Transmission Media

UIN SGD Nanang Ismail

Transmission medium and physical layer
Classes of transmission media
 Guided transmission media
◦ Kabel tembaga
 Open Wires
 Coaxial
 Twisted Pair
◦ Kabel serat optik
 Unguided transmission media
◦ infra merah
◦ gelombang radio
◦ microwave: terrestrial maupun satellite

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5
Waves are guided along solid
medium

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Media Bandwidth Range
Voice quality twisted pair 0 to 1 MHz
5 km
with loading 0.3 - 3.4 kHz 10 km
Coax cable (broadband) 1k - 1GHz 1-100 km
Category 5 twisted pair 1k - 100 MHz0.1-2 km
Fiber optic cable 180-370 THz 1-100 km

Untuk jarak yang lebih dekat dapat diperoleh bandwidth

yang lebih lebar. Contohnya, Cat-5 twisted pair bisa
mencapai > 200 MHz.

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 Menurut Telegrapher's Equations, suatu saluran transmisi terdiri
dari serangkaian komponen dua kutub yang jumlahnya tak
terhingga
◦ R menyatakan resistensi konduktor
◦ L menyatakan induktansi salurann
◦ C menyatakan kapasitansi antara dua konduktor
◦ G menyatakan konduktansi materi dielektrik yang memisahkan kedua
konduktor
 Impedansi karakteristik dinyatakan oleh

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 Paling lama dan sudah biasa digunakan
 Kelemahan: redaman tinggi dan sensitif terhadap
interferensi
 Redaman pada suatu kabel tembaga akan
meningkat bila frekuensi dinaikkan
 Kecepatan rambat sinyal di dalam kabel tembaga
mendekati 200.000 km/detik
 Tiga jenis kabel tembaga yang biasa digunakan:
 Open wire
 Coaxial
 Twisted Pair

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 Sudah jarang
digunakan
 Kelemahan:
◦ Terpengaruh kondisi
cuaca dan lingkungan
◦ Kapasitas terbatas
(hanya sekitar 12 kanal
voice)

70 miles open wire from Hawthorne to Tonopah

Photograph taken by Brian Hayes in 1999
(http://flickr.com/photos/brianhayes/321552411/)

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 • Bandwidth lebar (45-500 MHz)
• Lebih kebal terhadap interferensi
• Contoh penggunaan : pada antena TV,
LAN dsb.

(D)
(C)
(B)
(A)

RG58 coax and BNC Connector

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 RG58 coax and BNC Connector

Karakteristik
◦ Outer conductor berbentuk serabut (biasanya dihubungkan ke
ground)
◦ Inner conductor (solid) digunakan untuk mengirimkan signal
◦ Kebal thd noise EMI (Electromagnetic Interference ) dan RFI
(Radio Frequency Interference)
Coax digunakan pada LAN, termasuk ethernet:
- Thick coax (0.4 in, RG8)
- Thin coax (0.4cm, RG58)
- Impedansinya 50 ohm

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Coaxial cable
Table Categories of coaxial cables

Category Impedance Use

RG-59 75 W Cable TV

RG-58 50 W Thin Ethernet

RG-11 50 W Thick Ethernet

Figure BNC connectors
Figure Coaxial cable performance
 Baseband transmission

 Broadband transmission
 Kabel Coax yang digunakan untuk cable T.V.
adalah RG59 yang beriimpedansi 75 ohm,
dengan bandwidth sampai 500 MHz
 Transmisinya broadband dengan bandwidth 6
MHz per T.V. channel
 Cable T.V. bersifat simplex, broadcast, shared
access network
 Untuk data networks, dapat mengirimkan data
40 Mbps dalam satu kanal 6 MHz menggunakan
modulasi tertentu(misal QPSK/QAM).
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 Twisted pair dibangun dari dua konduktor yang dipilin
◦ Kabel dipilin untuk mengeliminasi crosstalk
 Pada suatu bundel twisted pair (lebih dari satu pasang), twist
length (twist rates) masing-masing pasangan dibedakan
untuk mencegah crosstalk antar pasangan
 Dengan menggunakan balanced signaling (+V and -V on
pair) akan mengurangi cross-talk dan menaikkan kekebalan
terhadap noise
 Twist length kabel telepon: 6 - 15 cm
 Twist length Cat-3 UTP :7.5-10cm
 Twist length Cat-5 : 2-4 cm
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  A balanced transmission line is one whose
currents are symmetric with respect to
ground so that all current flows through the
transmission line and the load
◦ none through ground
 Note that line balance depends on the
current through the line, not the voltage
across the line
 It is also called differential signaling

Source: York County Amateur Radio Society

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 V = +6 VDC
I = 25 mA Example #1

6V
 W

 W
6V

I = -25 mA
V = -6 VDC

 Notice that the currents are equal and opposite

and that the total current flowing through ground
= 25mA-25mA = 0

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 V = +9 VDC
I = 25 mA
Example #2

 W

 W

I = -25 mA
V = -6 VDC

 Note that the total current flowing through ground is again 0

 Because the ground current is 0, the ground is not required

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 V = +6 VDC
I = 20 mA Example #3

 W

 W

I = -25 mA
V = -6 VDC

 Is the line balanced?

 No – although the voltages are equal and
opposite, the currents are not!

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 FYI:
◦ Coaxial is an example of unbalanced transmission
line
◦ Many types of antenna (dipoles, yagi etc.) are
balanced load
◦ So, to feed balanced antenna with unbalance
transmission lines we have to use baluns (balance-
unbalance)

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 Unshielded Twisted pair (UTP)
 Shielded Twisted pair (STP)

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 Category 1- originally designed for voice telephony only, but thanks to
some new techniques, long-range Ethernet and DSL, operating at
10Mbps and even faster, can be deployed over Cat 1
 Category 2 - accommodate up to 4Mbps and is associated with token-
ring LANs.
 Category 3 - Cat 3 cable operates over a bandwidth of 16MHz on UTP
and supports up to 10Mbps over a range of 330 feet (100 m).
◦ Key LAN applications include 10Mbps Ethernet and 4Mbps token-ring LANs.

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 Category 4 - operates over a bandwidth of 20MHz on UTP and can carry up
to 16Mbps over a range of 330 feet (100 m). The key LAN application is
16Mbps token ring.
 Category 5 - operates over a bandwidth of 100MHz on UTP and can handle
up to 100Mbps over a range of 330 feet (100m). Cat 5 cable is typically used
for Ethernet networks running at 10Mbps or 100Mbps.
◦ Key LAN applications include 100BASE-TX, ATM, CDDI, and 1000BASE-T.
◦ It is no longer supported, having been replaced by Cat 5e.
 Category 5e - Cat 5e (enhanced) operates over a bandwidth of 100MHz on
UTP, with a range of 330 feet (100 m).
◦ The key LAN application is 1000BASE-T.
◦ The Cat 5e standard is largely the same as Category 5, except that it is made to
somewhat more stringent standards.
◦ Category 5e is recommended for all new installations and was designed for
transmission speeds of up to 1Gbps (Gigabit Ethernet).
◦ Although Cat 5e can support Gigabit Ethernet, it is not currently certified to do so.

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 Category 6 - specified under ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-
B.2-1, operates over a bandwidth of up to 400MHz
and supports up to 1Gbps over a range of 330 feet
(100 m).
◦ Cable standard for Gigabit Ethernet and other
network protocols that is backward compatible
with the Cat 5/5e and Cat 3 cable standards.
◦ Cat 6 features more stringent specifications for
crosstalk and system noise.
◦ Cat 6 is suitable for 10BASE-T/100BASE-TX and
1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet) connections.

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 Max Data Rate Attenuation NEXT
Category-3 UTP 16 Mbps 13.1 db/100m 23db @16MHz
9.8 db/100m 26db @10MHz
Category-4 UTP 20 Mbps 10.1 db/100m 36db @20MHz
Category-5 UTP 100 Mbps 22db/100m 44db @100MHz
Category-5e UTP 200 Mbps 32db/100m 40db @200MHz
 Cat 7 is specified in the frequency range of
1MHz to 600MHz.
◦ ISO/IEC11801:2002 Category 7/Class F is a cable standard
for Ultra Fast Ethernet and other interconnect technologies
that can be made backward compatible with traditional Cat
5 and Cat 6 Ethernet cable.
◦ Cat 7, which is based on four twisted copper pairs, features
even more stringent specifications for crosstalk and system
noise than Cat 6.
◦ To achieve this, shielding has been added for individual
wire pairs and the cable as a whole

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 Twisted pair cables are often shielded in attempt to
prevent electromagnetic interference.
 Because the shielding is made of metal, it may also
serve as a ground.
 However, usually a shielded or a screened twisted pair
cable has a special grounding wire added called a drain
wire.
 This shielding can be applied to individual pairs, or to
the collection of pairs.
 When shielding is applied to the collection of pairs, this
is referred to as screening.
 The shielding must be grounded for the shielding to
work.

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 Screened unshielded twisted pair (S/UTP)
◦ Also known as Fully shielded (or Foiled) Twisted Pair
(FTP), is a screened UTP cable (ScTP).
 Shielded twisted pair (STP or STP-A)
 Screened shielded twisted pair (S/STP or
S/FTP)

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Screened unshielded twisted pair
(S/UTP)

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1 – Jacket
2 – Shield-foil
3 – Drain wire
4 – Solid twisted pair

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1 – Jacket
2 – Rip-cord
3 – Shield-foil
4 – Drain wire
5 – Protective skin
6 – Polymer tape
7 – Solid twisted pair

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 Kabel twisted pair untuk komputer menggunakan konektor
RJ45 (8 pin)
 Kabel twisted pair untuk telepon menggunakan konektor
RJ11

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