GROUP 1

LEADER
PAULA F. CATABONA
MEMBERS
MAC ELDRICK D. CATALAN
ALEXANDER PHILIP S. CORPUZ
KIRA LORELLE D. PADILLON
DARREN M. AROMIN
ANDREA CAMILE O. ELIGADO
DIANE G. PALAPUZ
JERALDINE AGASER
JANICE SIGUA
ABIGAIL TABAGO
JHAZLY JOYCE MIGUEL
JOHN REN MILLAR
 STUDY VALIDATES VACCINE EFFECTIVENESS: COVID-19

shot cut hospitalization and mortality rates in ENGLAND.

Many people throughout the world continue to debate.

whether the corona virus disease 2019 [COVID 19] pandemic was
deserving of the intensive and extensive efforts made by the
government and private sectors alike to develop population wide
vaccines and vaccination programs.Early in December 2020, the
COVID 19 messenger ribonucleic acid [mRNA] vaccine from
Pfizer/Biontech was rolled out in the UK, followed by the Moderna
and Oxford/AstraZeneca adenovirus vector vaccine.Clinical trials
on each of these vaccines showed high vaccine effectiveness
[VE] in preventing symptomatic and severe COVID 19. In the
current study, researchers examine population-level data from the
2021 census in England that, comprised over 580,000 individuals
16 years or older.

The data of individuals with three doses of the vaccine

were examined and stratified who had received one, two,
or by the time since each dose. The primary outcome of
this study was to assess the likelihood of hospitalization
for vaccinated participants after each exposure and at
different time points following each dose using
unvaccinated participants as controls.
 VE against hospitalization

One dose of the COVID-19 vaccine reduced the likelihood

of hospitalization by 52% whereas two doses increased
VE to 56%.VE against COVID-19 hospitalization was
negative three or more months after the first dose,
irrespective of age however, it was highest in those
between 30-64 years and 65-79 years of age after the
second dose, following the third booster dose, VE peaked
in the 65-79 years age group at about 88%. After three
doses, the risk of hospitalization declined by almost 78%.
The protection offered by a full primary course and third
booster dose declined to about 69% at three or more
months from the third dose. The greatest reduction in VE
at this point was in those between 30-64 years of age.
 VE against mortality

The risk of mortality declined by almost 60% after one

vaccine dose. A notable exception is in those over the age
of 80, who exhibited almost zero VE with one dose.
Protection rose to 90% overall after the second dose
however, it remained lower in those over 80 years old as
compared to the high VE in individuals aged 30-79 years.
The highest VE of 93% was observed after the booster
dose, those between 16-29 years exhibited a VE of 71%.
Moreover, VE declined at three or more months from the
second and third doses but remained high except in the
16-29 years age group, where it waned substantially.
 VE by variant

During the Omicron wave, the COVID-19 vaccine better-

protected individuals against hospitalization than
previous reports, however, mortality declined. Moreover,
against hospitalization was higher after the second dose
than for either the first or third dose during the Omicron
wave. However, declined at both three to six months and
further reduced to about 40% over six months from the
second dose. After the third dose, protection against
hospitalization declined from 80% before the onset of the
Omicron wave to 55% thereafter. However, the reduction
of VE by 23% that was observed three months after the
third dose pre-Omicron did not occur during the Omicron
wave. Protection against COVID-19 mortality declined
after the first, second, and third vaccine doses during the
Omicron-dominant period. In fact, the first dose did not
confer significant protection, whereas VE against
mortality declined to about 50% over six months after
the second dose.
 VE by vaccine type

Overall, mRNA vaccines performed better than other

COVID-19 vaccines however, the population protected in
each case varied. The mRNA vaccines showed waning VE
against hospitalization at three months or more from the
booster dose, whereas both vaccine types exhibited
waning VE against mortality three months or more
following the second dose.