Introduction to Mechanical

Engineering

MEC1005W

Who are we?

Mechanical Engineering
Aeronautics
Agricultural
Automotive
Bio-medical
Environmental
Hydraulics
Industrial
Mechatronics
Mining
Marine
Power
Transport
Harness the forces of nature
for the benefit of all
 Vitruvian Man

Leonardo da Vinci
15 April 1452 (d67)
Born in Vinci in Florence
Bicycle sketch in Leonardo's Codex Atlanticus
Chain page of Codex Madrid I, folio 10r
Low friction ball bearing
Power Generation
http://www.statssa.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Electricity_Dec2014_Infographic.png
Circa 1796
 The wind farm site spans 3 700 hectares on
Jeffrey’s Bay Wind Farm
which there are 60 wind turbines erected

The project supplies the Eskom 132kV grid

line and generates 460 000 MWh per year,
supplying enough clean renewable electrical
energy to power more than 100 000 average
South African households
Paul Anderson [CC-BY-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)]

Tower Height: 60m

Blade Length: 40m Total Max Height: 100m
Manufacturer: Nordex

Paul Anderson [CC-BY-SA-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

Eskom's first modern coal-fired power station and was fully operational
by June 1975. Three of its units were put into reserve storage
(mothballed) in 1992 due to the surplus generating capacity
Eskom had at the time. The units were recommissioned in January 1997,
November 1997 and December 1998 respectively. www.eskom.co.za
By Gerhard Roux <gerhard@sundown.homeip.net> [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

Arnot Power Station, Middelburg, South Africa // 2100MW

Bankwatch on Flickr [CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)]

CPP Turow - Poland

 3000MW

Imagery ©2014 CDNGI, DigitalGlobe

 370 square kilometres 5 340 000 megalitres
914m

800 m³/s
88m
Turbines: 4 x 90MW

By Aliwal2012 (Own work) [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

Gariep Dam // 360MW

 https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-01-17-capewatergate-as-fake-news-flows-real-photos-show-droughts-effect-on-dams/

Theewaterskloof Dam, facing the back of the Franschhoek Mountains,

July 2014 (wet), versus January 2018 (dry). Pictures: Greg Gordon Allafricapix
 45 kilometre transfer tunnel was
built from the Katse Dam to the
Muela Reservoir 1998
By User:Beest [CC-BY-SA-2.5 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5)], via Wikimedia Commons

Reservoir and intake tower behind

the Katse Dam, Lesotho

By Tambo at hu.wikipedia [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], from Wikimedia Commons

WIRTH 529 Telescopic
Lesotho Highlands Water Project Shielded TBM
By Tambo at hu.wikipedia [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], from
Wikimedia Commons
 4800m

By Roland zh, upload on 9. März 2009 (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

Tunnel boring machine at the site of Weinberg tunnel – Zürich

 2016 // 57km
Longest / deepest
17 years to build
By Cooper.ch 16:58, 19 September 2006 (UTC) (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-2.5 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5)], via Wikimedia Commons

Head of the S-210 Tunnel boring machine used to excavate the eastern tube
of the Gotthard Base tunnel between Bodio and Faido, Canton Ticino, Switzerland
 7000 MW

Largest electric power-producing

facility in the United States
By U.S. Bureau of Reclamation [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Water turbine being assembled at the Grand Coulee Dam

By Mo7amedsalim (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or By Qurren [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html), CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/
GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons licenses/by-sa/3.0/), GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons

Yagisawa Dam in Minakami,

Butterfly valve
Gunma, Japan
Mining
 Mponeng mine: AngloGold Ashanti
http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304854804579236640793042718

“The cage by itself weighed 20,000 pounds, and a

full load of [people] roughly doubled that. Then there
was the weight of the steel rope that held the cage.
The rope was [6 cm] thick and weighed
[15 kg per metre]. That meant that for every
[300 meters] we dropped, the rope added six tons
to the weight it had to hold – an extra ton every
3.6 seconds. I pictured the steel rope unspooling in
a blur, packing steel onto our plummeting car.

“In four minutes we travelled [2.5 km] into a zone

where the rock was always stirring.

“In an effect known as the geothermal gradient,

the temperature of the earth increases with depth.
We emerged into a tunnel where the rock

http://www.wsj.com/news/interactive/money1213goldin2
temperature was [60 degrees C] and
the humidity 95 percent. … We had gone as deep
as we could by cage: [4km]. From the surface to
the deepest tunnels, the journey took an hour,
and most of that time was spent on the last half
mile.”
 Bucket-wheel excavator
Irish Typepad on Flickr [CC-BY-SA-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)]
 48 square km

The lignite is used for power generation at nearby power plants

© Raimond Spekking / CC-BY-SA-3.0 (via Wikimedia Commons) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons

Bucket-wheel excavators 288 and 258 in Garzweiler surface mine

 By User:Martinroell [CC-BY-SA-2.5 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5)], via Wikimedia Commons

© Raimond Spekking / CC-BY-SA-3.0 (via Wikimedia Commons) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons

Panorama of open-pit mining Garzweiler, Germany

 Its depth of 850 metres makes it the second
deepest open-pit mine in the world

By excavated volume the largest open pit copper mine in the world
Reinhard Jahn, Mannheim [CC-BY-SA-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)]

Coppermine Chuquicamata, Chile

 By Vincent Maurin (Own work) [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

Oxygen cutting, at the exit of a steel

slab continuous casting, to have a
steel slab

By Alfred T. Palmer [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

White-hot steel pours like water from a 35-ton

electric furnace, Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.,
Brackenridge, Pa

By Borvan53 (Own work) [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

Stack of slabs at the Florange

Steelshop (France, Moselle)
Kabacchi on Flickr [CC-BY-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)]

Keihin Industrial Region in Night

Manufacturing
 By Glenn McKechnie (Photograph taken by Glenn McKechnie) [CC-BY-SA-2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

5-Axis waterjet cutting head used

to cut complex 3-Dimensional
parts on a CNC waterjet cutting
machine
http://www.wardjet.com/copyright.asp [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
By Mixabest (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons

Industrial Robots KUKA IR160/60, 601/60

 Factory Automation with industrial
robots for palletizing food products
like bread and toast at a bakery in
Germany, robotics

By KUKA Roboter GmbH, Bachmann [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

BMW plant in Leipzig, Germany:

Spot welding of BMW 3 series car
bodies with KUKA industrial robots
By BMW Werk Leipzig.Torsten.heise at de.wikipedia[see page for license], from Wikimedia Commons
NASA/GSFC/Rebecca Roth on Flickr [CC-BY-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)]

NASA engineers work on the Global Precipitation Measurement mission's Core

satellite
Transport
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Cutty_Sark_%28ship%2C_1869%29_-_SLV_H91.250-164.jpg

The clipper "CUTTY SARK" in full sails

Origin Unknown – from Andy Sass Slides
By Andy Dingley (scanner) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

https://www.cars24.com/blog/how-a-car-engine-works/
 Wartsila-Sulzer RTA96-C turbocharged two-stroke diesel engine

http://mrec.rotary.net.nz/articles/du-sulzer_12rta96c.htm
http://mrec.rotary.net.nz/articles/du-sulzer_12rta96c.htm
http://mrec.rotary.net.nz/articles/du-sulzer_12rta96c.htm
http://mrec.rotary.net.nz/articles/du-sulzer_12rta96c.htm
http://mrec.rotary.net.nz/articles/du-sulzer_12rta96c.htm
http://www.lumixgexperience.panasonic.co.uk/gallery/G10Col/steam-train-3/#.UvtEcfkaaNM
Taiwan High Speed Rail - 300km/h

By Yali Shi [CC-BY-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

spe.automotive on Flickr [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)]

SOFT THERMOFORMABLE TPO FOAM BILAMINATE WITH CLEAR COAT

2013MY General Motors Co. Chevrolet® Traverse® & GMC® Acadia® SUVs
 Daedalus

Icarus

Crete

Peter Paul Rubens [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

The Fall of Icarus

By Wright Brothers (Library of Congress) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Photo edit of 1901 (left) and 1902 (right) Wright Brothers gliders
 Device built by the Wright Brothers to test
lift, consisting of a wheel fixed to the
handlebars of a bicycle; wheel has two
surfaces mounted on it, one flat for
reference purposes and one experimental
Carl Malamud on Flickr [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)]
airfoil.
 One-half left rear view
showing the aft (exhaust)
section of Wright Brothers'
wind tunnel

Carl Malamud on Flickr [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)]

Carl Malamud on Flickr [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)]

Deejayqueue on Flickr [CC BY SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/)]

Wright Brothers airplane Engine

 The Wright Flyer

By Attributed to Wilbur Wright (1867–1912) and/or Orville Wright (1871–1948). Orville Wright preset the camera and had John T. Daniels squeeze the rubber bulb, tripping the shutter. (Great
Images in NASA Description) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

The Wright Brothers First Heavier-than-air Flight

 Toshihiko Sato

By Eduard Marmet [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0), CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or GFDL 1.2 (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/fdl-1.2.html)], via Wikimedia Commons

British Airways Concorde G-BOAC

By U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Travis K. Mendoza [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

An F/A-18C Hornet assigned to Strike Fighter Squadron (VFA) 113 breaks

the sound barrier during an air power demonstration over the Nimitz-class
aircraft carrier USS Carl Vinson (CVN 70)
By NASA [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

The launch at Pad 39A of STS-1

By NASA/KSC ([1]) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Space Shuttle Discovery makes a picture-perfect landing at Kennedy Space

Center, Fla. after a 13-day mission to the International Space Station
 SpaceX Falcon Heavy Launch

By SpaceX (Falcon Heavy Demo Mission) [CC0 or CC0], via Wikimedia Commons

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l5I8jaMsHYk

By spacex [CC0 or CC0], via Wikimedia Commons

Bio-Medical
By X-ray Image ID: 3684. Photographer: Unknown. [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
By Science Museum London / Science and Society Picture Library [CC-BY-SA-2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

By Sescoi CAD/CAM (http://www.flickr.com/photos/cadcamzone/4662442453) [CC-BY-SA-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/

licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

Graichen [CC-BY-SA-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Food and Drug Administration [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Carl Malamud on Flickr [CC BY NC 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/)]