Thesis: Animal testing in medical research is justified as it is essential for advancing

scientific knowledge, developing life-saving treatments, ensuring drug safety, and

ultimately safeguarding human health.

For 1:
Evidence:
- Animal species have similar organs to human
- Same proteins, and metabolic processes
- “The animal species employed for preclinical tests have many features similar to man.
They have similar organs: brain, lung, heart, liver, etc., and similar functions such as
circulation, hormonal set-up, peripheral nervous system, and immunological functions.”

Search:
- allintitle:"animal testing"
Reference:
- Garattini, S., & Grignaschi, G. (2017). Animal testing is still the best way to find new
treatments for patients. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 39, 32–35.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2016.11.013

For 2:
Evidence:

- Shorter lifetime for rats, meaning it will be more effective to invent new drugs during
human’s lifetime
- “Another advantage of an animal models is that while they often have a shorter life expectancy
than humans, they generally share a similar aging pattern”

Search:

- Allintitle: “animal testing”

Reference

- Bédard, P., Gauvin, S., Ferland, K., Caneparo, C., Pellerin, È., Chabaud, S., &

Bolduc, S. (2020). Innovative Human Three-Dimensional Tissue-Engineered

Models as an Alternative to Animal Testing. Bioengineering, 7(3), 115.

https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7030115

- ‌

Against 1

Evidence

- Environmental damage, and non-safety risk management, harming the plants, causing erosion
 - “Industrial effluents in the EU Member States are also subject to control for potential toxic effects to
organisms in the environment, including water, sediment, soil and air.”

Search

- Allintitle:”Animal Testing” “Alternatives”

Reference:

Scholz, S., Sela, E., Blaha, L., Braunbeck, T., Galay-Burgos, M., García-Franco,

M., Guinea, J., Klüver, N., Schirmer, K., Tanneberger, K., Tobor-Kapłon, M.,

Witters, H., Belanger, S., Benfenati, E., Creton, S., Cronin, M. T. D., Eggen, R. I.

L., Embry, M., Ekman, D., & Gourmelon, A. (2013). A European perspective on

alternatives to animal testing for environmental hazard identification and risk

assessment. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 67(3), 506–530.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.10.003

Against 2:

Evidence

- Harming animals and species

- Actual number might be higher, a warning to the earth’s ecosystem
 - “about 12 million animals (vertebrates) were recorded. From this total, 1.9 million were fish, amphibians
or birds, which comprise those vertebrates generally used in environmental hazard and risk assessment”

Search

- Allintitle: ”Animal Testing” “Alternatives”

Reference:

Daston, G. P., Mahony, C., Thomas, R. S., & Vinken, M. (2022). Assessing Safety

Without Animal Testing: The Road Ahead. Toxicological Sciences, 187(2), 214–

218. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfac039