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Cont
ent
s
TABLEOFSTATUTES. 3
I
NTRODUCTI
ON 3
I
NFANTI
CIDE 3
ELEMENTSOFTHEOFFENCE 3
Sent
enci
ngf
ori
nfant
ici
de 5
DEFENSESONI
NFANTI
CIDE 5
Concl
usi
on 5
CONCEALI
NGBI
RTH 6
El
ement
s 6
Act
usReus. 7
Puni
shment
. 7
KI
LLI
NGOFUNBORNCHI
LD 7
Requi
rement
s 8
Act
usr
eus 8
MENSREA 8
I
stheki
l
li
ngofunbor
nchi
l
dabor
ti
onorhomi
cide? 9
Ki
l
li
ngUnbor
nChi
l
dinot
herj
uri
sdi
cti
ons. 9
Concl
usi
on 10
BI
BILI
OGRAPHY, 10
TABLEOFSTATUTES.
CONSTI
TUTI
ONOFKENYA.
UNI
LATERALDECLARATI
ONOFHUMANRI
GHTS
PENALCODE

I
NTRODUCTI
ON
Theof f
encescov eredinthisdocumentar eoff
encesagainstperson,andlesser
homi ci
des.Theyoriginatefr
om thebor nali
verul
efr
om commonl aw,i
textendscri
minal
l
awsucht hati
tcov ersunlawfuldeath/har
m donetofetus(unbornchil
d).Thiswasdue
tothefactthatthereexistedagapi nthelawofhomicidewhichonl ycoveredthe
mot her
.Apartfr
om t hattheoffenceswer emajor
lyt
ohandl earchaiccul
turalval
ues
suchkill
ingoftwins,andki l
l
inginfantsasafamil
yplanningmet hod.

I
NFANTI CI DE
I
nf antici
deaccor dingtotheKeny anpenal codeI swher ethebiologicalmotherofachi ld
1
throughanywi ll
fulactoromi ssi
oncausesdeat hofherchi ldbeingunder12mont hs.
Alsoi fatthet i
meofcommi ssi
onoromi ssi onthemot herwasunderment ali
mbal ance
disturbedbyt her easonofnothav i
ngfullyr ecover
edf r
om t heeffectofgivingbirh2.
t
Alsoknownaschi l
ddestructi
onorneonat icide.I
nfanti
cideisdistinct
iveinthatiti
sbot h
apar tial
def ensetoachar geofmur derormansl aughter,aswell asadisti
ncthomi ci
de
offenceandi tappliesexcl
usivel
ytowomen. i
tisarguedthatinfantici
dedoct r
ineslides
betweent hecategor i
esofof f
enceanddef enseormor epr eci
selybet weenchargeand
3
plea.
I
nKeny ahist
ori
call
yinf
anti
ciderootedi
ntradi
ti
ons,cul
tural
beliefsandinsome
i
nstancesrel
igi
ousfanati
csm.i
not herj
uri
sdi
cti
onsthecrimepr oscri
pti
onduetothe
l
onghistoryofki
ll
i
ngofunwant ednewbornchil
dren.I
nfanti
cideshieldsamotherfr
om
possi
bil
it
yofamur derchargeorli
feimpri
sonment.
SECTI
ON210
ELEMENTSOFTHEOFFENCE
1.Accusedi
sfemal
e
2.Deceasedwasbor
nal
i
ve
3.Accussedcausedt
hedeat
hofherchi
l
d{bi
ologi
cal
}
4.Deat
hofachi
l
dwascausedbyawi
l
lful
actoromi
ssi
onoft
heaccused
5.Thechi
l
dwasnewbor
norunder12mont
hsofage

1
Kenyanpenalcodecap63
2
Ibi
d1
3
WardTony,
1999,Thesadsubj
ectofi
nfant
ici
del
aw;
law,
medi
cineandchi
l
dmur
der
 6.Accussedwasnotf
ull
yrecov
eredf
rom t
heef
fect
sofgi
vi
ngbi
rt
htot
hechi
l
d
7.Byreasonofchi
ldbi
rt
hort
heconsequentef
fect
sofl
act
ati
ont
heaccused’
smi
nd
wasdistur
bed.

Di
stur
bedmi
ndi
ntodet
ail
.
Accor
dingtotheR.v.Bor
owiec(
M. K.
),2016SCC11Thesupremecour
tofCanada
est
abl
ishedthatdi
stur
banceofmindinrelat
iont
oinf
ant
ici
deis;
 Nott
obeconst
ruedasal
egal
/medi
cal
ter
m butaccor
dingt
oit
sgr
ammat
ical
meani
ng.
 Thedisturbanceneednotconsti
tut
eadefinedmentalorpsychol
ogical
condit
ion
orament alil
lness.I
tneednotconst
it
uteamentaldisor
derunders.16ofthe
Crimi
nal Codeoramountt oasigni
fi
canti
mpair
mentoft heaccused'sr
easoni
ng
facul
ti
es.
 Thedistur
bancemustbepresentatthet
imeoft heactoromissi
oncausi
ngthe
'
newly-bor
n'chi
l
d'sdeat
handtheactoromi ssionmustoccuratati
mewhent he
accusedisnotful
l
yrecover
edfrom t
heeffectsofgi
vingbi
rthorofl
act
ati
on.
 Thereisnor equi
rementtoprovethatt
heactoromissi
onwascausedbythe
di
sturbance.Thedist
urbanceispartoftheact
usr
eusofinf
ant
ici
de,nott
he
mensr ea.
 Thedi stur
bancemustbe'
byreasonof'
thefactthattheaccusedwasnotf
ull
y
recoveredfrom t
heeff
ect
sofgivi
ngbir
thorfrom theeff
ectoflact
ati
on
consequentont hebi
rt
hofthechi
ld.
"

Ther
equi
sit
emensr
eaf
ort
heof
fenceofi
nfant
ici
dei
swi
l
lful
actoromi
ssi
on.
Ther
equi
sit
eact
usr
eusi
sactoromi
ssi
oncausi
ngdeat
hoft
hei
nfant
.
Al
lel
ementsmustbeprovedbyt
heprosecut
ionbey
ondr
easonabl
edoubtbyt
he
pr
osecut
ionasi
twasintheSmit
h’scase.
I
nthecaseof
Rvsmi t
h[1976]inCanada,agir
laged17yearswhodidn’tknowthatshewaspregnant,
gavebi
rthatherparent
s’homeatnightandwhent hebabystar
tedcryi
ngshecovered
themouthinordernottowakeherparent
s.Thejudgedoubtedthatsheint
endedtoki
ll
4
thechi
l
dandwasacqui tted.

4
RvSmi
th[
1976]
,24Nf
dl.&P.
E.I
.R.
161atpar
a.17(
Nfl
d.Di
st.
Ct.
)[Smi
th]
.
Theabovecaseshowst hati
nthebegi
nni
ngascer
tai
ningment
ali
ntentwasessent
ial
fori
nfant
ici
deconv
ict
ion.
Thisi
sincontrasttoinRvGORE[ 2007]EWCACr am 2789,wherei
tisestabl
i
shingthat
ther
eisnoneedt opr ovealli
ngredient
sf ormurderbeforeadefendant’
sconvict
ionof
i
nfanti
ci
de.Theai m ofparl
iamentwast ocreat
eanewof fence,
whichcovers
cir
cumstancesmuchwi derthanof f
enseswoul dotherwi
sebemur der.Themensr eaof
5
i
nfanti
ci
dedoesnotr equi
reanyintenti
ont okil
lorcauseser i
ousbodil
yharm.

EHVR[
2017]Ekl
r
The19-yearol
dappell
antchargedwit
ht heoff
enceofinf
antici
decontrar
ytosect
ion
210asreadwi t
hsecti
on205oft hepenalcode.Theappell
anthadki
lledanewbornbaby
anddumpedi ti
napitlat
ri
ne.Shepleadedguil
tyandsentencedto7y ear
s’
i
mprisonment.Theappel
lantwasstil
lunderl
actati
onperi
odandchar gedimmedi
atel
y.
6
Thecourtofappeal
all
owedt heappealandplacedunder6-monthprobati
on.
Sent
enci
ngfori
nfant
ici
de
7
Puni
shmentofi
nfant
ici
deismansl
aught
er.
Thesent
enci
ngi
suponcour
t’
sdi
scr
eti
on.
I
nthecaseofP.A.OVRepubl
ic(Supr
a),
Just
iceF.Tui
yotsetaside7-
yeari
mpr
isonment
8
f
orinf
anti
cideof
fenseandr
eplacedi
twit
ha17mont hs’i
mprisonment.
AWM VRepubl
i
c,Ny
eri
(Cour
tofAppeal
Cri
minal
Appeal
No.
156of2006
Theappell
anta17-
y earol
d,chargedwithmur deroftheyoungchi
ld,
wasconv i
ctedand
sent
encedtodetai
ningonpresidenti
alpleasureundersect
ion25(
2)ofthepenalcode.
Thecourtgrant
edtheappealandt hesentencesetasideandsetf
reeinvi
ewoft he
9
peri
odof3y ear
sal
r eadyser
ved.
DEFENSESONI NFANTICI
DE
TheSupremeCourtofCanadastatedt
hat"I
nfant
ici
deoperat
esbothasastand-
alone
off
enceandasaparti
aldefense.
..toachar
geofmur der
.InthecaseofR.v
.Borowiec
(M.K.
),2016SCC11
Insani
tycanal
sobeusedt
oasadef
enseal
sowhenonei
saccusedofi
nfant
ici
deas
seeninthecaseofRVSP.
I
nRvSP[
no.
2][
2006]ACTSC78,
theaccusedwassuf
fer
ingf
rom apost
nat
alpsy
chosi
s

2007],
5
RvGor e[ EWCACram 2789
6
P.A.
OvRepubl i
c(supr
a),
keny al
aw.org
7
Ibi
d1
8
Secti
on210oftheKeny anpenal code
9
AWM vR[ 2006],
Kenyalaw.org
 10
ani
ntheactsuf
focat
edhersonwhowasaf
ewday
sol
d,wasacqui
tt
ed.
I
fprovedt
ohavebeenl
egal
lyi
nsanebef
orecommi
tt
ingt
heof
fencet
heaccusedi
s
acqui
tt
edasi
tisi
nthecasebel
ow.
RVSZOLA[ 1976],33CCC[2d]572, awomanwi t
hpost part
um psychosisaccidental
ly
ki
ll
edhernewlybor nsonafterdroppi nghi
m onthefloortoquiethi
m.Whenshepl ed
gui
lt
ytoinf
anticide,t
heOntariocour tofappealr
uledthewomanwasl egal
l
yi nsane
whenkil
l
ingtheson.Thecour treducedhersent encet ocondi
ti
onaldischargeand
11
compul
sorypsy chiat
ri
ctr
eatment
Conclusi
on
Lawandsoci etalval
uesmakescr iminall
awl egal
lyinterestingandasi ti
ntertwines,
seemssoci allyconfli
cti
ngf rom amor al
poi ntofv i
ew.I nfantici
dei sanexcellent
exampleofhowt hecour tsfindadi f
fi
cultyinhar moni zi
ngt heissues.I ti
salsoast ar
k
exampleoft her eali
tythatinsomeaspect sourcr i
mi nallawi sclingingtothepastand
i
ndesper ateneedofr eform.Thewor dbal anceofmi ndisdel etedi nEngli
shlaw.
Lactat
ioninsani t
y,whichdr ov eEngli
shlegi slat
ionisoutoft heVi ctori
anageandi sno
l
ongerconsi deredmedi call
yv al
id.Whent hecr imedoesnotf it
,thet i
mesitbecomes
hardtodetermi newhet hert hecr i
mer ef
lect scurr
entsoci etal i
nterestsandv alues.
Reducedculpabil
i
tyofwomenwhoki l
lsthei
rinfant
scall
sf orr
ecognit
ionofother
disadvant
agedoffender
swhohav ecommi t
tedhomicideifbasedonthebiologi
cal
12
effectoft
hement aldi
stur
bancesotherthanscient
if
icproof. Thecri
met houghisi
nan
exclusi
veregar
dtomot hersandtheotheroffender
swoul dhav et
orel
yonsect i
on12of
thepenalcodeifconfr
ontedwiththesamei ssue.

CONCEALINGBI
RTH
S.227oft
hePCAnyper
sonwho,
whenawomani
sdel
i
ver
edofachi
l
d,endeav
orsby

anysecr
etdi
sposi
ti
onoft
hedeadbodyoft
hechi
l
dtoconceal
bir
th,
whet
hert
hechi
l
d
13
di
edbef
ore,
oraf
terbi
rt
h,i
sgui
l
tyofami
sdemeanor
.

Canadi
ansupr
emecour
trul
i
ngI
NSTATEVI
VANALEVKOVI
Cst
atedi
nobi
tat
hat
;

Thecr
imeonconceal
i
ngofbi
rt
htar
get
stopr
otectcr
imi
nal
conductagai
nstnewl
ybor
n

i
nfant
sincaseswher
etheev
idencedoesnotest
abl
i
sht
hatdeat
hoccur
redpost
-bi
rt
h.

10
SeeRvSP[no.
2][2006]ACTSC78
11
seeRVSZOLA[1976]
,
33CCC[2d]572
12
SANJEEVANAND,
RATI
ONALI
ZINGI
NFANTI
CIDE:
MEDI
CO-
LEGALASSESMEENTOFTHECRI
MINALCODE’
SCHI
LDHOMI
CIDE
OFFENCE
13
PENALCODE
Thepr
osecut
ionmustpr
ove:

1.
Int
entt
oconceal
bir
th;

2.
Thedeadbodyoft
hechi
l
d;

14
3.
Thesecr
etdi
sposi
ti
onoft
hedeadchi
l
d..

Di
sposi
ti
onexpl
ainedasi
nthecaseofrvm

Thej
udgmentaf
fi
rmst
hati
nor
dert
ocompl
ywi
tht
hisel
ementoft
heof
fence,
ther
ehas

t
obeadegr
eeof“
per
manence”
.Asper
tai
nsdi
sposi
ti
onoft
hebody
.

El
ements
MensRea

Themensr
eaoft
hisof
fencei
stoi
ntent
iont
oconceal
bir
th.

Act
usReus.
I
sthesecr
etdi
sposi
ti
onoft
hedeadbodyofachi
l
d?Thesubj
ectmat
teroft
hisof
fence

i
sadeadbodyofachi
l
d.

I
nthecaseofSt
atevMosebeke1990BLR363(
HC)i
twashel
dthatal
ltheel
ement
sof
15
t
heof
fencemustbepr
oved.

I
nCar
oli
neChel
agatSi
gil
aivR[
2003]

I
twasest
abl
i
shedt
hatf
ort
hisof
fencet
obecompl
etet
her
emustbeadeadbodyofa

chi
l
d.

Theappel
l
anthadbeenchar
gedwi
tht
heof
fenceofconceal
i
ngbi
rt
hcont
rar
ytosect
ion

227oft
hepenal
code,
andsent
encedt
othr
eey
ear
s’i
mpr
isonment
.Onappeal
itwas
14
ht
tps:
//www.
crimi
nal
sol
ici
tor
smelbourne.
com.
au
15
ht
tps:
//www.
elaws.
gov.
bw>despl
aylr
page
est
abl
i
shedt
hati
twasadef
ect
ivechar
geast
hechi
l
dwasr
escuedandnev
erdi
ed,

henceshewassetf
reeasshewaschar
gedwi
thanon-
exi
stentof
fence.

Puni
shment.
Theoff
encei
sami
sdemeanorasst
ipul
atedi
nthePC.

I
nthecaseofCat
her
ineWambui
GichangavR[
2007]Theappel
l
anthadbeenchar
ged

wi
thconceal
i
ngbi
rt
hcont
rar
ytos.227oft
hePCandsent
encedf
orf
ivey
ear
s.On

appeal
,theappel
l
atecour
tfaul
tedt
her
uli
ngoft
het
ri
alj
udgef
oradmi
nist
eri
ngani
l
legal
,

har
shandexcessi
vesent
ence.Just
iceM.
S.AMAKHANDI
Ast
atedt
hatt
heof
fencewas

ami
sdemeanorandshoul
dat
tractamaxi
mum oft
woy
ear
s.

KI
LLI
NGOFUNBORNCHI LD
Ar
ti
cle26(
4)oft
heKeny
anconst
it
uti
ongr
ant
sev
eryper
sont
her
ightt
oli
fewher
eli
fe

st
art
satconcept
ionandpr
ohi
bit
sanyper
sonf
rom bei
ngdepr
ivedofl
i
feunl
esst
othe

ext
ental
l
owedbyt
heconst
it
uti
onoranyot
herwr
it
t aw16.Thi
enl sar
ti
clei
sanext
ensi
on

t
othecr
imeofKi
l
li
nganunbor
nchi
l
dest
abl
i
shedi
nsect
ion228oft
heKeny
anPenal

Codewhi
chonl
yappl
i
est
oawomanwhoi
saboutt
ogi
vebi
rt
hordur
ingchi
l
dbi
rt
h.

Ar
ti
cle3oft
heUni
ver
salDecl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
sal
sodecl
arest
hatev
ery
onei
s

ent
it
ledt
oli
fe17.

Sect
ion228oft
heKeny
anpenal
Code,
anyper
sonwhowhenawomani
saboutt
o

bedel
i
ver
ed ofachi
l
d ,pr
event
sthechi
l
dfr
om bei
ngbor
nal
i
vebyanyactor

omi
s si
onofsuchanat
uret
hat
,i
fthechi
l
dhadbeenbor
nal
i
veandhadt
hen

di
ed,hewoul
dbedeemedt
ohav
eunl
awf
ull
yki
l
ledt
hechi
l
d ,i
sgui
l
tyoff
elonyand

Keny
16
anConst
it
uti
on
Uni
17
v
ersal
Decl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
s,1948
 18
i
sli
abl
etoi
mpr
isonmentf
orl
i
fe .

Requi
reme nts
 Anypersoncancommi
tthecr
ime;

 Ther
eisanactoromi
s si
ont
hatpr
event
sthechi
l
dfr
om bei
ngbor
nal
i
ve.

Bef
oret
heactoromi
s si
ont
her
emustbeapr
ovet
hatt
hechi
l
dwoul
dhav
e

beenbor
nal
i
ve.

Act
usr eus
Anactoromi
ssi
ont
hatl
eadst
othedeat
hofachi
l
dbef
oreoratt
het
imeofbi
rt
h.
Thi
soccur
swher
etheent
ir
ebodyoft
hechi
l
dhasnotl
eftt
hebodyoft
hemot
her
.

Hashel
dinEl
i
zabet
hMwel
uMwauvRepubl
i
c

MENSREA
I
ntent
iont
odest
royt
hel
i
feofachi
l
dbor
nal
i
ve19.

I
stheki
l
li
ngofunbor
nchi
l
dabort
ionorhomi
cide?
Theoff
e ncel
iessomewherebetweenaborti
onandhomi
cide.Thedi
s t
inct
ion

bet
weenabor
ti
onandt
hisof
fencei
sthati
nabor
ti
oni
tisnotnecessar
ytopr
ove

t
hatt
hechi
l
dwoul
dhav
ebeenbor
nal
i
ve,wher
easf
orchi
l
ddest
ruct
ioni
tmustbe

pr
ovedbymedi
calev
idencet
hatt
hechi
l
dwoul
dhav
ebeenbor
nal
i
ve.Thet
wo

of
fenceshoweverov
erl
ap t
osomeext
entand aper
s onchar
gedwi
thchi
l
d

dest
ruct
ionmaybeconv
ict
edofabor
ti
on.Ki
l
li
nganunbor
nchi
l
dandunl
awf
ul

abor
ti
onar
eunl
awf
ulhomi
cides.I
fithappenst
hatt
hechi
l
disbor
nal
i
veandi
s

i
ndependentoft
hebodyoft
hemot
herandi
sthenki
l
led,t
henaper
soncanonl
ybe

18
SECTI
ON228OFPENALCODE
19
MusyokaWi
l
li
am cr
imi
nal
law.
char
gedwi
tht
heof
fenceofmur
der
,mansl
aught
erori
nfant
ici
de.

Kil
li
ngUnbor
nChi
l
dinotherj
uri
sdi
cti
ons.
The of
fenceha sthe name child dest
ruct
ion i
n Engl
and j
uri
s di
cti
on.The

def
ini
ti
oni
smor
elesst
hesame.chi
l
ddest
ruct
ioni
ski
l
li
nganunbor
nbutv
iabl
e

f
etus;t
hati
sachi
l
dcapabl
eofbei
ngbor
nal
i
vebef
orei
thasasepar
ate

exi
s t
ence.Aswel
li
njur
ingaheav
il
ypr
egnantwomani
ntheabdomen,sucht
hat

t
hef
etusdi
es.

Casel
aws

El
i
zabet
hMwel
uMwauvRepubl
i
c

JudgeP.Ny
amwey
adef
inest
heof
fenceofki
l
li
nganunbor
nchi
l
d.Theof
fence

ofki
l
li
nganunbor
nchi
ldmakesi
tacr
imi
nalof
fencef
oraper
sont
oint
endt
o

dest
royt
hel
i
feofanunbor
nchi
ldcapabl
eofbei
ngbor
nal
i
vebyunl
awf
ull
yusi
ng

any meanst
oachi
evet
hisr
esul
t.The of
fence ofki
l
li
ng an unbor
n baby

t
her
efor
edeal
swi
thact
sint
ent
ional
l
yper
for
medbef
oreordur
ingchi
l
dbi
rt
h

wher
etheent
ir
ebodyoft
hechi
l
dhasnotl
eftt
hebodyoft
hemot
her
,andt
her
eis

anov
erl
apoft
hisof
fencewi
thabor
ti
onr
elat
edof
fences.

RoseWachukaKi
bevRepubl
i
c

I
nthi
scase,
theappel
l
antwasconv
ict
edoft
heof
fenceofKi
l
li
nganUnbor
nChi
l
d

under sect
ion 228 of t
he PenalCode and was sent
enced t
o 10 y
ear
s’

i
mpr
isonment
.Theappel
l
antst
atedshewi
shedt
opr
oceedagai
nstt
hesent
enci
ng
st
ati
ngt
hatshewasr
emor
sef
ul,hadheal
thpr
obl
emsandt
hatshehadchi
l
dren

whodependedonher
.Thecour
tinexer
cisi
ngi
tsj
uri
sdi
cti
onhadt
oconsi
dert
he

f
oll
owi
ngf
act
ors:pr
inci
plesofpr
opor
ti
onal
i
ty,det
err
enceandr
ehabi
l
itat
ion.Aspar
t

oft
hepr
opor
ti
onal
i
tyanal
ysi
s,mi
ti
gat
ingandaggr
avat
ingf
act
orsshoul
dal
sobe

consi
der
ed.Thecour
tofappealhel
dthatj
ust
icewoul
donl
ybeser
vedi
fthesent
ence

i
sreducedandt
hust
hel
ear
nedj
udge,JohnMat
ivoor
der
edt
hatt antRose
heappel
l

WachukaKi
beber
eleasedf
rom pr
isonf
ort
hwi
thunl
essot
her
wisel
awf
ull
yhel
d.

Concl
usi
on
Somest at
esi
ntheUni
tedSt
atesofAmer
icaadaptThebor
nal
i
ver
ule. Thi
sisa

commonl
awr
ulet
hator
igi
nat
edf
rom Engl
andt
hatst
atest
hatonl
yper
sonsbor
nal
i
ve

canbesubj
ectt
ohomi
cide.I
nNewSout
hWal
es,
thesameappr
oachi
smadei
nwhi
ch

anunbor
nchi
l
dki
l
ledi
ntheut
erusi
snotconsi
der
edal
egalper
sonandcannotbet
aken

t
o hav
e been ki
l
led.Thi
s cont
radi
ctst
he uni
ver
saldecl
arat
ion ofhuman r
ight
s.

(
For
syt
heCl
arkeD"
Homi
cideoft
heUnbor
nChi
l
d:TheBor
nAl
i
veRul
eandot
herLegal

Anachr
oni
sms,
1986)

BI
BILIOGRAPHY,
Kenyalaw.
org

For
syt
heCl
arkeD"
Homi
cideoft
heUnbor
nChi
l
d:TheBor
nAl
i
veRul
eandot
herLegal

Anachr
oni
sms,
1986.

Vl
ex

Penal
code.

Uni
ver
sal
decl
arat
ionofhumanr
ight
s.
Const
it
uti
onofKeny
a.

Musy
okaWi
l
li
am cr
imi
nal
l .
aw.

ht
tps:
//www.
cri
minal
sol
i
cit
orsmel
bour
ne.
com.
au