HCMC UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION

Faculty Of Mechanical Engineering

ASSIGNMENT ON

Advanced Measurement Experiment

Lecturer: ThS. Đặng Minh Phụng
Students: Trần Minh Đạt 19143233
Trịnh Minh Mẫn 19143284
Ngô Thành Nam 19143289
Huỳnh Trọng Nhân 19143295
Trần Trung Tín 19143346
Class: AEMM214025_21_2_03

HCM city, June 2022

 CONTENTS
1. COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE.
1.1 What is a CMM meter? .......................................................................... 1
1.2 Structure of 3D measuring machine CMM. .......................................... 1
1.3 How does the 3D measuring machine work? ........................................ 1
1.4 Application of 3D measuring machine CMM. ...................................... 1
2. ROUGHNESS TESTER.
2.1 What is a roughness tester ? ................................................................... 2
2.2 Structure of roughness tester.................................................................. 2
2.3 Working principle. ................................................................................. 2
3. VISION MESUREMENT MACHINE.
3.1 What is a vision measuring machine? .................................................. 3
3.2 How to detect the coordinate point by VMM? ..................................... 3
3.3 What is the measuring sensor of VMM? ............................................... 3
3.4 What is the difference between VMM and CMM? ............................... 4
3.5 What is the difference in movement mode about VMM? ..................... 5
4. 3D PRINTER
4.1. What is a 3D printer ? ....................................................................... 5
4.2. Structure of 3D printer. ..................................................................... 6
4.3. Working principle. ............................................................................ 6
4.4. Examples: .......................................................................................... 7
5. 3D SCANNER
5.1. Supporting many different industries ............................................... 9
5.2. Unlimited scanning ........................................................................... 9
5.3. Benefit of 3D canner: ...................................................................... 10
5.4. Advanced operation ........................................................................ 11
6. MICROMETER
6.1. Definition ........................................................................................ 11
6.2. Direction.......................................................................................... 12
6.3. How to read micrometer ................................................................. 13
7. DIAL GAUGE
7.1. What Is Dial Gauge? ....................................................................... 14
7.2. Parts of Dial Gauge Indicator: ........................................................ 15
7.3. How to Take a Reading on Dial Gauges......................................... 16
7.4. Applications of Dial Gauge: ........................................................... 16
7.5. Advantages of Dial Gauge: ............................................................. 16
7.6. Disadvantages of Dial Gauge: ........................................................ 17
8. CALIPER
8.1. Definition ........................................................................................ 17
8.2. Classify............................................................................................ 17
8.3. Structure .......................................................................................... 18
8.4. Application ...................................................................................... 19
8.5. How to use caliper........................................................................... 19
8.6. How to read caliper. ........................................................................ 20
REFERENCES .............................................................................................. 22
 1. COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE.
1.1 What is a CMM meter?
The CMM measuring machine, the full English name is Coordinate Measuring
Machine, is a 3-dimensional coordinate measuring machine known as a solution for
all stages in the process of manufacturing electronic equipment or manufacturing
vehicles from phones, laptops, TVs to cars and even airplanes. This device is
currently quite popular in the market thanks to its ability to increase efficiency and
save costs in production.
1.2 Structure of 3D measuring machine CMM.
The basic 3-D dimensioner will have the following main parts:
Probe system: touch head, optical probe, laser scanner or camera and light
system.
Main structure: multi-directional movement system of the touch head
includes: fixed station form used to measure small objects, mobile handle arms form
and can work outdoors for large objects not can be put into the laboratory…
Software to collect, process data and control the system: control equipment,
control screen, software that provides data to evaluate the accuracy of the product
compared to the original drawing or provide drawings of the object being measured.
1.3 How does the 3D measuring machine work?
The 3-D coordinate measuring machine is capable of measuring the physical
shape and size of the object through the probes. These probes will contact the surface
of the object indirectly or directly and can move on the X, Y, Z axis system - that is,
the 3D axis system. Currently on the market there are many different types of probes
including: touch probes, optical probes, laser scanners, camera probes and lighting
systems.
1.4 Application of 3D measuring machine CMM.
CMM machines are most commonly used in the product quality control
process. In addition, the device is widely used in drawing and shaping in the aircraft
manufacturing, electronic equipment manufacturing, medical equipment
manufacturing and energy industries.
This tool is used to measure lengths, widths, test samples, angle or depth
diagrams to improve the accuracy of parts or the final product. In addition, the device
is also useful in measuring samples or shaping during production. By applying the
3-D measuring machine CMM, the inspection period is also shortened, helping the
factory to both increase productivity and ensure product quality.
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 2. ROUGHNESS TESTER.
2.1 What is a roughness tester ?
Roughness is an important parameter when trying to find out whether a surface
is suitable for a certain purpose
A roughness tester is used to quickly and accurately determine the surface
texture or surface roughness of a material.
A roughness tester shows the measured roughness depth (Rz) as well as the
mean roughness value (Ra) in micrometers or microns (µm).

2.2 Structure of roughness tester.

In terms of structure, the roughness meters have a very simple structure,
including 3 basic parts:
Measuring head: this part is attached to the body of the machine and is the part
in direct contact with the surface of the material.
Body: This clone has an internal sensor that receives the data from the
transducer and then analyzes the data on the surface roughness and gloss.
Display screen: this unit is mounted on the body to display the measured
results of the level of roughness and gloss for the user to easily observe.
2.3 Working principle.
When placing the roughness meter on the surface of the material to be
measured, light will be shined on the surface of the material and will be reflected
back to the gauge. The reflection of this light will determine how rough and glossy
the surface of the material.

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 Then, the roughness meter analyzes and determines the reflection angle of the
light to quickly give results on the roughness or gloss of the material. The results will
be clearly displayed on the screen of the meter so that users can accurately monitor
and record statistics.

3. VISION MESUREMENT MACHINE.

3.1 What is a vision measuring machine?
Optical vision measuring machine (Abbreviation: VMM) is a coordinate
metrology machine designed for the measurement of linear size and geometrical size
in computer technology with machine vision for high accuracy measurement, it can
measure the linear size, such as point, line, distance, angle, circle, ellipse, rectangle,
tangent and the geometrical size, such as straightness, flatness, circularity,
cylindricity, perpendicularity, parallelism, angularity, position, concentricity,
coaxiality, symmetry, line profile, surface profile.

3.2 How to detect the coordinate point by VMM?

VMM has three-vertical-axis movement system to construct a spatial
coordinate system, the coordinate point cloud can be detected by the sensors with the
travel working of three-axis-linear-scales.
3.3 What is the measuring sensor of VMM?
Vision sensor:
The standard sensor of VMM is a vision sensor, it is composed of an optical
zoom lens with an analogue CCD camera or digital CMOS camera and LED light

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source, it can measure the 2D feature of the workpiece if the measured feature is
under the vision sensor perpendicularly.
Laser probe:
Because the visible light will penetrate the transparent and semi-transparent
material, the reflected vision signal has been weakened to meet the requirement of
measuring, so the triangle laser scanning probe and the confocal white sensor has
been developed to meet the application of glass measurement at the field of a
smartphone, monitor, TV and medical industry.
Touch probe:
As for the vision sensor and laser sensor, it has been installed on Z-axis, it is
perpendicular to the X-Y stage, it only can measure the feature of 2D. If the
customers want 3D feature measurement, but the 2D sensor can not observe and
measure the side of the workpiece, thus the 3D touch probe, especially the star-styli-
probe must be applied for the contact measurement.

3.4 What is the difference between VMM and CMM?

As for the traditional CMM, the sensor is a contact probe, the coordinate point
is touched by probe one by one, but the VMM vision sensor can catch hundreds of
points in one shot, so VMM 2D measuring speed is faster and more precise than
CMM. Because the stage of CMM is granite stone, CMM can make a large size with
heavy-weight load capability.

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 3.5 What is the difference in movement mode about VMM?
Normally, there are three types of VMM from the movement mode, it is as
follows:
Manual VMM: the movement of X, Y, and Z-axis is operated by manpower.
Semi-auto VMM: the movement of the X-Y stage is run by manpower, but the
Z-axis focus is run by a motor.
Automatic VMM: the movement of X, Y, and Z-axis is operated by a motor.

4. 3D PRINTER
4.1. What is a 3D printer ?
A 3D printer is a computer-aided output (CAM) device for creating three-
dimensional objects. Like traditional internal machines, digital 3D printers receive
data from the input computer. However, instead of printing heads on paper, 3D
printers build three-dimensional models from material modifications.

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 4.2. Structure of 3D printer.
Printhead and extrusion system: The system is responsible for heating and
extruding the thermoplastic 3D printed material through a nozzle to form the part.
Factors such as nozzle size and plastic extrusion speed will impact the accuracy a
printer can achieve, as well as print speed.
Printing table and Z-axis motion system: The printing table is a place to store
printed products, the print head will extrude the material onto the printing table.
During the printing process, the Z-axis motion system moves the bed in equal,
increments to create the layers that make up the printed part. The precision of the
motors driving the Z-motion system controls the resolution and quality of the part in
the Z-axis.
XY Motion System: The rig directly controls the X and Y movements of the
print head. It is responsible for “drawing” each 2D printed layer according to the
design of the part. The robustness of the rig and the quality of the motor and control
sensors along with the bed will determine the accuracy of a 3D printed part.
4.3. Working principle.
3D printers use a principle known as additive manufacturing to form (or “in”)
physical layers of the object until the model is complete. This is another thing with
production but output, in that the hosting again or remove object from the current.
Since 3D printers create models from scratch, they are more efficient and produce
less quality with minus output devices.
To a machine in 3D activity, to have a control software system. The software
will process the design CAD (STL file), divide it into layers, and then calculate and
create a running path for the top of each inner layer. The machine in 3D FFF
technology will extrude the plastic according to the preset running path. At the start
of the trigger point, the table is set to its highest level and the XY system movement
will turn inward as designed. At the end of an inner layer, Z system will switch the
table to let the machine continue to execute in the next inner layer, overriding the
original inner layer.

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4.4. Examples:
In the automotive industry.

In the electronics industry.

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In the field of energy.

Aerospace industry.

Defense industry.

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 5. 3D SCANNER
3D scanner is an indispensable device in the design. In addition to supporting
product research and development, copying designs for the furniture industry,
providing 3D data for advertising - 3D marketing - 3D scanners also support 3D
inspection.
5.1. Supporting many different industries
As we know, the majority of production and processing facilities in Vietnam are
small businesses, with limited investment budgets for product research and
development. Therefore, the application of 3D scanning technology will help
businesses save time, reduce costs and improve output quality for products. 3D
technology can be applied in many different industries such as mold making, home
appliances, mechanical products, wood industry, ... and all other industries.
3D scanning technology is a process of determining the surface shape of an object
in three dimensions to create a 3D digital model. 3D scanning has opened a new
turning point in 3D technology, any physical model that exists in the world can be
modeled with digital data in just a few hours.
5.2. Unlimited scanning
The FreeScan X5 Plus scanner is lightweight and does not require connecting
cables to computers, which gives the user full freedom of 3D scanning. The scanned
data is displayed in real time on a smartphone or tablet making it easier to scan large
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objects. The device provides 3 hours of continuous operation and 12 hours of
standby. The use of replaceable batteries will allow the scanner to work longer.
5.3. Benefit of 3D canner:
The first application of 3D scanning technology was reverse engineering.
From a sample object, 3D scanning technology will help reproduce the model on the
machine accurately. After having the model on the computer, the engineer will use
reverse engineering software (CATIA, NX .. ) to redesign and edit as required and
then export 3D files ( IGS, STEP ...) CNC machined right away.

3D scanning strongly supports 3D inspection, so it is impossible not to

mention the application of measuring and checking products of this 3D scanning
technology. Products after production will have to go through quality and
specification checks before the manufacturer puts it on the market. For products with
complex surfaces (especially mechanical, electronic, and microchip parts) that
require high accuracy, 3D scanning technology will help businesses perform this step
faster and with more reliability. higher trust.

When the sample is scanned, there will be an actual 3D file of that product,
the engineer can combine the design file (CAD file) with the scanned file (actual
product). From there the tester can compare the surface deviation between the actual

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and the design, measure and check the difference of GD&T, check the circle
diameter, size, distance.
This application supports difficult products, there are thousands of parts to be
tested that the CMM system cannot interfere.
5.4. Advanced operation
3D scanner SHINING3D FreeScan X5 Plus has an AirMaster wireless
computing processor with a built-in heterogeneous multi-core SOC processor that
performs image data calculations and is completely controlled by the hardware. The
AirMaster weight is 0.8 kg and its dimensions are 210 x 100 x 40 mm. The FreeScan
X5 Plus 3D scanner offers fully wireless 3D scanning with the same smoothness as
the wired version. Data is sent via Wi-Fi. The scanner is widely used in various
industries, such as 3D printing, prototyping, reverse engineering and quality control
or measurement of geometric features.

6. MICROMETER

6.1. Definition
A micrometer is a type of high-precision mechanical measuring device used
to measure very small distances, usually accurate to 1/1000 mm or a measure of this
metric to accurate 1/1000 millimeter, or 1 / 1,000,000 meters.
There are two main types of micrometers: micrometers that measure the
outside diameter and the inside diameter.
In terms of accuracy, micrometer has much higher accuracy than many other
types of rulers, such as calipers. It can give accuracy to 0.0005mm, this almost
absolute number helps micrometer to be applied in industries that need high accuracy
such as measuring machine specifications, details, aluminum and glass or used in
industrial applications. heavy industry...
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 The micrometer can perform many different measuring ranges such as 0-
25mm, 0-50mm... or 0-1000mm to help meet your measurement needs to the fullest.
The introduction of electronic micrometer also helps bring users convenience, work
faster and easier. However, the disadvantage of micrometer is that it has poor
universality.
6.2. Direction

However, the disadvantage of micrometer is its poor universality (having to

manufacture each special type: micrometer for external measurement, micrometer
for internal measurement, micrometer for depth measurement) and narrow
measuring range (within about 25 mm). But the sizes are diverse with ranges of 0-
25mm, 25-50mm, 50-75mm, 75-100mm, 100-125mm, 125-150mm,,…. micrometer
is still a mechanical measuring tool trusted by many professionals.
The micrometer includes parts such as C-frame, anvil, main ruler, and sub-
ruler. Before performing the measurement, it is essential to check that the micrometer
is correct. Step by step do the following:
Step 1: When measuring with the left hand, hold the micrometer, with the right
hand, turn the measuring head to come in contact, then turn the knob to make the
measuring head contact the object with the correct measuring pressure.
Step 2: Must keep the center line of the two measuring torches coincide with
the size of the object to be measured
Step 3: In case the micrometer must be removed from the measuring position,
turn the lock nut (brake lever) to fix the dynamic measuring head before removing
the micrometer from the measuring object.
Step 4: When measuring against the edge of the moving ruler, we can read the
"mm" and half "mm" of the size on the main ruler.
Step 5: Based on the standard line on the main ruler, we can read the
percentage "mm" on the secondary ruler (the value of each line is 0.01 mm)

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 In the process of using a micrometer or any other measuring tool, we need to
pay attention to how the ruler is stored so that the ruler keeps its accuracy when
measuring.
Do not use the micrometer to measure while the object is rotating.
Do not measure rough, dirty surfaces.
The measuring object must be cleaned before measuring.
Do not screw the auxiliary ruler screw directly so that the torch is pressed
against the measuring object.
It is necessary to limit taking the Micrometer out of the measuring position to
read the size
The measuring faces of the Micrometer need to be handled with care to avoid
rust and abrasive sand, grit or metal workpieces.
6.3. How to read micrometer

When measuring where the "0" line of the ruler is located on the main ruler,
we can read the integer part of the size on the main ruler.
See which line of the caliper coincides with the line of the main ruler, we can
read the odd part of the size according to that line of the caliper (at the overlapping
part).
When measuring against the edge of the moving ruler, we can read "mm" and
half "mm". of the dimensions above the main ruler.
Based on the standard line on the main ruler, we can read the percentage "mm"
on the ruler
Before measuring it is necessary to check that the micrometer is correct.

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 When measuring with the left hand, hold the micrometer, with the right hand,
turn the measuring head to come in close contact, then turn the knob so that the
measuring head comes into contact with the correct measuring pressure.
Must keep the center line of the two torches coincident with the size to be
measured.
In case the micrometer must be removed from the measuring position, turn the
locking nut (brake lever) to fix the dynamic probe before removing the micrometer
from the measuring object.

7. DIAL GAUGE
7.1. What Is Dial Gauge?

Dial gauges are used to measure the flatness and inclination of objects. It is
used to check round bar roundness. It checks the flatness of an object as compared
to the flatness of the standard object. In the mechanical field, dial gauges are used to
check the flatness and alignment of various jobs and workpieces.
It very easy’s to use as compared to other devices like Vernier calipers,
micrometers, etc.This dial gauge is based on the principles of “rack and pinion.” The
dial gauge can measure up to a minimum of 0.01 mm readings. Therefore its lowest
count is 0.01 mm.

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 7.2. Parts of Dial Gauge Indicator:

Case:There is a metal casing which is the outermost part of the dial gauge.
Graduated Scale:Inside the casing, graduated scales are present, marking
various readings.
Pointer:A Pointer exists that indicates the measured value on the graduated
scale.
Small Dial Gauge:This small dial gauge is present insides the dial gauge. It
also has graduation. This small dial gauge has reverse reading. The readings of small
dial gauges can be straight or reverse depending on the mechanism used in the gear
train for the movements of the pointer to the small dial gauge.
Small dial pointer:There is a small indicator that points to the measured value
at the graduation of the small dial indicator. It is also called a shorthand indicator.
Stem:The plunger or spindle moves up & down inside this stem.
Contact Point
This contact point will have contacts with the surface & will help in the motion of
the plunger. When the pointer of the external pointer completes its revolution, the pointer
of the smaller pointer wills move from 0 to 1, i.e., the smaller dial pointer will show 1 mm
when this larger pointer will exceed 100 reading in the larger dial pointer.
When the external pointer completes its ten rotations, the pointer of the smaller
indicator will return to zero. The small dial gauges are very helpful in taking a reading.

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 7.3. How to Take a Reading on Dial Gauges
Suppose we use a dial gauge to measure the flatness of the workpiece. When we use
a dial gauge to measure the flatness of the workpiece, it shows some variation. The small
dial gauge indicates a reading of slightly more than three (3).
First, we will focus on the reading of the small dial indicators. We will take the only
completes the reading of the small indicator. So, if reading is slightly more than three, then
we will only read three and ignore the rest.
When the larger dial pointer completes a full rotation, the smaller dial pointer will
move a unit that is equal to 1 mm. After taking the readings of the small dial indicator, the
readings of the external dial are taken. Explain that the external dial indicator has a reading
of 42.
After reading both the indicators we calculate the variations in mm using this
formula:
Formula for variations (in mm) = short dial reading + (external dial reading x least
count)
Now we have to assume, Variation = 3 + (42 x 0.01)= 3.42 mm
This is an accurate reading of surface variation using a 3.42 mm dial gauge indicator.
7.4. Applications of Dial Gauge:
Here, the different Applications of dial gauge are as follows:
I am comparing two heights or distances between narrow limits.
To determine the errors in the geometrics form, such as ovality, roundness,
and taper.
For taking accurate measurements of deformations such as intension and
compression.
To determine position errors of surface such as parallelisms, squareness, &
alignment.
To check the alignments of lathe centers by using a suitable, accurate bar
betweens the centers.
To check the trueness of milling machines arbours & to check the parallelism
of shaper arm with table surface or vice.
7.5. Advantages of Dial Gauge:
Here, the different Advantages of dial gauge are as follows:
The size of the dial gauge is very small & compact, so it can be used easily in
mass production.
Dial gauges can be used to measures the amounts of tappers in round objects
easily.
It is the most flawless tool in takings linear measurements.

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 7.6. Disadvantages of Dial Gauge:
Here, the different Disadvantages of dial gauge are as follows:
The precision of the dial gauges is often lost due to the vibration of machinery.
The main disadvantage of the dial gauges is parallax error. ( Parallax
error: Parallax error occurs when the measurements of an object’s lengths are more
or less than the true lengths because of your eye being positioned at an angle to the
measurement’s markings. )
Due to space constraints, the tools are needed to be installed at an angle, due
to which the accuracy of the devices is lost.
8. CALIPER

8.1. Definition
Caliper (also known as size pair) is a versatile measuring tool used to measure
the distance, inner dimensions, outer dimensions, depth of objects, devices with
shaped boxes, cylinders , hollow cylinder ... The caliper has multi-purpose, wide
measuring range, high accuracy, easy to use, low cost, so it is applied in many
different industries such as mechanics, construction, machine building. . ..
8.2. Classify
There are many types of calipers on the market today, meeting different needs, so
there are many ways to classify them.
Classification according to structural features
Based on structural characteristics, calipers are divided into the following
types:
Caliper: Measure and display the measurement results on the digital watch
face.
Mechanical caliper: Measure and display the result on the mechanical mark
engraved on the ruler.
Electronic caliper: Displays the measurement results on the electronic watch face. This is
the most modern of the three current calipers.
Sort by accuracy
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 If based on the accuracy of the measurement results, the calipers can be classified
into the following types:
The 1/10 caliper means measuring results to 0.1mm accuracy.
The 1/20 caliper measures dimensions to an accuracy of 0.05mm.
The 1/50 caliper measures results to 0.02mm accuracy.
Sort by measuring range
In addition to the two classifications above which are the two most common, we can
also classify the caliper according to its limit. The measuring limit of the ruler can be:
150mm, 200mm, 300mm, 500mm, 1000mm (1 meter)... The distance between each bar is
1mm, for easy tracking of results.
In addition, depending on the length, structure and material that makes the caliper,
many customers also call the caliper with different names such as: 200mm mechanical
caliper, plastic caliper, 150mm electronic caliper, ruler clamp 1 meter...

8.3. Structure
The structure of the caliper includes the following parts:
Inner beak.
External gauge.
Holder screw.
Mobile parts.
Extra ruler.
Main ruler.
Body size.
Depth gauge.
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 8.4. Application
The caliper can be used to measure the outside size can also measure the size of the
detail hole, so the clamp is useful in modern life extremely size:

The caliper is most commonly used in machinery manufacturing companies,

mechanics ... because it has the ability to accurately measure detailed machines, mechanics:
Inner / outer diameter of pipes of all kinds, plastic pipes, PVC pipe, round steel pipe ... In
addition, in interior design and construction, clamping frame is also used to measure wood
details, accessories, furniture ... for the purpose of meeting Meet the company's
requirements for high accuracy.
Currently, the caliper has made many new improvements, with the introduction of
the electronic caliper that immediately displays the measurement results on the LCD screen
to help users save time reading results as well as give accurate results. the fastest way
thereby speeding up the work progress.
8.5. How to use caliper.

For readers who have never been exposed to this type of ruler, to be able to
confidently use it for the first time, please immediately refer to the instructions on how to
measure the caliper and read the simple indicators that we introduce below. It should be
noted that, before measuring, you need to clean the surface of the part to be measured, check
that the ruler has reached the 0 mark exactly, when measuring, keep the two planes of the
ruler parallel to the size. need to measure. In case the ruler must be removed from the
measuring position, turn the set screw to fix the moving jaw to the main ruler body.

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 Measure outside dimensions
Step 1: Loosen the clamp screw and then move the caliper on the movable jaw to a
size larger than the size of the part to be measured.
Step 2: Apply the fixed jaw pair to the reference surface of the work piece to be
measured, then move the movable jaw until the movable outer jaw size chuck touches the
part to be measured (Ensure the contact of pair function so that it is perpendicular to the
size to be measured).
Step 3: Tighten the clamp screw to remove the ruler from the detail and read the
dimensions.
Measure hole size
Step 1: Loosen the clamping screw, move the hole size clamp on the movable jaw
to a size smaller than the hole size of the part to be measured.
Step 2: Apply the fixed jaw pair to the reference surface of the work piece to be
measured, then move the movable jaw until the movable jaw hole size chuck touches the
work piece face to be measured (Ensure the contact of pair function so that it is
perpendicular to the size to be measured).
Step 3: Tighten the clamp screw to remove the ruler from the detail and read the
dimensions.
8.6. How to read caliper.
After taking the measurement, the next thing we have to do is, of course, reading the
results. Reading the results on the caliper seems to be quite simple, but it confuses many
people who measure for the first time.

For electronic calipers, the results are displayed on the screen so you don't have to
think about how to read them. But, if you are using a mechanical caliper and a watch caliper,
please refer to the following instructions on how to read the index.

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 Read the integer part: The 0 line on the track bar coincides with the position of the
main ruler, you just read the integer part of the size on the main ruler. According to the
image, the zero line of the chain bar coincides with the 4.5cm size, ie 45mm.
Read the decimal part: Any line on the track bar that coincides with the line of the
main ruler, you read the odd part by counting the measuring lines from 0 to the exact same
position, how much, multiply by 0.05. On the image below, the number 5 line on the main
ruler coincides with the line of the scale, you take 0.05 x 5mm = 0.25mm.

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 REFERENCES
1. Creaform 3D:
https://www.creaform3d.com/blog/what-is-cmm-and-their-types/
2. Taylor Hobson:
https://www.taylor-hobson.com/resource-center/blog/2019/october/what-is-
surface-roughness
3. Qualitest:
https://www.worldoftest.com/vision-measuring-
machine#:~:text=Optical%20vision%20measuring%20machine%20(Abbrevi
ation,%2C%20angle%2C%20circle%2C%20ellipse%2C
4. Builtin:
https://builtin.com/3d-printing
5. Science Direct:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666351121000358
6. Alliance Calibration:
https://www.alliancecalibration.com/blog/what-is-a-micrometer
7. Mechanical Jungle:
https://mechanicaljungle.com/parts-of-dial-gauge-
indicator/#:~:text=Dial%20gauges%20are%20used%20to,of%20various%20
jobs%20and%20workpieces.
8. Encyclopedia:
https://www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-arts/language-linguistics-and-
literary-terms/english-vocabulary-d/caliper

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