11. What is in the class Chondrichthyes & what traits do they have in common.

- Sharks, rays, chimaeras, and skates are under the class Chondrichthyes. All
Chondrichthyes lack a swim bladder, have cartilaginous skeleton, lipid storage
restricted to the liver, unique hematopoietic organs, the notochord does not go away, the
operculum does not cover the gills, and the mouth is ventrally placed.

12. Sketch & describe sharks.

- Sharks have gills on both sides of their heads, they have pointed frontal dorsal, anal,
pectoral, pelvic, caudal, and rear dorsal fins, a pointed snout. A common misconcepcion
is that sharks' teeth are just pointed triangular teeth. In fact, sharks' teeth range from
triangular teeth to non-functional teeth to no teeth depending on their diet.

13. Sketch a ray or skate & describe them.

- Rays and skates look alike but have differences. Rays are kite-shaped with whip-like
tails with one or two stinging spines. Skates often have longer and pointier snouts, more
diamond or kite-shaped bodies, those stockier tails and no venomous spines unlike rays
because they rely on their thorny projections found on their backs and fleshy tails.
14. Name the class for bony fish.
- The class for bony fishes is called Osteichthyes.

15. Name the 2 groups of bony fish.

- The two groups of bony fishes are Actinopterygii but is also known as ray-finned and
Sarcopterygii which is also known as lobe-finned.

16. Give several examples of ray-finned fish & describe them.

- The skeleton of the paired fins is formed from fin rays or small bones arranged like a fan
which are supported at the bases of the fins by radials or parallel rows of bones.
Ray-finned fishes are called “ray-finned fishes” because their fins are made up of thin,
flexible membranes supported by bony spines. 99% of living fish species are
Actinopterygii or ray-finned. Tuna, salmon, pike, trout, goldfish, koi, pufferfish, and
seahorses are some examples of Actinopterygii or ray-finned fishes.

17. Name 2 lobe-finned fish & describe both of them.

- Lobe-finned fishes are characterized by fleshy muscular lobe at the base fins connected
to the body by a single bone, as opposed to the bony fins of the ray-finned fish. The two
types of living lobe-finned fish are the coelacanths and the lungfish.
- Lungfishes have eel-like bodies, lack scales, have larvae with external gills, have paired
lungs, and need air to survive.
- Coelacanths have a hollow and fluid-filled backbone, true enamel teeth, and a hinged
skull allowing for wide opening of the mouth.Coelacanths were thought to be extinct, and
are important for understanding the transition from water to land. They have a unique
form of locomotion.

18. What was the 1st group of vertebrates to move onto land? What is in this group?
- Amphibians were the first vertebrates to live on land, but they had to return to water to
reproduce. Frogs, axolotls, salamanders, newts, and more are in this group.

19. Describe characteristics of amphibians.

- The first amphibians evolved from a lobe-finned fish ancestor about 365 million years
ago. Some characteristics of amphibians include them being cold-blooded or
ectothermic, they live in both land and water with all amphibians laying eggs to
reproduce, they have webbed feet and smooth moist skin and no scales.

20. Amphibians are ectotherms. What does this mean?

- Ectothermic animals are also cold-blooded animals. They rely on the external
environment’s temperature because they cannot perform homeostasis, meaning they
cannot regulate their own body temperature. “Ectotherm” comes from the Greek word
“ektos” meaning outside and “thermos” which means heat.