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was expected to completely lack a core, consisting instead of a denser and denser
fluid (predominantly molecular and metallic hydrogen) all the way to the centre. Data
from the Juno mission showed that Jupiter has a diffuse core that mixes into its
mantle, extending for 30–50% of the planet's radius, and comprising heavy elements
[74][75][76][77][78]
with a combined mass 7–25 times the Earth. This mixing process
could have arisen during formation, while the planet accreted solids and gases from
[79]
the surrounding nebula. Alternatively, it could have been caused by an impact
from a planet of about ten Earth masses a few million years after Jupiter's formation,
[80][81]
which would have disrupted an originally solid Jovian core.
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Timelapse of Jupiter's cloud system moving over the course of one month (photographed during
Voyager 1 flyby in 1979)
Jupiter is perpetually covered with clouds of ammonia crystals, which may contain
[94]
ammonium hydrosulfide as well. The clouds are located in the tropopause layer of
the atmosphere, forming bands at different latitudes, known as tropical regions. These
are subdivided into lighter-hued zones and darker belts. The interactions of these
conflicting circulation patterns cause storms and turbulence. Wind speeds of 100 metres
per second (360 km/h; 220 mph) a