1 Properties of Logarithms

The following properites are true if M and N > 0, b > 0, andb 6= 1.

y = logb x if and only if x = by

The product of terms within a log is equal to the sum of the log of each term

logb M N = logb M + logb N

The quotient of terms within a log is equal to the difference of the log of each term
M
logb ( ) = logb M − logb N
N
The log of a term raised by the power of p is equal to the product of p and the log of the
term.

logb M p = p ∗ logb M

Log Identities for 1 and 0.

logb b = 1, logb 1 = 0
Changing of Base formula for Logs (from a to b)

loga X
logb X =
loga b