GROUP 27

Tutor: Subin Rahman

Group Members:
Tarun sankar Perumal
Brendan Buckle
Johann Zeng
Rohan Sharma
ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATE BIOLOGICAL FACTORS MATERIAL REUSE
ANALYSIS The existing properties provide several
materials, but several may be in too poor
condition for reuse, and will have to be
recycled (below list several materials
available on site).

1. Glass, Bottles, and Jars.

2. Failed Double Glazing Units.
3. Insulation Materials (Foamglass, Loss,
Blocks, Panels).
Street View
4. Plastics.
5. Soil.
6. Vegetation.
The ground and soils in Invercargill consists of
7. Reused crushed concrete aggregate.
mostly Peat soils which are very acidic and have
8. Paving Stones, Tiles, and Slates.
poor drainage.
9. Timber Materials.
10. Plasterboards.
On the east side, lies a large evergreen gum
tree. Scattered around the perimeter are Grise-
linia hedges. The site provides a large outdoor Out of the 10 shown, the glass, insulation,
garden area underneath the gum tree, and certain plastics, paveing, soil, vegetation,
maintaining this existing space is a priority to and plasterboards can be reused (depending
preserve the native vegetation. on the quality of those materials).

These existing areas of vegetation provide per-
meability to land, but considering the poor drain-
age aspect of the soil, the design must consider
the use of drainage beds consisting of gravel to
increase the land’s permeability considering the
rainfall of the site.
These plants on the perimeter can also add to
acoustic protection from traffic noise, but are not
enough and need to be supplemented with other
noise barrier methods, such as through taller
walls, which can also benefit wind protection.
House Exterior The Foamglass in particular can be used for
floors due to its loadbearing capacity, and
plasterboards for interior lining.
The existing pavement can be kept in the
same state with some reductions and addi-
tions depending on the layout of the terrace
housing, reducing the embodied carbon of
new construction.
The vegetation and soil need to be pre-
served as is so as to maintain a biodiverse
outdoor environment.
Outdoor Garden

SITE CONTEXT MAP TOPOGRAPHIC, CLIMATE ANALYSIS

FLOODING, FUTURE
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1km

KEY With reference to 22.5 degrees Celsius as a

The site lies 11m above sea level, which gently
Site Historic Floodplains slopes downwards West towards the inlet. The
South side slopes gently up, with a hill range
stating from Janet Street and ending at Elizabeth
Education 10m Contours
Park. The North and East slopes gently upwards.
Hospital Overall the Invercargill region lies low in eleva-
tion, surrounded by hill and mountain ranges.
Considering the Close Proximity to the Ocean,
Parks
and the close proximity to the flood plain, we
SITE CONTEXT must take measures within the design to mitigate
flood risks. Historical captures indicate our site
Climate Zone 6 - Invercargill City has not been flooded before, but considering
rising sea levels and climate change we may
Latitude: -46.42 need to accommodate for future factors. Partic-
Longitude: 168.36 ularly through stormwater control through water
conservation, prioritising land permeability, and
Address: 40 and 44 Princes Street, drainage.
base temperature, Invercargill has a significant-
ly higher heating demand compared than its
cooling demand, as a result of 4250.8 HDD and
11.3 CDD.
This indicates that passive heating strategies
must be prioritised in order to maintain a ther-
mally comfortable indoor environment, with the
ability to store heat, with minimal to no cooling
through devices.
Passive heating can be achieved primarily
through maximising the sunlight that enters the
building and storing the heat through thermal
massing and continous airtight, weathertight,
and insulation layers.
 RAINFALL SOLAR RADIATION ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATE
140
Precipitation mm
Invercargill Latitude = 46.42 degrees
ANALYSIS CONTINUED + SITE PLAN
120
Noon mid-summer altitude = 90 - (latitude - 23.45)
= 90 - (46.42 - 23.45) = 67.03
100
0 2.5m 5m 7.5m 10m 12.5m 25m
80
Noon mid-winter altitude = 90 - (latitude + 23.45)
60
= 90 - (46.42 + 23.45) = 20.13
40 1:500
Invercargill is one of the coldest atinA3
places
20 Considering the low mid-summer altitude (67.03 New Zealand, with air temperatures rang-
0 degrees) and low mid-winter altitude, there is a large ing, on average form 3°C in winter to 18°C
Jan Feb Mar April May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
gap between these two values. in summer with an annual average being
On average, January is the wettest month 8.9°C.
with 115 mm of precipitation whereas August Considering our use of thermal mass, overheating
is the driest month with 76 mm. In general could potentially be a risk, indicating the need to im-
Invercargill has a lot of rainfall all year round. plement external shading devices to mitigate excess
This in tandem with the proximity to sea im- heat.
plies proper drainage and stormwater control

AIR TEMPERATURE
Invercargill is one of the coldest places in
WIND
New Zealand, with air temperatures rang-
Southland Web Reports display how Invercargill pri-
ing, on average form 3°C in winter to 18°C in
marily receives high southwesterly winds (>40km/h)
summer with an annual average being 8.9°C.
from the Antarctic due to being so close to the
This indicates that there is little to no cool-
Ocean. The site is also located at the corner of a
ing demand in the case of Invercargill due to
road intersection, which reduces shielding of winds
being at the southern-most area of the South
Island. Passive and Active Heating strategies
from other houses. LOW SUN ALTITUDES
in turn must be employed, primarily the solar
Considering the wind, air temperatures, and low sun
gains and heated flooring.
altitudes, the design must prioritise both Passive
and Active heating strategies to maintain a comfort-
able indoor environment.

To mitigate wind in particular, use of wind protec-

tion and minimising the use of natural ventilation
can benefit the thermal indoor environment. But
providing the option of cross ventilation through
well placed windows on the southwest and north-
ern facades can reduce the overheating risk (if one
arises).
HUMIDITY
Invercargill Humidity %
84%
82%

SNOW
80%
78%
76%
74%
72%
It rarely snows in Invercargill City, with an
average of 5 days of snow a year. However, a
HIGH SOUTHWESTERLY WIND
70%
68% recent destructive snow event in September
66% 2010 in the city caused several roofs in the city
Jan Feb Mar April May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
to sag and collapse, which costed $20 million TRAFFIC NOISE FROM INTER-
for ILT Stadium Southland alone.
June brings the highest humidity, with an SECTION
82% average. January has the lowest aver- This means that create a thick and well struc-
age humidity being only 72%. With such high turally supported roof structure is key for
humidity, reaching the dew point can cause snow protection. In addition, the roof would
condensation forming, risking moisture enter- have to take a gable pitch to allow for snow,
ing indoors rain, and hail to slide off.
ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN STRATEGIES
THERMAL COMFORT VISUAL COMFORT SURFACE TO VOLUME RATIO
1. Thermal Massing
CLT (cross-laminated timber) provides higher 1. Horizontal Overhangs Using Rhino3D to create a 3D
We will be utilising Horizontal Overhangs on the Model, the below values are the
thermal massing capabilities than traditional tim-
northern facades to limit direct summer sunlight total surface area and volume
ber, and as opposed to concrete and steel, puts
and maximise winter sunlight (refer to Solar Anal- for the entire building’s thermal
carbon back into the world (no embodied carbon)
ysis and Design Report). envelope using the Area and
2. Continous Layers Volume commands.
We will utilise continuous airtight, weathertight, 2. Vertical Louvres
and insulation layers to both maximise thermal In addition, we will use vertical louvres on the
Sa = 1188.17m2
comfort and preserve the lifespan of the design. western and eastern facades.
Foamglass (floors), XPS (roof) and Mineral Wool
V = 1682.80m3
(walls) for insulation materials.Considering the 3. Clerestory
high S/V Ratio, thick and well insulated walls is a (Refer to Thermal Comfort Strategy 4) Sa/V = 0.71
must.

3. 2 Storeys ACOUSTIC COMFORT

Considering the site’s narrow shape, our terrace
housing design will be 2 storeys for each unit, to
both reduce the footprint on the ground and maxi- 1. Exterior Barriers
mise passive solar gains through extra height Due to the traffice noise coming from the west
4. Clerestory and south, we will require barriers to provide
Utilising a clerestory window roof system allows better acoustic comfort. Because of the pre-exist-
for a reduction of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) ing hedges on the perimeter, we will utilise those
effect, and provides a deeper penetration of sun- hedges in addition to planting more evergreen
light (and therefore heat) into the more southern trees and stone walls to limit traffic noise
rooms
2. Acoustic Insulation
We will utilise Autex Blanket Insulation on all
5. Living Spaces towards Northern walls and ceilings to provide maximum acoustic
Side comfort. This works in tandem with the 120mm
6. Passive Heating Through Occu-
thick CLT. Acoustic Caulking to seal gaps. 3 3 5 3 2
pancy
3. Membrane Absorbers 2 1 2 1
The plasterboard interior lining, service cavities,
VENTILATION/AIR QUALITY and Autex Insulation will function as membrane
absorbers (for low frequencies). These are good
for the inter-tenancy walls.
1. Wind Protection
Because of the cold climate and the high winds,
wind protection takes the utmost importance. We
WATER AND PLANTS
can protect the design from wind through stone
walls, and vegetation to act as barriers.
1. Rainwater Harvesting
Above ground stormwater tanks to conserve rain-
2. Mechanical Ventilation water for each unit’s services. These will utilise 3
As a result of needing to protect the housing from first flush diverters, leaf filters, and other methods
wind, there will be a lack of natural ventilation. to provide better efficiency 1
To accomodate for the lack of ventilation, we will
utilise
2. Permeable Land
3. Cross-Ventilation
Minimal Building footprint and paving to maximise 2
land permeability
Due to footprint and the shape of the site, win- 3 2 4 2 1
dows will have to be primarily located on the
northern and southern facades. This can greatly 3. Drainage 3 3 2 1
benefit cross-ventilation, so this allows for a solu- Gravel Drainage beds around the perimeter of
tion for potential overheating in the future. the building to improve drainage capacity 3 3
REFERENCES
Southland Climate Information:
Macara, G.R. 2013. The climate and weather of Southland. NIWA Science and Technology Series 63, 44 pp.

Degree Days Table:

Degree Days Net, Degree Days Table Generator https://www.degreedays.net

Solar Azimuth:
Sun Earth Tools, Sun Path Generator. https://www.sunearthtools.com/dp/tools/pos_sun.php?lang=en

TMY/Meteorological Data:
Stats NZ, TMY Report. https://www.stats.govt.nz/indicators/
PVGIS, TMY Data Generator. https://www.pvsyst.com/help/meteo_source_pvgis.htm

Existing House/Site Photos:

40 Princes Streeet: Real Estate NZ. https://www.realestate.co.nz/property/40-princes-street-georgetown-invercargill-city-southland/92gg16t1c

44 Princes Street (Photos Unavailable): Oneroof NZ. https://www.oneroof.co.nz/property/southland/georgetown/44-princes-street/heVUR

Invercargill Site Context, Site Map basemaps and information:

Invercargill District Council. GIS Maps Gallery. https://gis.icc.govt.nz/ICCMapsGallery/
 50m

PEDESTRIAN
ENTRANCE

45.8m

DRIVEWAY ENTRANCE

KEY

MASTERPLAN
Because of the large space available by The driveway enters from the south, Each module is 10m long and 6m in
Cross Ventilation
using two plots of land, we are able to with carparks on the south east corner width, with each having a
Underwater Stormwater design 5 modules of terrace housing, of the site. Alternatively, the pedestrians clerestory. The modules are
Tank
1 carpark per module, and leaving can enter through the west side oriented facing the North-east, to allow 1:200 at A3
Proposed Terrace additional space for future terrace for better cross-ventilation from the
House
housing and their future carparks. Southwesterly winds And to maximize
Space alloted for
future Terrace Housing sunlight all year round
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 5m

SECTION 1 OF MIDDLE UNIT AT 1:50

MECHANICAL VENTILATION TO PROVIDE
VENTILATION WHEN WIND IS HIGH AND
INTERNAL TEMPERATURE IS UNCOM-
FORTABLY LOW

CLERESTORY WINDOW TO ALLOW

FOR DEEPER PENETRATION OF
SECTION A MEMBRANE ABSORBERS FOR LOW
FREQUENCY SOUND ABSORPTION
SUNLIGHT IN SOUTHERN ROOMS ON ALL INTERNAL WALLS
CONTINOUS LAYER OF EXTERNAL
INSULATION

STONE WALL, BUSHES AND TREES

TO PROVIDE PRIVACY AND LIMIT
EXTERNAL NOISE FROM ROAD
SECTION 2 TRAFFIC
OVERHANGS SET AT A DEPTH SECTION F
SUCH THAT WINTER SUNLIGHT IS 67.03
LET IN AND DIRECT SUMMER
SUNLIGHT IS BLOCKED
20.13
430

SECTION B
SECTION C 2103

WINDOWS ORIENTED TO ALLOW

1726.45 CROSS VENTILATION (IF NEEDED)
INTERNAL XPS INSULATION TO
LIMIT THERMAL BRIDGING

600

HIGH THERMAL MASS USING CLT

355

228

SECTION D CARPET, FOAMGLASS AND CLT TO

REDUCE IMPACT NOISE

2174

MORE THAN 30% PERMEABLE

LAND THROUGH VEGETATION
ONSITE CYCLONE FILTER RAIN
HARVESTING TANK FOR STORMWA-
SECTION E F.F.L. TER CONSERVATION: The Rejang
600 FROM HYDRODYNAMIC
350
G.L.

MAXSLAB 350 XPS INSULATION TO

MAXSLAB HEATED FLOORS
LIMIT THERMAL BRIDGING
 Section F: Roof Section Scale 1:5

Design Strategies Considered:

Thermal Comfort:

Continuous Insulation with minimal thermal breaks throughout roof.

Continuous Weather Tightness and air tightness through window selection,

membrane usage and caulking to reduce dampness, uneven temperatures and mold.

Thick Insulation in roof as required per new H1 clause rules.

Flashings and Cavity Closers.

Overhang adequate to shelter window as calculated per mid winter sun alt and mid summer
sun alt.