GST PRESENTATION (Matric 41-67)

230407010041 Adetutu Mayowa Ayomide

230407010042 Garbadeen Fayruz
230407010043 Jimoh Khalilulah Olamilekan
230407010044 Kazeem Sulaimon Boluwatife
230407010045 Kasali Gabriel Oluwapelumi
230407010046 Famakinwa Adedeji Joseph
230407010047 Tijani Oluwapelumi Anthony
230407010048 Olaleru Abdulrahman Oladimeji
230407010049 Farotimi Oluwatofunmi Akinbowale
230407010050 Abari Muiz Omobodunrin
230407010051 Alimi Quadri Boluwatife
230407010052
230407010053 Mustapha Tofunmi Oluwatunmise
230407010054 Sanni-Arewa Jemimah
230407010055 Animashaun Quadri Olasunkanmi
230407010056 Ogunleye Emmanuel Victor
230407010057 Olalowo Oladimeji AlHameed
230407010058 Omoniyi Elijah
230407010059 Emmanuel Godwin
230407010060 Tijani Abdullahi Oluwadamilare
230407010061
230407010062
230407010063
230407010064 Adesina Rotimi Matthew
230407010065 Tade Khairullah Oluwaseyi
230407010066 Christopher Jonathan Eleng
230407010067 Abiodun Michael babatunde

Lecturer: Mr Alabi
 Topics
● List and explain the part of speech with
reference to their types and functions

● Discuss phrases, clauses and sentences

● Explain the elements of prose

1. List and explain the parts of speech with reference
to their types and functions

Parts of Speech with reference to their types and functions.

Parts of Speech
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Verb
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
Noun
1. Noun: A noun is a word that represents a person, place, thing, or
idea. It serves as the subject of a sentence, the object of a verb,
or the object of a preposition.
Functions of a Noun
Subject: The noun that performs the action in a sentence.
Object: The noun that receives the action in a sentence.
Complement: The noun that completes the meaning of a
sentence.
Possessive: The noun that shows ownership or relationship.

Types of Nouns
● Common Nouns: Refer to general, non-specific people,
places, things, or ideas (e.g., dog, city, book).
● Proper Nouns: Refer to specific people, places, things, or
ideas and are capitalised (e.g., John, Paris, Coca-Cola).
● Abstract Nouns: Refer to ideas, concepts, or emotions that
cannot be perceived through the senses (e.g., love, freedom,
happiness).
● Concrete Nouns: Refer to tangible objects that can be
perceived through the senses (e.g., table, tree, car).
 ● Countable Nouns: Refer to individual units that can be
counted (e.g., three apples, five books).
● Uncountable Nouns: Refer to substances, concepts, or
qualities that cannot be counted (e.g., water, air, honesty).

2. Pronoun: A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun in a

sentence to avoid repetition. It can refer to a person, thing, place,
or idea without having to repeat the noun.
Functions of Pronouns
● Replace Nouns: Pronouns stand in for nouns to avoid
repetition.
● Clarify Meaning: Pronouns help clarify who or what is being
referred to in a sentence.
● Show Ownership: Possessive pronouns indicate ownership
or possession.
● Ask Questions: Interrogative pronouns are used to ask
questions.
● Introduce Clauses: Relative pronouns introduce dependent
clauses that provide additional information about a noun.

Types of Pronouns
● Personal Pronouns: Refer to specific persons or things (e.g., I, you,
he, she, it, we, they).
● Demonstrative Pronouns: Point to specific things or people (e.g.,
this, that, these, those).
● Possessive Pronouns: Show ownership or possession (e.g., mine,
yours, his, hers, ours, theirs).
● Reflexive Pronouns: Reflect back to the subject of the sentence
(e.g., myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
themselves).
● Interrogative Pronouns: Used to ask questions (e.g., who, whom,
whose, which, what).
● Relative Pronouns: Introduce relative clauses (e.g., who, whom,
whose, which, that).
● Indefinite Pronouns: Refer to non-specific persons or things (e.g.,
all, some, any, none, each, every, nobody, everybody).

3. Verb: A verb is a word that expresses an action, occurrence, or

state of being. It is the core of a sentence and indicates what the
subject is doing or the condition it is in.
Functions of a Verb
● Action Verbs: Show what the subject is doing.
● Linking Verbs: Connect the subject to a subject complement
(noun or adjective) to provide more information about the
subject.
● Helping Verbs: Assist the main verb in expressing various tenses,
moods, voices, and conditions.
Types of Verbs
● Action Verbs: Express physical or mental actions (e.g., run,
think, eat).
● Linking Verbs: Connect the subject of a sentence to a noun
or adjective that renames or describes the subject (e.g., is,
seem, become).
● Helping Verbs: Work with the main verb to express shades
of time and mood (e.g., have, will, should).

4. Adjective: Used to qualify a noun or pronoun. It also gives more

information about a noun or a pronoun.
Functions of Adjectives
● Modify Nouns: Adjectives provide additional information about
the noun they describe.
● Specify Quantity: Quantitative adjectives specify how much or
how many.
● Indicate Ownership: Possessive adjectives show who owns or
possesses the noun.
● Ask Questions: Interrogative adjectives are used to ask questions
about the noun.
 Types of Adjectives
● Descriptive Adjectives: Provide specific details about the noun
they modify (e.g., beautiful, tall, delicious).
● Quantitative Adjectives: Indicate the quantity or amount of the
noun (e.g., many, few, several).
● Demonstrative Adjectives: Point out specific nouns and indicate
their position in space or time (e.g., this, that, these, those).
● Possessive Adjectives: Show ownership or possession (e.g., my,
your, his, her, its, our, their).
● Interrogative Adjectives: Used to ask questions about the noun
(e.g., which, what, whose).

5. Adverb: An adverb is a word that modifies or describes a verb,

adjective, or another adverb by providing information about how,
when, where, or to what extent something happens.

Functions of Adverbs
● Modify Verbs: Adverbs provide more information about how an
action is carried out.
● Modify Adjectives: Adverbs describe the degree or intensity of an
adjective.
● Modify Other Adverbs: Adverbs can also modify other adverbs to
indicate the manner or degree of an action.
● Provide Additional Information: Adverbs offer details about the
time, place, frequency, or manner of an action.
Types of Adverbs
● Adverbs of Manner: Describe how an action is performed (e.g.,
quickly, slowly, carefully).
● Adverbs of Time: Indicate when an action takes place (e.g., now,
later, yesterday).
● Adverbs of Place: Show where an action occurs (e.g., here, there,
nearby).
● Adverbs of Frequency: Specify how often an action happens (e.g.,
always, never, sometimes).
 ● Adverbs of Degree: Modify the intensity or degree of an
adjective, adverb, or verb (e.g., very, too, quite).

6. Preposition: A word placed before a noun or a pronoun to form a

phrase modifying another word in a sentence.

7. Conjunction: Joins words, phrases or clauses and it indicates the

relationship between the elements joined.

8. Interjection: A word used to express emotion. It is often followed

by an exclamation mark.

2. Discuss Phrases, Clauses and Sentences

Phrase
A phrase is a group of words that must not contain a subject and a
finite verb simultaneously.

Types of Phrase
1. Prepositional Phrase: A phrase that begins with a preposition
and ends in a noun. E.g I kept it in a bag.

2. Verb Phrase: A verb phrase is made up of verbs. It is the

combination of an auxiliary and lexical verb. E.g I can write.

3. Noun Phrase: A noun phrase performs the function of a noun.

The major functions are subject, object and compliment. E.g The
leader has arrived.
 4. Adjectival Phrase: This qualifies a noun or a pronoun in a
sentence. E.g The house is very neat.

5. Adverbial Phrase: It modifies a verb in a sentence. It answers

some questions like when, where, why, for what, to what extent.
E.g I will see you very soon.

Clause
A clause is a group of words that contain a subject. There are two types
of clause. This are;
● Main or Independent clause
● Subordinate or Dependent clause

A main clause is also known as a simple sentence because it expresses

a complete idea. E.g I am your friend.

A subordinate clause depends on the main clause to be meaningful. It

is introduced by subordinating conjunction like who, whom, which,
that, whose, as until, although. E.g Let me know when you are ready.
The man who saw the thief is here.

Types of subordinate clause

1. Noun clause: A noun clause performs the function of a noun.

2. Adjectival clause: This performs the function of an adjective.

3. Adverbial clause: It modifies a verb.

 Sentence
A group of words made up of a subject and a predicate and it
expresses a complete idea. A predicate is made up of 4 items;
● Verb
● Object
● Compliment
● Adjourn

Types of sentence by function

1. Declarative sentence: used to state a fact. E.g Nigeria is the
best country in Africa.

2. Interrogative sentence: used to ask a question. E.g What do

you want?

3. Imperative sentence: used to give command, direction and

instruction. E.g Write your note

4. Exclamatory sentence: used to indicate a shock, surprise and

anxiety. E.g What a country! Oh my God!

Types of sentence by structure

1. Simple sentence: It is made up of a main clause. E.g Are you
ready?

2. Complex Sentence: It is made up of a main clause and a

subordinate clause. E.g Do as i do.

3. Compound sentence: It is made up of a main clause joined by a

coordinate conjunction. E.g Do or Die, Eat alone or dine alone.
 4. Compound complex sentence: It is made up of compound
sentences and subordinate clauses. E.g Go straight down and turn
left before you ask anybody.
5. Multiple sentence: It is made up of 5 main clauses joined by two
co-ordinate conjunction. E.g I submitted the proposal and he
collected it but he has not responded.

3. Explain the element of a prose

1. Setting: This represents geographical time and place in a story.

2. Plot: It represent the arrangement of a story. It contains five

elements.
● Exposition: Represents the beginning of a story
● Complication: Represents the beginning of conflict
● Climax: Peak of conflict
● Fallen action: Attempts to resolve the conflict
● Resolution: When the conflict is resolved

3. Diction: Represents the choice of words of a writer. It can be

simple or complex. Simple when it can easily understood.
Complex when it contains difficult words readers cannot
understand.
4. Theme: Central idea of the story. I.e What the writer wants to
achieve.

5. Point Of View: Represents where the narrator is when the story is

being told. It is first-person when the narrator is among the
story. It is third-person when the narrator is not among the
character of story.

6. Characters: They are the participants in a story; Major/Minor,

Protagonist/Antagonist, Static/Dynamic, Flat/Round.

● Major: Features for a long time in a story

● Minor: Features for a short time in a story

● Protagonist: The HERO, the story is about him

● Antagonist: The character interested in the downfall of the

protagonist.
● Static: The character that doesn’t change in age and
position from the beginning to the end of the story.

● Dynamic: The character that changes in age and position

from beginning to the end of the story.

● Flat: The character that has one trait.

● Round: The character that has multiple traits.