, pracy)
resume [ri 'zju:m] - wznowić, podjąć na nowo sediment ['sedimdnt] - osad
resuscitation [ri-s*si'teifon]- reanimacja, przywrócenie sedimentation ratę[~sedimen'teifan 'reit]
do życia — szybkość opadania
retain [ri 'tein] - zatrzymać seize [si:z] - chwytać
etardation [-ri:ta: 'deifdn] - niedorozwój, cofnięcie semen [’si:mdn] - nasienie, sperma
stention [ri 'tenfdn] - zatrzymanie semi-solid ['semi-solid] -półstały
:tina ['retina] — siatkówka semispherical [-semi'sferikal] —półkolisty
■tinopathy [-retina'pae0i] —choroba siatkówki, retinopatia senior ['simja] - starszy (rangą)
tum [ri'ta:n] - powrót; powracać sensation [-sen'sei]h] - czucie, odczucie, wrażenie
veal [ri'vi:l] - odkryć, ujawnić sense [sens] - zmysł
versible [ri'va:sabl] - odwracalny sensitive ['sensitiv] - wrażliwy
view [ri'vju:] - przegląd; przeglądać sensitivity [>sensi'tiviti] - wrażliwość
eumatism ['ru.matizam] - reumatyzm septum (sing.) ['septam], (pl.) septa - przegroda
eumatoid arthritis ['ru:matoid a: 'Oraitis] - reumatoidalne serious ['siarias] - poważny
Donesch-Jeżo - English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 111

serum ['siarom] - surowica spontaneous [spon'teinias] - spontaniczny, samoistny
set up ['set Ap] - umieścić, wstawić, założyć spot [spot] - miejsce
severe [si'via] - ostry, poważny, ciężki sprain [sprein] - zwichnąć, skręcić
sex [seks] - płeć spray [sprei] - rozpylacz, rozpylać
shake [feik] - trząść, potrząsać spread [spred] - rozprzestrzenienie; rozprzestrzeniać
shallow [ Jaelau] - płytki sputum ['spjuftam] - plwocina
shiver [Jiva] — mieć dreszcze sąuamous ['skweimas] - łuszczący się
shivery [Jivari] - mający dreszcze squeeze [skwi:z] - ściskać, wyciskać
shooting ['JuftirJ - strzelający, strzykający squint [skwint] - zez, zezować, patrzeć z ukosa
short-sightedness [Jbft-saitidnis] - krótkowzroczność stab [staeb] - wbić, ukłuć
shoulder [Jaulda] - ramię, bark stabbing ['staebiiąj - khijący
sibilant ['sibilant] - świszczący (odgłos opukowy) stable [steibl] - stały, trwały
sick [sik] - chory staff [sta: f] - personel fachowy
side [said] - strona, bok stain [stein] - plama; barwić, plamić
side-effect ['said i-fekt] - działanie uboczne starch [staftj] - skrobia
sight [sait] - wzrok stasis [ staesis] - zastój płynów w ustroju
sigmoid ['sigmoid] - esica; esowaty steady ['stedi] - stały, równomierny
significant [sig'nifikant] - znamienny, istotny stenosis [sta'nausis] - zwężenie (kanału, naczynia)
sinus ['sainas] — zatoka sterile ['sterail] - sterylny
sinusitis [-saina'saitis] - zapalenie zatok sterilize ['steri-laiz] - sterylizować
site [sait] - miejsce stemotomy [sta: 'notami] - nacięcie mostka
skin [skin] - skóra stemum ['stamam] - mostek
skuli [skAl] - czaszka stethoscope ['ste0a-skaup] - słuchawka, stetoskop
slight [slait] - nieznaczny stick out [-stik 'aut] - wystawać, wystawić na zewnątrz
slow release [-slau ri'li:z] - zwolnione, wolne uwalnianie stiff [stif] - sztywny
smali of the back ['smo:l av óa 'baek] - część lędźwiowa stiffhess ['stifhas] - sztywność
pleców, lędźwie stimulant ['stimjulant] - środek pobudzający
smallpox ['smodpoks] - ospa stimulate ['stimjuleit] - przyspieszać, pobudzać
smear [smia] - rozmaz stimulation [>stimju'le Jan] - pobudzenie, przyspieszenie
smell [smel] (smelt, smelt) - zapach; czuć, wąchać, pachnieć stimulus ['stimjulas], (pl.) stimuli - bodziec
smooth [smu:0] - gładki stirrup ['stirap] - strzemiączko, kość słuchowa
sneeze [sni:z] - kichać stitch [stitJJ - szew; szyć
Snellen chart ['snelan 'tfaft] - tablica Snellena stornach ['stAmak] - żołądek
soft [soft] - miękki, delikatny, łagodny stomatitis [-stauma'taitis] - zapalenie jamy ustnej
sole [saul] - podeszwa stool [stu:l] - stolec
solution [sa'hi Jan] - roztwór stoop [stu:p] - pochylać, garbić się
sooty ['suti] - przydymiony, zakopcony stooping ['stu:piqj - pochylony, zgarbiony
sordes ['so.diz] - nalot na języku, dziąsłach u chorych storę [sto:] - magazynować
gorączkujących strabismus [stra'bizmas] - zez
sore [so:] - ból, rana, owrzodzenie; bolesny straight [streit] - prosty, wyprostowany
sort out [soft 'aut] - rozwiązać (problem) straighten ['streitan] - wyprostować
source [so:s] - źródło strain [strein] - wysiłek; nadwyrężyć, przesilić
spasmodic [spaez'modik] - spazmatyczny strand [straend] - nić, włókno, łańcuch
specialist ['spejalist] - specjalista strange [streinds] - dziwny, niezwykły
specialist hospital [-spejalist 'hospitl] - szpital stratified ['straetifaid] - warstwowy, prążkowany
specjalistyczny stratum ['straetam], (pl.) strata - warstwa
speciality [-speji'aeliti] - specjalność, specjalizacja streak [stri:k] - pasmo, smuga, pręga
specialize ['spajalaiz] - specjalizować się stream [stri:m] - strumień
specimen ['spesimen] - próbka strength [strer|0] - siła
spectacles ['spektaklz] - okulary strengthen ['strer]0an] - wzmocnić
sphere [sfia] - kula stretch [stretj] - naciągnąć, rozciągnąć
spherical ['sferikal] - kulisty, sferyczny stridor ['strido:] - świst krtaniowy, szmer
sphincter ['sfirjkta] - zwieracz stroke [strauk] - udar mózgowy, porażenie, apopleksja
sphygmomanometer [ -sfigmomae 'nomita] structure ['strAktJa] - struktura, budowa
— sfygmomanometr stye [stai] - jęczmień
spinał column ['spainl 'kolam] - kręgosłup subclavian [sAb'kleivian] -podobojczykowy
spinał cord [.spainl 'ko:d] - rdzeń kręgowy subcutaneous [>sAbkju:'teinias] - podskórny
spinał nerves [-spainl 'na:vz] - nerwy kręgowe sublingual [sAb'liixgwal] -podjęzykowy
spine [spain] - kręgosłup, wyrostek ościsty submandibular [>SAbmaen'dibjula] -podżuchwowy
spleen [splim] - śledziona subnormal [sAb'no:mal] - poniżej normy
split [split] - rozdzielić, rozczepić subsequent ['sAbsikwant] - kolejny, następny
sponge [sponds] - gąbka subside [sab'said] - zanikać, ustępować (o chorobie)

substitute ['sAbstitju:t] - zastąpić therapy [’9erapi] - terapia
succeed [sak'si:d] - następować (w kolejności), odnosić thesis [9i:sis], (pl.) theses - teza, praca dyplomowa
powodzenie thigh [9ai] — udo
sufler (from) ['s*fa] - cierpieć (z powodu, na chorobę) thoracic [9o: 'raesik] - piersiowy
sufficient [sa'fijant] - wystarczający thorax ['9o:raeks] - klatka piersiowa
suitable ['sjuńabl] - odpowiedni thread [9red] - nitka •
superficial [-sju:pa'fijal]-powierzchowny threat [9ret] - groźba; grozić
superior [sju: 'piaria] - górny throat [9raut] - gardło
supervise ['sju:pa-vaiz] - doglądać, nadzorować, kierować throbbing ['9robir|J - pulsujący
supervision [-sju:pa'visan] -nodzór, kontrola thrombocyte ['9rombosait] - trombocyt, płytka krwi
supplement ['sAplimant] - dodatek, uzupełnienie thrombocytopenia [-9rombo-saita'pi:nia] -
suppository [sa'pozitari] - czopek, supozytorium małopłytkowość
surface ['sa:fis] - powierzchnia thrombocytosis [-9rombosai'tausis] - trombocytoza,
surgeon ['sa:dsan] - chirurg nadmierna ilość płytek we krwi
surgery ['safari] - chirurgia, gabinet chirurgiczny thrombosis [-9rom'bausis] -zakrzepica, tromboza
surgical procedurę ['sa:dsikal pra'si:dsa] - zabieg thrombus ['Grombas] - skrzeplina
chirurgiczny thumb [9 Am] - kciuk
surround [sa'raund] - otoczyć thyroid gland ['9airoid -glaend] — gruczoł tarczycy
survival [sa'vaivl] - przeżycie tibia ['tibia] - piszczel, kość piszczelowa
survive [sa'vaiv] - przeżyć tight [tait] - ciasny, uciskający
susceptibility [sa-septa'biliti] - podatność tightness ['taitnis] - szczelność, ciasnota *
suspensory [sa'spensari] - opaska podtrzymująca tingling ['tir[glir]J -mrowienie, cierpnięcie
suspicion [sa'spifan] - podejrzenie tinnitus ['tinitas] - szum, brzęczenie w uszach
sustain [sa 'stein] - podtrzymywać, utrzymywać tiny ['taini] - mały
suture [’sju:tja] - szew; szycie _ tired ['taiad] - zmęczony
suture set ['sju:tfa -set] - zestaw narzędzi do zakładania tiresome ['taiasam] - męczący
szwów tissue ['tiju:] - tkanka
swallow ['swolau] - połykać, połknąć toe [tau] - palec u nogi
sweat [swet] - pot; pocić się tolerate ['to lareit] — tolerować, przyswajać lek
swell [swel] (swelled, swollen) - puchnąć, obrzmiewać tomography [ta'mografi] - tomografia, radiografia
swelling ['sweliqj - opuchnięcie, obrzmienie warstwowa
swab [swob] - wacik, gazik tongue [tAf|J - język
swollen ['swaulan] - opuchnięty tongue depressor [-tAQ di-presa] - szpatułka do uciskania
sympathetic [-simpa'9etik] - sympatyczny, współczulny, języka
współczujący tonsil [ -tonsil] - migdał
symptom ['simptam] — objaw tonsillitis [-tonsi'laitis] - zapalenie migdałków
syncope ['sirjkapi] - omdlenie tooth [tu:9], (pl.) teeth - ząb
synthetic [sin'0etik] - syntetyczny torch [to:tf] - latarka
syringe ['sirinds] - strzykawka total ['tautal] - całkowity
syrup ['siarap] - syrop touch [tAtf] - dotyk; dotykać
systemie [sis'temik] - ogólnoustojowy tough [tAf] - mocny, wytrzymały
systolic [sis 'tolik] - skurczowy (o sercu) toxic ['toksik] - trujący, toksyczny
toxicity [tok'sisiti] - toksyczność
T trachea [tra 'kia] - tchawica
tablet [ 'taeblit] - tabletka tracheostomy [-traeki'ostami] - tracheostomia, wytworzenie
tachycardia [-taeki'ka:dia] - częstoskurcz otworu w tchawicy
tachypnoea [-taeki'pnia] - przyspieszony oddech tracing [ 'treisir|J - wykres, kreślenie
task [ta:sk] - zadanie, zajęcie, praca tract [traekt] - układ, przewód
team [ti:m] - zespół, drużyna tranquilizer [-traeqkwi'laiza] - środek uspokajający
tear [tia] - łza transient ['traenziant] - przejściowy
tear [tea] (tore, tom) - rozerwać, rozedrzeć transluminal [-trans'lu:minal] -świecący
technician [tek'nifan] - technik transmit [,traens'mit] - przenieść, przejść
temperaturę ['tempritfa] - temperatura transparent [-traens'paerant] - przeźroczysty
temporal ['temparal] - skroniowy trauma f'tro:ma] - uraz
tendemess ['tendanis] — czułość, nadwrażliwość uciskowa traumatic [tro: 'maetik] - urazowy
tendon ['tendan] - ścięgno treat [tri:t] - leczyć, traktować
tentative ['tentativ] - próbny, wstępny treatment ['trńtmant] - leczenie
terminal ['tarminal] - końcowy treatment room ['trrtmant -ru:m] - pokój zabiegowy
tetanus ['tetanas] - tężec tremble ['trembal] - drżeć
tetralogy of Fallot [ta'traeladsi av 'faelat] - tetralogia tremulous ['tremjulas] - drżący
Fallota tricuspid [trai'kAspid] - trójdzielny
therapeutic [-6era'pju: tik]-terapeutyczny, leczniczy trigger ['triga] - wywołać, wyzwolić (reakcję)

trip over ['trip 'auva] - potknąć się (o coś) vermiform appendix ['va:mifo:m a'pendiks] - wyrostek
trolley [ 'troli] - wózek robaczkowy
trouble [tr*bl] - dolegliwość, kłopot vermin ['va:min] - robactwo, pasożyty
trunk [trAr[k] - tułów, vertebra [’va:tibra], (pl.) vertebrae - kręg
tubę [tju:b] - rura, rurka vessel [’vesal] - naczynie (krwionośne)
tuberculosis [tju-ba:kju'lausis] - gruźlica vestibule ['vestibju:l] - przedsionek
tubule ['tju:bju:l] - cewka, kanalik, przewodzik, rurka vibration [vai'breijan] - drganie, wibracja
tumour ['tjuima] - guz vigorous ['vigaras] - silny, mocny
tympanic cavity [tim paenik 'kaeviti] - jama bębenkowa villus ['vilas], (pl.) villi - kosmek
tympanic membranę [tim'paenik 'membrein] - błona violent [’vaialant] - gwałtowny
bębenkowa viral ['vaiaral] - wirusowy
virus ['vaiaras] - wirus
U visceral ['visaral] - trzewny
ulcer ['Alsa] - wrzód vision ['vi3an] - wzrok
ulna ['Alna] - kość łokciowa visual ['vizjual] - wzrokowy, widzialny, dostrzegalny
ultrasonography [-Altrasa'nograefi]-ultrasonografia visualize [-vizjualaiz] - uwidocznić
ultraviolet [. a Itra' vaialat] - ultrafioletowy vital ['vaitl] - życiowy, żywotny, witalny
unconscious [An'konfas] - nieprzytomny vitreous ['vitrias] - szklisty
unconsciousness [An'konfasnas] - brak przytomności vocal cords [-vaukal 'ko:dz] - struny głosowe
undescended [Andi'sendid] -niezestąpione Gądra) voice [vois] - głos
unequal [An'i:kwal] - nierówny volume ['volju:m] - pojemność, objętość
uneventfiil [-Ani'ventful] - niezakłócony, bez komplikacji voluntary ['volantari] - dobrowolny, nieprzymusowy
unit ['junit] - jednostka vomit ['vomit] - wymiotować
unremarkable [Anri'ma:kabl] - nieznaczny, niezauważalny
unwanted [An'wontid] — niepożądany W
upright ['Aprait] - wyprostowany waist [weist] - pas, talia
upset [Ap'set] -roztrój; zdenerwować, roztroić waiting-room ['weitią -ru:m] -poczekalnia
uraemia [jua'ri:mia] - uremia ward [wo:d] - oddział (szpitalny)
urea [jua'ri:a] - mocznik ward sister ['wo:d -sista] - siostra przełożona
ureter [jua'ri:ta] - moczowód wastes ['weists] — odpadki, wydaliny
urethra [jua'ri:0ra] - cewka moczowa waterproof ['wo:ta -pru:f] - wodoodporny
urethritis [juari: 'Oraitis] - zapalenie cewki moczowej wave [weiv] - fala
urinary [juarinari] - moczowy wax [waeks] - wosk
urine [ juarin] - mocz weary ['wiari] - zmęczony, znużony
urolithiasis [-juaroli'0aiasis] - kamica moczowa weigh [wei] - ważyć
urologist [jua'rolad3ist] - urolog weighing scales ['weiirf •skeilz] - waga
urology [jua'rolad3i] - urologia weight [weit] - ciężar, waga
uterine cervix [-juitarin 'sa:viks] - szyjka macicy wheeze [wi:z] - sapać, charczeć, świstać
uterus [ ju:taras] - macica wheezing ['wi:ziq] - sapanie, charczenie, świsty
white count [.wait 'kaunt] - liczba białych ciałek krwi
V whooping cough ['hu:pir( -kof; -wu:pir[ -kof] - krztusiec
vaccinate ['vaeksineit] - szczepić windpipe ['wind-paip] - tchawica
vaccination [-vaeksi'neijan] - szczepienie wound [wu:nd] - rana; zranić
vagina [va'd3aina] - pochwa wrist [rist] - nadgarstek
vagotomy [va'gotami] - przecięcie nerwu błędnego, wrong [roijj - niewłaściwy, mylny, błędny
wagotomia
vagus ['veigas] - nerw błędny X
valve [vaelv] - zastawka, wentyl X-rays ['eks-reiz] - promienie rentgenowskie
variation [veari'eifan] - zróżnicowanie X-ray Department ['eks-rei di'pa:tmant] - oddział
varicose ['v3erikaus] - żylakowy, żylakowaty radiologiczny
varix ['vaeriks], (pl.) varices - żylak
vary ['veari] - zmieniać, różnić się Y
vasectomy [vae sektami] - wycięcie nasienowodu yield [ji:ld] - wydawać, dostarczyć
vasodilating [.veisaudaia'leitir|J - rozszerzający naczynia
krwionośne Z
vein [vein] — żyła zero [ziarau] - zero
vena cava ['vi:na -ka:va], (pl.) venae cavae - żyła główna
ventral ['ventral] - brzuszny
ventricle ['ventrikl] - komora (serca)
ventricular [-ven'trikjula] -komorowy
venule ['venjul] - żyłka

Dictionary (Polish - English)
A bolesny - painful
alergia - allergy ból - pain, ache
aminokwas - amino acid ból głowy - headache
amputować - amputate ból pleców - backache
anemia - anaemia ból ucha - earache
anestezjolog - anaesthesiologist ból, rana, owrzodzenie - sore
anestezjolog dający narkozę - anaesthetist brakjajeczkowania, anowulacja- anovulation
anestezjologia - anaesthesiology brak łaknienia - anorexia
angiografia - angiography brak miesiączki - amenorrhoea
anormalność - abnormality brak plemników w nasieniu - azoospermia
antybiotyk - antibiotic brak przytomności - unconsciousness
aorta - aorta brak równowagi - imbalance
apetyt - appetite brew - eyebrow
apteka - chemisfs (shop), pharmacy, drugstore broda - chin
apteka szpitalna - dispensary brodawka sutkowa - nipple
aptekarz patrz chemik bronchografia - bronchography
arytmia - arrhythmia brzuch - abdomen, belly
aspiryna - aspirin brzuszny - abdominal
astma - asthma brzuszny (strona) - ventral
atak (bólu) - attack, bout, episode budowa - structure
autonomiczny - autonomie
C
B całkowity - total
badać naukowo - research, investigate, study cecha - feature
badania naukowe - research, investigation, study ceł - aim, purpose
badanie fizykalne - physical examination celować - aim
badanie kontrolne - check up, follow-up cesarskie cięcie - caesarean section
bandaż - bandage cewka moczowa - urethra
bandażować - bandage cewka, kanalik - tubule
bark - shoulder cewnik - catheter
barwić patrz plama charakter - character, type
barwnik - pigment charłactwo (wyniszczenie) - cachexia
barwnik Gram’a, barwienie barwnikiem Gram’a - Gram-stain chemik - chemist
bezbolesny - painless chemioterapia - chemotherapy
bezgorączkowy - afebrile chirurg - surgeon
bezmocz (brak wytwarzania moczu) - anuria chirurg ortopeda - orthopaedic surgeon
bezpieczny - safe chirurgia - surgery
bezpłodność - infertility chirurgia plastyczna - plastic surgery
bezpośredni - immediate, direct choroba - disease, illness, disorder, ailment
bezsenność - insomnia, sleeplessness choroba siatkówki - retinopathy
bębenek - drum choroba zakaźna - communicable disease
białaczka - leukaemia chory - ill, sick
białko - protein chory hospitalizowany - in-patient
biegunka - diarrhoea chory na cukrzycę, cukrzycowy - diabetic
bielizna nocna - nightwear chronić - protect
bilirubinemia (obecność bilirubiny we krwi) - bilirubinaemia chropowaty, szorstki - harsh
biodro - hip chrypka - hoarseness
biopsja (pobranie tkanki do badania) - biopsy chwycić - grasp, seize
biorca - recipient ciało - body
bladość - pallor ciasny, uciskający - tight
blady - pale ciąża - pregnancy
blizna - scar ciecz ustrojowa - humour
bliższy - proximal cierpieć (z powodu, na chorobę) - suffer (from)
błąd - error, mistake, fault cierpliwy patrz pacjent
błona patrz membrana ciężar (waga) - weight
błona bębenkowa - eardrum, tympanic membranę ciężarna (w ciąży) - pregnant
błonica - diphtheria ciężki stan, wyczerpanie - distress
błysk światła - flash ciśnienie - pressure
boczny - lateral cooperate- współpracować
bodziec - stimulus, (pl.) stimuli cukrzyca - diabetes
boleć - ache, hurt (hurt, hurt) cysta, torbiel - cyst
bolesne lub trudne oddawanie moczu - dysuria cytoplazma - cytoplasm

cytotoksyczny - cytotoxic drganie - vibration
czaszka - cranium, skuli droga oddechowa - airway
czaszkowy - cranial droga, ścieżka - pathway
cząsteczka - particie drożny - patent
czerniak - melanoma drżący - tremulous, shivering
częstoskurcz - tachycardia drżeć - tremble, shiver
częstotliwość, pędkość - ratę drżenie włókienkowe mięśnia prążkowanego - fibrillation
część lędźwiowa pleców - smali of the back dusznica bolesna - angina pectoris
czoło - forehead duszności - dyspnoea, difficulty with breathing
czopek - suppository dwudzielny (o zastawce) - bicuspid
czucie, wrażenie - sensation, feeling dwunastnica - duodenum
czujny, uważny - alert dwutlenek węgla - carbon dioxide
czułość - tęndemess, sensitivity dychawica świszcząca - roaring
czynnik - factor dyscyplina - discipline
czynnik zapobiegawczy, profilakyczny - prophylactic agent dyskoidalny - discoid
czyrak mnogi - furuncle dystalny (dalszy) - distal
dyżur patrz obowiązek
D działać - act, work
dalekowzroczność - hypermetropia działać aktywniej (wzmóc działanie) - potentiate, intensify
dawca - donor działanie uboczne - side-effect, adverse effect
dawka - dose dziąsło - gum, gingiva
dawkować - dose dziedziczny - inherited
dawkowanie - dosage dziedzina - discipline, branch, field
defibrylacja (przerwanie migotania komór) - defibrillation dzielić, podzielić - divide, separate
deformacja - deformity dziwny* niezwykły - strange, unusual
degeneracja - degeneration
delikatny - gentle, tender E
demencja - dementia echokardiogram - echocardiogram
dendryt - dendrite egzaminować - examine
dermatolog - dermatologist elektrodiadermia - electrodiathermy
dermatologia - dermatology elektroencefalogram - electroencephalogram (EEG)
dezynfekować - disinfect elektrokardiogram - electrocardiogram (ECG)
diagnoza - diagnosis elektrolit - electrolyte
diatermia (leczenie ciepłem) - diathermy emocja - emotion
dietetyk - dietician endemiczny - endemic
dłoń - palm endolimfa - endolymph
długotrwały (przewlekły) - chronic, long-lasting enzym - enzyme
dhigowzroczność - long-sightedness epilepsja - epilepsy
dobrowolny, nieprzymusowy - voluntary epileptyk, epileptyczny - epileptic
dodatek - addition, supplement, appendix erytrocyt (czerwona krwinka) - erythrocyte
dodatkowy, pomocniczy - accessory, supplementory esica - sigmoid
doglądać, nadzorować - supervise estrogen - estrogen (oestrogen)
dokładny - accurate, precise
dokonywać - perform, carry out F
dolegliwość, kłopot - trouble, complaint fala - wave
domięśniowy - intramuscular fałd- fold
dooponowy - intrathecal fałda, zakładka, zagięcie - crease
dorosły - adult, grown-up fałdować patrz fałd
dostarczyć - provide, supply farmaceuta - pharmacist
dostawowy - intra-articular farmacja - pharmacy
dostęp - access fizjoterapeuta - physiotherapist
dostosować - fit flegma - phlegm
dostosowany - fitting, suitable fluoroscopy - fluoroskopia
doświadczać - experience fotokoagulacja - photocoagulation
doświadczenie - experience, experiment funkcja - function, role
dotyk; dotykać - touch
dożylny - intravenous G
drapać - scratch gabinet lekarski - surgery (doctor’s surgery)
drażliwość - irritability gabinet przyjęć lekarskich - consulting room
drenaż (sączkowanie) - drainage galaretowaty - jelly-like
dreszcze - chills gałka oczna - eyeball
dręczący, męczący (ból) - agonizing gardło - pharynx, throat

gaza - gauze izolować - insulate, isolate
gąbka - sponge
geriatra - geriatrician J
gęstość - density, consistency jajnik - ovary
geriatria - geriatrics jajowód - Fallopian tubę
giętki, elastyczny - flexible jakość - ąuality
ginekolog - gynaecologist jama - cavity
ginekologia - gynaecology jama bębenkowa - tympanic cavity
gips chirurgiczny - plaster (of Paris) jamisty, zatokowy - lacunar
gliceryna - glycerin jaskra - glaucoma
gładki - smooth jatrogenny (spowodowany przez lekarza) - iatrogenic
głowa - head jawny (odgłos opukowy) - resonant
głuchy - deaf jawny (widoczny) - apparent, obvious, evident
gorączka - fever, pyrexia jądro - nucleus, (pl.) nuclei
gorączkowy - febrile, pyretic jądrzasty - nucleated
gorączkujący - feverish jednakowy - identical, equal
gościec przewlekły patrz reumatoidalne zapalenie stawów jednostka - unit
górny - superior jelito - bowel, intestine, gut
granulka, ziarnistość - granule jelito czcze - jejunum
granulocyt eozynochłonny - eosinophil jelito ślepe - caecum
granulocyt (dojrzały leukocyt) - granulocyte jelito ślepe (krętnica) - ileum
gruby - fat, obese, overweight jęczmień - stye
gruczolakorak - adenocarcinoma język - tongue
gruczoł - gland, node
gruczoł łojowy - sebaceous gland K
gruczoł łzowy - lacrimal gland kaleka patrz ułomny
gruczoł mleczny - mammary gland kał - faeces, stool
gruczoł potowy - sweat gland kamica moczowa - urolithiasis
gruczoł tarczycy - thyroid gland kamień - calculus, (pl.) calculi
gruźlica - tuberculosis kanał - canal
grypa - fiu, influenza kapsułka - capsule
gryzący (ból) - gnawing karetka pogotowia - ambulance
grzbietowy - dorsal karmić - feed (fed, fed)
grzybica skóry - dermatomycosis karta chorobowa (temperaturowa) - chart, card
grzyby - fungi (pl.), (sing.) fungus kaszel - cough, coughing
guchota - deafhess kaszel urywany, szczekający - hacking cough
guz Wilmsa - nephroblastoma kaszel z odpluwaniem, mokry kaszel - productive cough
guz - tumour kaszleć - cough
guzek - lump, nodule katar - rhinitis, catarrh, runny nose
gwałtowny - rapid, violent katar sienny - hay fever
gwiaździak - astrocytoma katgut - catgut
kciuk - thumb
H keratynizacja (rogowacenie) - keratinization
hemodializa - haemodialysis kęs - bolus
hemoglobina - haemoglobin kichać - sneeze
hiperglikemia (nadmiar cukru we krwi) - hyperglycaemia kielich - calyx
hipoplastyczny - hypoplastic kierować, skierować - direct, refer
histerektomia - hysterectomy klatka piersiowa - chest, thorax
hodować bakterie - culture kleszcze - forceps
hodowla - culture kleszczyki do preparowania - dissecting forceps
kłębuszek nerkowy - glomerulus, (pl.) glomeruli
I kłujący (ból) - prickling, stabbing
identyfikować - identify kobieta (żeński) - female
igła - needle kolano - knee
ilość - amount, quantity kolejny - consecutive, subsequent
infekcja - infection kolka, kolkowy (ból) - colic
insulina - insulin koloidalny - jelly-like
intencja - intention kolposkopia - colposcopy
intensywny - intense komora - chamber
interna - intemal medicine komora (serca) - ventricle
intubacja dotchawicza - endotracheal intubation komorowy - ventricular
iść w górę (wznosić się) - ascend, elevate komórka - celi

komórka jajowa (jajeczko) - ovum, (pl.) ova leczenie - treatment, therapy, cure
konizacja (wycięcie stożka tkanki z szyjki macicy) leczenie w szpitalu (hospitalizacja) - hospitalization
- conization leczniczy - therapeutic
konsystencja - consistency leczyć - treat, cure
końcowy - finał, terminal lek moczopędny - diuretic
kończyna - limb, extremity lekarstwo - drug, medicine, medicament, remedy
kora - cortex lekarstwo do ssania - linctus
korowy - cortical lekarz - physician, practitioner
korzeń - root lekarz ogólny - generał practitioner
kosmek - villus, (pl.) villi lek blokujący (bloker) receptor adrenergiczny - beta-blocker
kostka słuchowa - auditory bonę lekki - light, mild
kostka u nogi - ankle letarg - lethargy
kostka u ręki - knuckle leukocyt (krwinka biała) - leukocyte
kostka (kosteczka) - ossicle leukocyt zasadochłonny - basophil
kość - bonę leukocytoza (zwiększona liczba białych krwinek we krwi) -
kość krzyżowa - sacrum leukocytosis
kość łokciowa - ulna leżanka, kozetka - couch
kość promieniowa - radius lędźwie - loin, the smali of the back
kość ramienna - humerus lędźwiowy - lumbar
kość strzałkowa - fibula liczba białych ciałek krwi - white count
kość udowa - femur liczba czerwonych krwinek - red count
kowadełko (kostka słuchowa) - anvil liczyć - count
krawędź - edge limfa, limfatyczny - lymph
krążenie - circulation lipaza - lipase
krążeniowy- circulatory ludzki - human
krew - blood luźny - loose
krewny - relative
kręg - vertebra, (pl.) vertebrae Ł
kręgosłup - spinał column, spine łagodny (nowotwór, choroba) - benign (neoplasm, tumour),
kriochirurgia (użycie zimna) - cryosurgery mild
krioterapia (leczenie zimnem) - cryotherapy łamliwy, kruchy - brittle, fragile
kropla - drop łata - patch
krótkowzroczność - myopia, short-sightedness łączny - connective
krtań - larynx łączyć - connect, join
kruchy, łamliwy - fragile łokieć - elbow
kruszenie kamieni - lithotripsy łopatka - scapula
krwawić - bleed (bied, bied) łój skórny - sebum
krwawienie z nosa - epistaxis łuszczący się - squamous
krwiak - haematoma łuszczyca - psoriasis
krwinka biała obojętnochłonna - neutrophil łydka - calf, leg
krwinka - corpuscle łza - tear
krwiomocz - haematuria
krwioplucie - haematemesis, haemoptysis M
krwotok - haemorrhage macica - uterus
krzepnąć - ciot magazynować - storę
krzepnięcie - clotting, coagulation mający dreszcze - shivery
krztusiec - whooping cough mający/cierpiący z powodu mdłości - nauseated
kula - sphere małopłytkowość - thrombocytopenia
kuleć - limp małżowina uszna - pinna, auricle
kulisty - spherical martwica - necrosis
kurcz, skurcz - cramp martwy - dead
kurczyć (się) - contract, constrict masaż - massage
kurs, przebieg - course masowe badania populacji (skrining) - screening
kwalifikować - qualify masywny (duży) - gross, massive
kwas chlorowodorowy - hydrochloric acid maść - ointment
kwas tłuszczowy - fatty acid mechanizm - mechanism
medycyna - medicine
L medycyna zachowawcza - preventive medicine
labirynt - labyrinth melanina - melanin
laboratorium - laboratory (lab.) membrana - membranę
laryngolog - otolaryngologist meningokowe zapalenie opon mózgowo-rdzenowych -
latarka - torch meningococcal meningitis

menopauza- menopause nadgarstek - wrist
metoda - method nadmierna diureza nocna (zbyt częste oddawanie moczu w
męczący - tiresome nocy) - nocturia
mężczyzna, męski - małe nadmierne pragnienie - polydipsia
miara - measure nadmierny - excessive
miazga pokarmowa - chyme nadnerczowy - adrenal
miażdżący - crushing nadreaktywność - hyperreactivity, hyperresponsiveness
miażdżyca tętnic - atherosclerosis nadwrażliwość - hypersensitivity
mieć dreszcze - shiver nadwrażliwość uciskowa - tendemess
mieć rumieńce - flushed nadwrażliwy - hypersensitive
miednica - pelvis nadzór, kontrola - supervision
miednicowy - pelvic nadżerka - erosion
miejsce - site, spot nagłośnia - epiglottis
mielina - myelin nagły - abrupt, sudden
mierzyć - measure nagły przypadek - emergency
miesiączka - menses, period nalot na języku - fur, sordes
mieszać - mix, stir napromieniowanie - irradiation, radiattion
mieszanka - mixture narodziny dziecka - childbirth, dełivery, labour
międzyżebrowy - intercostal nasienie, sperma - semen, sperm
mięsień - muscle naskórek - epidermis
mięsień sercowy - myocardium natrętny - compulsive, persistent
mięśniowy - muscular natychmiastowy - immediate
migdał - tonsil nauka o chorobach ucha, nosa, krtani - otolaryngology
migrena - migraine nawracać - recur
mimowolny (niezależny) - involuntary nawrotowy (nawracający) - recurring
mitralny (zastawka) - mitral nawrót choroby - rełapse, recurrence
młodszy (rangą) - junior nefron - nephron
młodzieniec - adolescent nefropatia (choroba nerek) - nephropathy
młodzieńczy - juvenile nerka - kidney
młoteczek (kostka słuchowa) - hammer nerkowy - renal
mniejszy, lżejszy - minor nerw - nerve
mocno - firmly, strong nerw błędny - vagus
mocny - tough, firm, strong nerw wzrokowy - optic nerve
mocz - urine nerwica - neurosis
mocznik - urea nerwowy - nervous
moczowód - ureter neuron - neuron
moczowy - urinary neuropatia (choroba układu nerwowego) - neuropathy
morfina - morphine neuropsychiatryczny - neuropsychiatric
morfologia krwi - complete blood count nić, włókno - strand, fibrę
most (anat.) - pons niedobór - deficiency, insufficiency
mostek - stemum niedociśnienie - hypotension
mózg - brain, cerebrum niedocukrzenie krwi - hypoglycaemia
mózgowo-rdzeniowy - cerebro-spinał niedokrwienie - ischaemia
mózgowy - cerebral niedomoga (wada) serca - cardiac failure
móżdżek - cerebellum niedorozwinięty patrz hipoplastyczny
mrowienie (cierpnięcie) - tingling niedorozwój (cofnięcie w rozwoju) - retardation
mums (świnka) - mumps niedowład (porażenie postępujące) - paresis
niedożywienie - malnutrition
N nieistotny - insignificant, unremarkable
nabłonek - epithelium niemowlę, dziecko do 2 lat - baby, infant
nabyty - acąuired nieorganiczny - inorganic
naciągnąć - stretch niepokoić, kłopotać - bother, disturb, trouble
naciek - infiltration niepokój - anxiety, restlessness
nacięcie błony bębenkowej - myringotomy niepożądany - unwanted
nacięcie dwunastnicy - duodenotomy nieprawidłowość patrz anormalność
nacięcie mostka - stemotomy nieprzejrzysty - opaque
nacięcie - incision nieprzepuszczalny - impermeable
naczynie (krwionośne) - vessel nieprzepuszczalny dla promieni Rtg. - radiopaque
naczynie włosowate - capillary nieprzeźroczystość - opacity
naczyniówka oka - choroid nieprzytomny - unconscious
nadbrzusze - epigastrium nieregularny - irregular
nadciśnienie - hypertension nierówny - unequal

niespokojny - restless, anxious odpowiedni - adeąuate, suitable, appropriate, proper, relevant
nietrzymanie (moczu) - incontinence odpowiedzialny (za) - responsible (for)
niewłaściwe wchłanianie - malabsorption odra - measles
niewydolność - failure odruch - jerk, reflex
niewygoda, złe samopoczucie - discomfort odruch ścięgna Achillesa - ankle jerk
niezakłócony - uneventful odrzucenie - rejection
niezestąpione (jądra) - undescended odwarstwienie się (odklejenie) - detachment
nieznaczny - slight odwirować - centrifuge
nieznaczny - unremarkable odwodniony - dehydrated
nieżyt nosa (katar) - rhinitis odwracalny - reversible
nieżyt żołądka (zapalenie żołądka) - gastritis odźwiemik - pylorus
nitrogliceryna - nitroglycerin odżywczy (dotyczący odżywiania) - nutritional
nosowy - nasal odżywiać - nourish
noworodek - neonate, newbom odżywianie - nourishment
noworodkowy - neonatal oglądanie patrz badanie
nowotworowy - neoplastic ognisko miażdżycowe - atheroma
nowotwór - neoplasm, carcinoma, tumour ogonowy - caudal
nożyczki - scissors ogólnoustojowy - systemie
nudności (mdłości) - nausea ograniczyć - restrict, limit
oko - eye
O okres - period
obcy - foreign, alien okresowy - periodical
obecność bilirubiny w moczu - bilirubinuria określać (ustalać) - determine
objaw - symptom okrężnica - colon
obniżyć patrz zmniejszyć okulary - glasses, spectacles
obowiązek - duty okulista - ophthalmologist
obręcz - girdle okulistyczny (oczny) - ophthalmic
obrona (mięśniowa) - guarding okulistyka, oftalmologia - ophthalmology
obronny - defensive, immune omany (złudzenie) - delusion
obrzęk - oedema omdlenie - fainting, syncope
obrzękły - oedematous opaska podtrzymująca - suspensory
obwodowy - peripheral opatrunek - dressing
ocena (oszacowanie) - assessment, evaluation operacja - operation
oceniać (oszacować) - assess, evaluate, estimate operować - operate
ochrona - protection opieka - care
ochronny, obronny - protective, immune opiekować się - care, take care, look after
oczekiwać - expect opłucna - pleura
oczodół - eye-socket oponiak - meningioma
oczyścić (przemyć) - cleanse opony - meninges
odbicie - reflection opryszczka - herpes
odbijanie - belching opuchnięcie - swelling
odbyt - anus opuchnięty - swollen
odbytnica - rectum opukiwanie - percussion
odbytniczy - rectal organ - organ
oddech - breath ortopedia - orthopaedics
oddechowy - respiratory osad - sediment, deposit
oddychać - breathe osiągnąć - achieve, reach
oddychanie - breathing, respiration osierdzie - epicardium, pericardium
oddział (szpitalny) - ward osiowy - axial
oddział położniczy - matemity unit oskrzele - bronchus, (pl.) bronchi
oddział radiologiczny - X-ray department oskrzelik - bronchiole, (pl.) bronchioli
oddział wewnętrzny - medical ward osłabienie odporności - immune deficiency
odgałęzienie - branch oshichiwanie (auskultacja) - auscultation
odkażać patrz dezynfekować osobnik - individual, subject
odkryć (ujawnić) - reveal, discover, show ospa - smallpox
odkrztuszać - expectorate, cough up, bring up ospa wietrzna - chicken-pox
odmiedniczkowe zapalenie nerek - pyelonephritis ospałość patrz senność
odnosić się - relate (to), refer (to) osteoporoza - osteoporosis
odpadki (pozostałości) - debris, wastes ostry - acute, severe
odporność - resistance, immunity otarcie skóry - excoriation
odporny - immune, resistant, defensive otoczenie, środowisko - environment
odpowiadać - correspond otoczyć - surround

otrzewna - peritoneum plaga - plague
otwarcie jamy brzusznej (laparotomia) - laparotomy plama - blotch, stain
otwór - foramen, (pl.) foramina, opening plamić - blotch, stain
otyłość - obesity plamka żółta - macula
otyły - obese plastyka naczynia - angioplasty
owalny - ovoid plazma, osocze - plasma
owłosiona skóra głowy - scalp plwocina - sputum
owrzodzenie trawienne - peptic ulceration płaski - fiat
płat skóry - flap
P płat uszny - lobe
pacha - armpit, axilla płeć - sex
pachowy - axillary płodny - fertile
pachwina - groin płód - fetus
pacjent - patient płucny - pulmonary
pacjent ambulatoryjny - out-patient płuco - lung
palący - buming płukać - irrigate, cleanse
palec - finger płukanie, przemywanie - lavage, irrigation
palec u nogi - toe płyn - fluid, liquid
paliatywny (łagodzący objawy) - palliative płytka - plaque
palpacja - palpation płytka krwi - platelet
papka barowa podawana do połknięcia - barium meal płytki - shallow
paranoja (obłęd) - paranoia pobudliwy, drażliwy - irritable
parestezja (czucie opaczne) - paraesthesia pobudzać - stimulate, agitate
parować - evaporate pobudzenie - stimulation
parowanie - evaporation pobudzić patrz pobudzać
pas - waist pocenie się - perspiration, sweating
pasmo - streak pochłaniać patrz wchłaniać
pasożyt - parasite pochodzenie - origin
pasta - pastę pochwa - vagina
pastylka do ssania - lozenge pochylać - stoop, bend, lean
patologia - pathology pochylony - stooping, bent, leaned
paznokieć - nail pocić się - sweat, perspire
pediatra - paediatrician początkowy (wstępny) - initial
pediatria - paediatrics począć, zapłodnić - conceive, fertilize
pediatryczny - paediatric początek - onset, origin
penicylina - penicillin poczekalnia - waiting-room
perilimfa - perilymph poczęcie, zapłodnienie - conception
personel - staff podatność - susceptibility
perystaltyka (ruch robaczkowy) - peristalsis podawać lek - administer
pęcherz - blister podawanie leku - administration
pęcherz moczowy - bladder podbródek - chin
pęcherzyk - alveolus, (pl.) alveoli, sac podeszwa - sole
pęcherzyk płucny - alveolus, air sac podjęzykowy - sublingual
pęcherzyk żółciowy - gallbladder podkładka - pad
pęczek (wiązka) - bundle podniecenie - excitement
pęk (skupisko) - cluster podniecony - excited
pękać - crack, burst podnosić, wznosić - elevate, lift, raise, increase
pęknięcie - crack podobojczykowy - subclavian
pępek - navel podrażnienie - irritation
pieczenie w przełyku- heartbum podskórny - subcutaneous
piekący patrz palący podstawa - base, basis, basement
piekący ból (kauzalgia) - causalgia podstawowy - primary, basie
pielęgniarka - nurse podtrzymuwać - sustain, support
pielografia (radiografia miedniczek nerkowych) podwyższony poziom lipidów we krwi - hyperlipidemia
- pyelography podwyższony poziom wapnia we krwi - hypercalcemia
pień mózgowy - brain stem podżuchwowy - submandibular
piersiowy - thoracic pogorszenie się - deterioration, aggravation, exacerbation,
pierś - breast worsening
pięść - fist pogorszyć się - aggravate, deteriorate, exacerbate, worsen
pigułka - pili pogotowie ratunkowe - casualty department, emergency
piszczel, kość piszczelowa - tibia department
piżama - pyjamas pojemność, objętość - volume

pokój zabiegowy - treatment room transient
pokrzywka - hives próba - attempt, trial
polepszyć, ulepszyć - improve, get better próbka - sample, specimen
policzek - cheek próbny - tentative
policzkowy - buccal przebicie - puncture
polipowacenie - polyposis przebić - perforate
połączenie - connection, joining, junction przecięcie nerwu błędnego (wagotomia) - vagotomy
połączyć, skojarzyć - connect, join, associate przeciwciało - antibody
połowiczy niedowład - hemiparesis przeciwskazać - contraindicate
położnictwo - obstetrics przedni - anterior
położnik - obstetrician przedramię - forearm
pomoc - aid, help przedsionek - atrium, auricle, vestibule
pomoc, asysta - assistance przeglądać (dokonywać przeglądu, wykonywać scyntygrafię)
pomocniczy, wspomagający - adjunctive - scan
pomocnik, asystent - assistant przegroda - septum, (pl) septa
pompa - pump przejściowy - transient, temporary
pompować - pump przekrwiony, zastoinowy - congestive
poniżej normy - subnormal przełyk - oesophagus
popełnić samobójstwo - commit suicide przemęczyć się - overdo
poprzedni - previous, prior przemieszczony - ectopic (pregnancy), dislocated
porażenie (udar) - stroke przepona - diaphragm
porażenie mózgowe, paraliż - cerebral palsy przepuklina - hemia
poronienie - miscarriage, abortion przerost (powiększenie) - hypertrophy, enlargement
porowaty - porous przerwać, wstrzymać - cease, withhold, withdraw
poród - labour, delivery, childbirth przerwanie - rupture, withdrawal
postęp - progress przerywany (występujący z przerwami) - intermittent
postępujący - progressive przerzut nowotworu - metastasis, (pl.) metastases
postrzeganie, percepcja - perception przeszczep - graft, transplant
pośladek - buttock przeważać - predominate
pot patrz pocić się przewodzik patrz cewka
potrząsać - shake przewód słuchowy - auditory meatus
potwierdzić - confirm przewód żółciowy - biliary tract
poważny - serious, severe przewód - duet
powieka - eyelid przezskómy - percutaneous
powierzchnia - surface, area przeźroczysty - transparent
powierzchowny - superficial przeżycie - survival
powiększenie - enlargement przeżyć - survive
powiększenie wątroby - hepatomegaly przychodnia, ambulatorium - out-patients ’ department
powiększyć - enlarge, increase przyczyna - cause, reason
powikłanie (komplikacja) - complication przyczynkowy, przyczyniający się - contributory
powodować kalectwo - disable przydatek - appendage
powracać patrz nawracać przygnębiony - depressed, upset
powracać do zdrowia (rekonwalescencja) - recover, przyjęcie - admission
convalesce przykuty do łóżka - bedridden
powstrzymywać się (od czegoś) - abstain (from), przylepiec, plaster - adhesive tape
refrain (from) przyspieszać - accelerate, stimulate
poziom - level przyspieszony oddech - tachypnoea
pozostały patrz szczątkowy przytarczyczny - parathyroid
pozwolić - permit, enable, allow przytomność - consciousness
półkolisty - semispherical przytomny - conscious
półkula - hemisphere przyuszny - parotid
półstały - semi-solid przywspółczulny - parasympathetic
prawidłowość - regularity psychiatra - psychiatrist
prędkość opadania krwinek (O.B.) - erythrocyte psychiatria - psychiatry
sedimentation ratę psychiatryczny - psychiatrie
proces - process psychiczny - psychological
produkt - product psychologia - psychology
promienie rentgenowskie - X-rays psychotyczny - psychotic
promieniować - radiate psychoza (choroba umysłowa) - psychosis
promień - radius, ray puchnąć, obrzmiewać - swell (swelled, swollen)
proteza zębowa - denture puder (zasypka) - powder
prowizoryczny, tymczasowy - provisional, temporary, pulsujący - throbbing

pusty - hollow rozważanie - consideration (take into consideration - wziąć,
pyłek kwiatowy - pollen brać coś pod rozwagę)
R rozwiązać (problem) - sort out, solve
radiografia naczyń krwionośnych patrz angiografia rozwinąć - develop
radiolog - radiologist równoczesny - concomitant, simultaneous
radiologia - radiology równoległy - parallel
rak (nowotwór) - carcinoma, cancer równowaga - balance, eąuilibrium
ramienny - brachial równoważyć - equalize
ramię - arm równy - equal
rana - injury, wound różnicowy - differential
ratować - save, rescue różnić się - vary, differ
rdzeń kręgowy - spinał cord różyczka - German measles, rubella
rdzeń przedłużony - medulla oblongata rtęć - mercury
reagować na bodziec - respond (to), react ruchliwość - mobility
reakcja - reaction, response rumienić się - flush
reanimacja - resuscitation rumieniec - flush
recepta - prescription rumień - erythema
redukować - reduce, diminish, decrease rura - tubę
regulacja - regulation rurka - tubule
regularny - regular rutyna - routine
rehabilitacja - rehabilitation rytm - rhythm
rejestr - register rzadkoskurcz serca (bradykardia) - bradycardia
rejestrować - register, record rzepka - patella
reproduktywny - reproductive rzeżączka - gonorrhea
resekcja - resection rzęsa (powiekowa) - eyelash
retinopatia - retinopathy rzężenia - rales (pl.), rhonchi (pi.), (sing.) rhonchus
reumatoidalne zapalenie stawów - rheumatoid arthritis rzężenia drobnobańkowe - fine rales
reumatyzm - rheumatism rzężenie grubobańkowe - coarse rales
ręka - hand, arm rzężenia wilgotne - moist rales
robactwo - vermin
rogówka - comea S
rokowanie - prognosis sala operacyjna - operating theatre, operating room
rola - role, fimction sala pooperacyjna - recovery room
ropa - pus sala, w której przgotowuje się pacjenta do operacji
ropień - abscess - preparation room
ropny - purulent sapać, świstać - wheeze
rozciągać, rozprzestrzeniać - extend sapanie, świstanie - wheezing
rozczepić patrz rozdzielić schizofrenia - schizophrenia
rozcinanie (preparowanie) - dissection schodzić - descend
rozdarcie, otarcie - laceration schylać się - bend (bent, bent)
rozdzielić - split, separate senność - drowsiness, sleepiness
rozdzierający (ból) - excruciating seny, ospały - drowsy, sleepy
rozedma płuc - emphysema serce - heart
rozerwać, rozedrzeć - tear (tore, tom) sercowonaczyniowy - cardiovascular
rozkurczowy - diastolic sercowy - cardiac
rozluźnić, odprężyć - relax siatkówka - retina
rozluźnienie, odprężenie - relaxation siedzący (o trybie życia, pracy) - sedentary
rozmaz - smear silny, mocny - strong, vigorous, powerful, severe
rozmnażanie - multiplication, propagation, reproduction siła - force, strength, power
rozpoznać - diagnose, recognize siniak - bruise
rozpraszać, rozlewać - diffuse sinica - cyanosis
rozproszenie - diffusion siniczy - cyanotic
rozprzestrzeniać - spread skalpel - scalpel
rozprzestrzenienie - spread skanowanie - scanning
rozpuścić - dissolve skarga, dolegliwość - complaint
rozrodczy patrz reproduktywny skarżyć się - complain (of)
rozszerzający naczynia krwionośne - vasodilating skaza moczanowa - gout
rozszerzenie - distension, dilation, widening skażenie, zanieczyszczenie - pollution
rozszerzony - dilated, widened skierować (na badania do specjalisty) - refer
roztrój - upset składać się - consist (of)
roztwór - solution składany - collapsible, folded
rozważać - consider składnik - constituent, component, ingredient

skorupa, strup - crust suchy - dry
skośny - oblique suchy (kaszel) - dry, hacking, nonproductive (cough)
skóra - skin suma, ilość - amount, ąuantity
skóra właściwa (warstwa skóry) - dermis surowica - serum
skręcić patrz zwichnąć swędzieć - itch
skrobia - starch sympatyczny, współczulny - sympathetic
skroniowy - temporal syntetyczny - synthetic
skroń - tempie syrop - syrup
skrzep - ciot szafka - cabinet, cupboard
skrzeplina - thrombus szczawian - oxalate
skupiać, ogniskować - focus, concentrate szczątkowy - residual, remaining
skurcz patrz skurczenie szczelina, pęknięcie - fissure
skurcz oskrzeli - bronchospasm, bronchoconstriction szczelny, ciasny - tight
skurczenie - contraction, constriction, narrowing szczepić - vaccinate
skurczowy (o sercu) - systolic szczepienie - vaccination
skuteczny - effective szczyt - apex, top
skutek - effect szczytowy - apical
słuchawka (stetoskop) - stethoscope szew, szycie - suture, stitch
słuchowy - acoustic szkarlatyna - scarlet fever
słyszenie, słuch - hearing szklisty - vitreous
smołowate, krwawe stolce - melaena szkoda, uszkodzenie - damage
soczewka - lens szkodliwy - harmful
spaść - fali (fell, fallen) szmer - murmur
spazmatyczny - spasmodic szmer naczyniowy - bruit
specjalista - specialist szpatułka do uciskania języka - tongue depressor
specjalizować się - specialize szpik kostny - bonę marrow
spejalność, specjalizacja - speciality szpital - hospital
spojówka - conjunctiva szpital ogólny - generał hospital
spontaniczny (samoistny) - spontaneous szpital specjalistyczny - specialist hospital
sposób - modę, method sztuczny - artificial
spowodować - cause, bring about sztuka, - art, skill
spożyć (przyjmować pokarm) - ingest sztywność - rigidity, stiffhess
sprawdzać, kontrolować - check sztywny - rigid, stiff
sprawozdanie - report szum (brzęczenie w uszach) - tinnitus, buzzing
stały, równomierny - chronic, constant, continuous, persistent, szybki, prędki - rapid, quick
steady, stable szyja - neck, cervix
stan umysłowy - mental State szyjka macicy - uterine cervix
stan, warunek - condition, State szyjny - carotid, cervical
starszy (rangą) - senior
staw (anat.) - articulation, joint Ś
sterylizować - sterilize ścienny - parietal
sterylny - sterile ścięgno - tendon
stolec - stool, faeces ściskać, wyciskać - grip, squeeze
stopa - foot, (pl.) feet ściskający (ból) - gripping
stopień - degree, grade śledziona - spleen
stopniowy - gradual ślimak (część ucha) - cochlea
stosować - apply, use ślina - saliva
stożek (czopek siatkówki) - cone ślinianka (gruczoł ślinowy) - salivary gland
strącenie (osadzanie się) - deposition, precipitation śluz - mucus
strona, bok - side śluzopodobny, śluzowaty - mucoid, mucous
struktura, budowa - structure śluzowo-ropny - mucopurulent
strumień - stream śluzowy - mucous
struny głosowe - vocal cords . śluzówka (błona śluzowa) - mucosa
strzałka, kość strzałkowa - fibula śmierć - death
strzelający, strzykający (ból) - shooting śmiertelny - fatal, deadly, mortal
strzemiączko (kość słuchowa) - stirrup śpiączka - coma
strzykawka - syringe średni - average, mean, moderate
strzykawka jednorazowego użytku - disposable syringe średnica - diameter
stwardnienie rozsiane - multiple sclerosis środek antykoncepcyjny - contraceptive
stwardnienie tętnic - arteriosclerosis środek dezynfekujący - disinfectant
stworzyć, utworzyć - create, form, construct środek nasenny - hypnotic
substancja podstawowa - matrix środek pobudzający - stimulant
124 Englishfor Medical Students and Doctors - 1 - E. Donescłi-Jeżo

środek przeciwalergiczny - antiallergic trwanie - duration
środek przeciwbólowy - analgesic trząść - shiver, shake
środek przeciwgorączkowy - antipyretic trzeszczenie (krepitacja) - crepitation
środek przeczyszczający - aperient, laxative trzewny - visceral
środek uspokajający - sedative, tranąuillizer trzustka - pancreas
środek wspomagający - adjuvant tułów - trunk
środek znieczulający - anaesthetic twardówka - selera, sclerotic
środek zobojętniający kwasy- antacid twardy - firm, hard, stiff
środkowy - medial, median twarz - face
śródskómy - intradermal twarzowy - facial
świadomy - aware (of), conscious tylny - posterior
światło przewodu - lumen
świecący - transluminal U
świerzb - scabies ubezpieczenie - insurance
świeży - fresh ucho - ear
świst krtaniowy, szmer - stridor, wheeze udar mózgowy patrz porażenie
świstać - wheeze uderzenie serca - heart beat
świstanie - wheezing udo - thigh
świszczący (odgłos opukowy) - sibilant układ, przewód - system, tract
ukłucie - prick
T uleczalny - curable
tabletka - tablet ulokowanie (umiejscowienie) - location, situation
talia patrz pas ultrafioletowy - ultraviolet
tablica Snellena - Snellen chart ultrasonografia - ultrasonography
tchawica - trachea, windpipe ułatwiać - facilitate
technik - technician ułatwienie, udogodnię - facility
technik radiograf - radiographer ułomny - disabled, handicapped, invalid
terapeuta zajęciowy - occupational therapist umiejętność patrz sztuka
terapeutyczny - therapeutic umieścić - set up, put, locate
terapia - therapy, treatment umówiony termin (zamówiona wizyta) - appointment
tetralogia Fallota - Fallofs tetralogy umywalnia, toaleta - lavatory, toilet, bathroom
teza, praca dyplomowa - thesis, (pl.) theses unasiennienie, zaplemnienie - insemination
tęczówka - iris uniknąć - avoid
tępy - duli, blunt uodpornić - immunize, vaccinate
tętniak - aneurysm upławy - leukorrhoea
tętnica - artery uporczywy - persistent, chronic, long-lasting
tętniczka - arteriole upośledzenie - handicap, disability
tętno - pulse uraz - trauma
tężec - tetanus urazowy - traumatic
tkanka - tissue uremia - uraemia
tkanka chrzęstna, chrząstka - cartilage urolog - urologist
tlen - oxygen urologia - urology
tłuszcz - fat uskarżać się, narzekać - complain (of)
tłuszczowy - adipose, fatty uspokajający - sedative
toksyczność - toxicity uspokojenie - sedation
tolerować (przyswajać lek) - tolerate usta - mouth, orał cavity
tomografia (radiografia warstwowa) - tomography ustępować, zanikać (o chorobie) - resolve, remit
torbiel patrz pęcherzyk ustny, doustny - orał
torebka patrz kapsułka usunąć - remove
towarzyszyć - accompany usunięcie gruczołów nadnerczy - adrenalectomy
tracheostomia (wytworzenie otworu w tchawicy) usuwanie, usunięcie - removal
- tracheostomy uszkodzenie, nadwerężenie - impairment, damage
trawienie - digestion uszkodzenie, zmiana chorobowa - lesion
trawienny (dotyczący trawienia) - digestive uszkodzić, nadwerężyć - impair, damage
trąbka Eustachiusza - Eustachian tubę usztywnienie kręgów - ankylosing spondylitis
trądzik - acne utykać patrz kuleć
trombocyt (płytka krwi) - thrombocyte utrzymywać, podtrzymywać - maintain, sustain, keep
trombocytoza (nadmierna ilość płytek we krwi) uwidocznić - visualize
- thrombocytosis uwolnić - release
trójdzielny - tricuspid uzupełnienie patrz dodatek
trucizna - poison, toxin W
trujący, toksyczny - toxic, poisonous wacik, gazik - swab

waga - weighing scales wydalać - excrete
walka - combat, fight wydalanie - excretion
warga - lip wydaliny, odchody - excreta
warstwa - layer, stratum, (pl.) strata wydalniczy - excretory
warstwowy, prążkowany - stratified wydech - expiration, exhalation
ważyć - weigh wydobywać (coś z czegoś) - elicit
wątroba - liver wydychać - exhale, expire, breathe out
wątrobowy - hepatic wydzielać - secrete
wbić, ukłuć - stab, pierce, prick wydzielanie - secretion
wchłaniać, - absorb wydzielina, wydzielać - discharge
wchłanianie, pochłanianie - absorption wygięcie ku górze (stopy) - dorsiflexion
wcięcie - notch wygięcie stopy w dół - plantarflexion
wdech - breathing in, inhalation, inspiration wygląd - appearance
wewnętrzny - intemal wykonywać - carry out, perform
węglowodan - carbohydrate wykres, kreślenie - tracing
wiek młodzieńczy - adolescence wykrywać, wyśledzić - detect
wielomocz - polyuria wymagać - reąuire, need
wielotorbielowy - polycystic wymiana - exchange
wieńcowy - coronary wymiotować - vomit
wierzchołek - apex, top wypadek - accident
większość - majority wypadnięcie - prolapse
większy, ważniejszy - major wypisanie ze szpitala - discharge
więzadło - ligament wypoczynek, rekreacja - rest, reereation, relaxation
wilgotny - moist, wet, humid wyposażenie, sprzęt - eąuipment
wirus - virus wyprostować - straighten, erect
wirusowy - viral wyprostowany - upright, erected
wklęsły - concave wyprysk, egzema - eczema
wlew, infuzja - infusion wypukły -convex
wlew, lewatywa - enema wypuścić powietrze z czegoś - deflate
właściwy - appropriate, proper, correct wyraźny - apparent, prominent, evident
włączyć - include, comprise, contain wyrostek robaczkowy - appendix, vermiform appendix
włosy - hair wyrośl adenoidalna - adenoid
włóknisty - fibroid wysięk - exudate
włókno - fibrę wysięk (wylew do jamy) - effusion
wnęka - hilum, (pl.) hili wysiłek - exertion, strain
wnękowy - hilar wystarczający - sufficient
wodny - aąueous, liquid, watery wystawać - project, stick out
wodogłowie - hydrocephalus wystawanie - projection
wodoodpcmy - waterproof, water resistant wystawiać (narażać na działanie czegoś) - expose
wosk - wax wystawienie (narażenie na działanie czegoś) - exposure
wózek - trolley występować, mieć miejsce - occur, take place
wpust (część wpustowa żołądka) - cardia wysypka - rash
wrażenie - impression, sensation wytępić, wyniszczyć - eradicate
wrażliwość - sensitivity wytworzenie przetoki okrężniczo-skómej patrz utworzenie
wrażliwy - sensitive przetoki okrężniczo-skómej
wrodzony - congenital wywierać wpływ, zaatakować chorobą - affect
wrotny - portal wywodzić (ród, pochodzenie) - derive, originate
wrzód - ulcer wywołać, wyzwolić (reakcję) - cause, trigger
wsierdzie - endocardium wywołujący podrażnienie, drażniący - irritant
wskazać, zalecić - indicate, recommend wyzdrowieć (powrócić do zdrowia, odzyskać przytomność) -
wstawić, włożyć - insert recover, recuperate
wstrząs - concussion wyzdrowienie - recovery
wybitny, nadzwyczajny - remarkable, outstanding wziernik do badania wnętrz jam - endoscope
wyciąć - excise, resect wziernik do ucha - otoscope
wycięcie - excision, resection wziernik oczny, oftalmoskop - ophthalmoscope
wycięcie krążka międzykręgowego - discectomy wziernik uszny - auriscope
wycięcie macicy patrz histerektomia wziernikowanie oskrzeli - bronchoscopy
wycięcie nasienowodu - vasectomy wziernikowanie gardła - pharyngoscopy
wycięcie nerki - nephrectomy wziernikowanie jelita - enteroscopy
wycięcie wyrostka robaczkowego - appendectomy wziernikowanie krtani - laryngoscopy
wycięcie, odjęcie sutka - mastectomy wziernikowanie oczu - ophthalmoscopy
wyczerpanie - exhaust, fatigue wziernikowanie odbytnicy - rectoscopy

wziernikowanie okrężnicy - colonoscopy zapalenie płuc- pneumonia
wzmocnić - strengthen zapalenie skóry - dermatitis
wznowić (podjąć na nowo) - resume zapalenie spojówek - conjunctivitis
wzrok - sight, vision zapalenie stawów - arthritis
wzrokowy, widzialny - visual zapalenie szpiku kostnego - osteomyelitis
wzrost - height zapalenie trzustki - pancreatitis
zapalenie ucha środkowego - otitis media
Z zapalenie ucha wewnętrznego - otitis interna
zabarwiony - pigmented, stained zapalenie ucha zewnętrznego - otitis extema
zabić - kill zapalenie wsierdzia - endocarditis
zabieg chirurgiczny - surgical procedurę, operation zapalenie wyrostka robaczkowego - appendicitis
zabieg - procedurę zapalenie wyrostka sutkowatego - mastoiditis
zaburzenie pracy gruczołów przytarczycznych zapalenie zachyłka, uchyłka - diverticulaitis
- parathyroidism zapalenie zatok - sinusitis
zaburzenie psychiczne - mental disorder zapalenie żołądka i jelit - gastroenteritis
zaburzenie patrz choroba zaparcie - constipation
zachęcić - encourage zapaść - collapse
zachowanie - behaviour zapewnić, upewnić - reassure
zaciskać - clench zapis - record
zaćma - cataract zapisać lek - prescribe
zadanie, zajęcie - task zapisać patrz zapis
zagięcie patrz fałd, zakładka zapłodnić - fertilize, conceive
zaginać patrz fałd zapobiegać - prevent
zajęcie patrz zawód zapobieganie - prevention
zajmować się, dotyczyć - concem zasadniczy, ważny - essential, fundamental,
zakazić - contaminate, infect primary, basie
zakażenie patrz infekcja zasięg - extend
zakaźny - contagious, infectious zastawka - valve
zakażony - infected zastąpić - replace, substitute
zakładać szwy - lay sutures zastąpienie - replacement, substitution
zakrzepica (tromboza) - thrombosis zastosowanie - application
zamazany, niewyraźny - blurred zastój płynów w ustroju - stasis
zamiar patrz intencja zastrzyk, injekcja - injection
zamienić, przemienić - convert zatkać, zaczopować - obstruct, błock
zamknięcie - obstruction, occlusion zatkanie, niedrożność - obstruction, blockage
zanieczyścić - contaminate, pollute zatoka - sinus
zanik (atrofia) - atrophy zator - embolus, (pl.) emboli
zanikać, ustępować (o chorobie) - subside, remit zatrucie, otrucie - poisoning, intoxication
zaopatrywać patrz dostarczyć zatruć - poison, intoxicate
zaostrzenie, pogorszenie - exacerbation, aggravation, zatrzymać - retain
worsening zatrzymanie - retention
zapalenie - inflammation zatrzymanie akcji serca - cardiac arrest
zapalenie błony bębenkowej - myringitis zatwierdzać, aprobować - approve
zapalenie cewki moczowej - urethritis zawał mięśnia sercowego (zawał serca)
zapalenie gardła - pharyngitis - myocardial infaretion, heart infaret
zapalenie istoty szarej rdzenia - poliomyelitis zawał (obszar martwicy niedokrwiennej) - infaret, infaretion
zapalenie jamy ustnej - stomatitis zawierać patrz włączyć
zapalenie jąder - orchitis zawierać, składać się, obejmować - comprise,
zapalenie kłębuszkowe nerek - glomerulonephritis consist (of), include
zapalenie kości - osteitis zawieść (nie spełnić swojego zadania) - fail
zapalenie kości i stawów - osteoarthritis zawód - occupation, profession, job
zapalenie krtani - laryngitis zawrót głowy - dizziness, dizzy spell, vertigo
zapalenie mięśnia sercowego - myocarditis ząb - tooth, (pl.) teeth
zapalenie migdałków - tonsillitis zbierać - collect, accumulate
zapalenie mózgu - encephalitis zbliżenie się (podejście do zagadnienia) - approach
zapalenie nerek - nephritis zbyt mała ilość plemników w nasieniu - oligospet mia
zapalenie okrężnicy - colitis zdrowie - health
zapalenie opłucnej - pleuritis zdrowieć - recover, get better
zapalenie opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych - meningitis zemdleć - faint, collapse, lose consciousness
zapalenie osierdzia - pericarditis zespolenie, anastomoza - anastomosis
zapalenie oskrzeli - bronchitis zespolić, złączyć się - fuse, join, connect, unitę
zapalenie pęcherza - cystitis zespół nabytego niedoboru odpornościowego

- acąuired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) związany - bound, tied
zespół, drużyna - team związek - relation, relationship, association
zestaw - kit, set zwichnąć - sprain, distort, twist
zestaw narzędzi do zakładania szwów - suture set zwieracz - sphincter
zewnętrzny - extemal zwieracz odźwiemika - pyloric sphincter
zez - cross-eye, squint, strabismus zwieracz wpustu do żołądka - cardiac sphincter
zezować, parzeć z ukosa - squint zwiększyć, podwyższyć - increase, raise, elevate
zgiąć - flex, bend zwilżyć - moisten
zginać patrz schylać zwinięty - coiled
zgłębnik - probe zwyczaj - habit
zgłosić - report zwyrodnienie patrz degeneracja
zgodny - compatible
złagodzić ból, cierpienie - relieve Ź
złagodzić, zelżeć (o chorobie) - remit źrenica - pupil
złe samopoczucie - malaise źródło - source
złośliwy (choroba, np. nowotwór) - malignant
zmęczenie - fatigue Ż
zmęczony - tired, weary żarłoczność (nadmierne łaknienie) - polyphagia
zmieniać - change, alter żebro - rib
zmienny, naprzemienny - altemating, altemative żołądek - stornach
zmniejszona liczba białych krwinek we krwi - leucopenia żołądkowy - gastric
zmniejszyć - reduce, decrease, diminish żółć - bile
zmysł - sense żółtaczka - jaundice
znaczący - remarkable, considerable, significant żrący, kaustyczny - caustic
znamienny, istotny - significant żucie - mastication, chewing
znamię - mole żuć - masticate, chew
znieczulenie - anaesthesia życiowy, żywotny - vital
znieczulenie - analgesia żylak - varix, (pl.) varices
znieść - abate, eliminate, eradicate żylakowy - varicose
zranić, skaleczyć - injure, hurt (hurt, hurt), wound żyła - vein
zranienie, uszkodzenie - injury, wound, damage żyła główna - vena cava, (pl.) venae cavae
zrezygnować, rezygnować - resign żyłka - venule
zróżnicowanie - variation, differentiation żywienie - nutrition
zwalczyć - combat, fight
zwężenie (kanału, naczynia) - constriction, ste
narrowing
zwężenie aorty - coarctation

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Ewa Donesch-Jeżo

Kopiowanie i powielanie w jakiejkolwiek formie, także elektronicznej zarówno części

Autor i Wydawca nie ponoszą odpowiedzialności za treść zamieszonych ogłoszeń

Skład i łamanie tekstu: SC DANBERT

I. ENGLISH IN ANATOMY AND Pil YSIOLOGY

II. ENGLISH IN MEDICAL PRACTICE

in. ENGLISH GRAMMAR PRACTICE (I)

E. Donesch-Jeżo - English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 1

2 English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 - E. Donesch-Jeżo

Celem niniejszego podręcznika jest zapoznanie studentów i lekarzy, zarówno rodzinnych

E. Donesch-Jeżo - English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 3

E. Donesch-Jeżo - English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 5

EXERCISE B. Complete the following sentences:

EXERCISE C. Practise this dialogue.

EXERCISE D. Translate into English.

English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 — E. Donesch-Jeżo

EXERCISE B. Practise this dialogue.

E. Donesch-Jeżo - English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 7

EXERCISE C. TABLE 1. Verbs denoting position, direction and structure:

Verbs denoting Position Direction Structure

EXERCISE F. Translate into English.

8 English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 - E. Donesch-Jeżo

Fig. 3. The structurc of the skin.

EXERCISE A. Answer the following questions. EXERCISE

E. Donesch-Jeżo - English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 9

Word root Refers to Example

EXERCISE D. Translate into English.

10 English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 - E. Donesch-Jeżo

E. Donesch-Jeżo - English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 11

12 English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 - E. Donesch-Jeżo

THE BODY CAYITIES Word List

E. Donesch-Jeżo - English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 13

EXERCISE E. Translate into English.

14 English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 - E. Donesch-Jeżo

EXERCISE A. Answer the following questions.

EXERCISE B. Complete the following sentences.

Word root Refers to Example

EXERCISE D. Translate into English.

16 English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 - E. Donesch-Jeżo

EXERCISE A. Answer the following ąuestions.

E. Donesch-Jeżo - English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 17

Word root Refers to Example

EXERCISE E. Translate into English.

18 English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 - E. Donesch-Jeżo

RESPIRATION AND DISEASES - wchłaniać, pochłaniać

E. Donesch-Jeżo - English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 19

EXERCISE B. Practise this dialogue.

EXERCISE D. Translate into English.

20 English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 - E. Donesch-Jeżo

E. Donesch-Jeżo - English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 21

EXERCISE A. Answer the following ąuestions.

EXERCISE B. Practise this dialogue.

Blood constituents Shape Number per cubic millimetre Function

22 English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 - E. Donesch-Jeżo

Word root Refers to Example

EXERCISE E. Translate into English.

E. Donesch-Jeżo - English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 23

24 English for Medical Students and Doctors - 1 - E. Donesch-Jeżo