VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi - 590018, Karnataka, India

Project Report on

‘TRANSFORMER SAFETY DEVICE AND AUTOMATIC LOAD SHARING’

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Submitted by

SIDDDESHWAR KORI 2JI20EE023

ABHISHEK RAMAPURE 2JI21EE400

PRERANA INGALAGI 2JI20EE015

NAGARAJ KOLAKI 2JI21EE411

Under the guidance of

PROF. NAGARAJ AIHOLLI

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

[NBA Accredited]
JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BELAGAVI
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
2023-24
 VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

BELAGAVI-590014

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project report entitled

“AUTOMATIC LOAD SHARING OF TRANSFORMER”

is a bonafide work carried out by

Mr. SIDDDESHWAR KORI 2JI20EE023

Mr. ABHISHEK RAMAPURE 2JI21EE400
Ms. PRERANA INGALAGI 2JI20EE015
Mr. NAGARAJ KOLAKI 2JI21EE411

all bonafide students of Jain College of Engineering, Belagavi in partial fulfilment for the award of
degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics Engineering branch of the
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the academic year of 2023-2024. It is verified
that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report.
The report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Project report
prescribed for the said degree.

Guide Dr. Venkatratnam C Dr.J.Shivakumar

Prof. Nagaraj Aiholli Professor & Head Principal & Director
Designation Dept of E&E Engg JCE Belagavi
JCE Belagavi

External Viva

Name and signature of the Examiners with date

1. _________________________ __________________

2. _________________________ __________________
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my proud privilege and duty to acknowledge the kind help and guidance received from several
persons in preparation of this report. It would not have been possible to prepare this report in this form
without their valuable help, cooperation and guidance.

First and the foremost, I wish to record my sincere gratitude to Management of this college and to our
beloved Principal, Dr. J. Shivakumar, Principal and Director, JCE Belagavi for his constant support
and encouragement in preparation of this report and for making available library facilities needed to
prepare this report.

My sincere thanks to Dr. Venkatratnam C, Head of the Department, Electrical and Electronics
Engineering for the valuable suggestions and guidance throughout the period of preparation of this
report.

I express my sincere gratitude to my beloved guide Prof. Nagaraj Aiholli, for guiding me throughout
the project and in carrying out our project work. My numerous discussions with him/her was extremely
helpful. I hold him/her in esteem for guidance, encouragement and inspiration received from him/her.

My sincere gratitude to Prof. Nagaraj R. Aiholli, Project Coordinator, for his valuable suggestions, and
meaningful discussions and for sparing his valuable time with us.

And lastly, I am grateful to all Teaching and Non-teaching staff of Electrical and Electronics
Department JCE Belagavi.

Mr. SIDDDESHWAR KORI 2JI20EE023

Mr. ABHISHEK RAMAPURE 2JI21EE400
Ms. PRERANA INGALAGI 2JI20EE015
Mr. NAGARAJ KOLAKI 2JI21EE411
 ABSTRACT

Transformer is a static device, which converts power from one level to another level. The aim of the

proposed work is to protect the transformer under overload condition by load sharing. Due to over load

on transformer, the efficiency drops and winding get overheated and may get burnt. Thus, by sharing

load on transformer, the transformer is protected. This will be done by connecting another transformer

in parallel through a microcontroller on the other hand through the Arduino. The both controllers

compare the load on the first transformer with the reference value. When the load exceeds the reference

value, the second transformer will share the remaining load. If the load exceeds the rating of both

transformers, then system is going to be shut down. Whenever the sharing of load on transformer

occurs, the operator gets message through the GSM. An IOT is also used to inform the control station

about sharing load. This arrangement will provide proper maintenance facility for both transformers.

Hence, temperature of both transformers, load shared to another transformer along with timing are

recorded. These can fetch about a year of records. All these make system very efficient and reliable.

Index Terms— Arduino, GSM Module, IOT, Microcontroller.

 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

1.1 Introduction:
Transformer is a static device which converts energy at one voltage level to another voltage level. It
is an electrically isolated inductively coupled device which changes voltage level without change in
frequency. Transformer transfers ac voltage from one electrical circuit to another by the principle of
mutual induction. Distribution transformers are one of the most important equipment in power
system and are also known as the heart of the power system. The reliable operation of a power
system depends upon the effective functioning of the distribution transformer. Therefore, monitoring
and controlling of key parameters like voltage and current are necessary for evaluating the
performance of the distribution transformer. Thus, it helps in avoiding or reducing the disturbance
due to the sudden unexpected failure.

Transformers being one of the most significant equipment in the electric power system, needs
protection as a part of the general system protection approach. Moreover, the increasing population
and their unavoidable demands have led to an increasing demand on electrical power. With this
increased need, existing systems have become overloaded. The overloading at the consumer end
appears at the transformer terminals which can affect its efficiency and protection systems. Due to
overload on the transformer, the efficiency drops and the windings gets over heated and may get
burnt. Transformers are occasionally loaded beyond nameplate ratings because of existing possible
contingencies on the transmission lines, any failure or fault in power systems, or economic
considerations. One of the reported damage or tripping of the distribution transformer is due to
thermal overload. To eliminate the damaging of transformers due to overloading from consumer end,
it involves the control against over current tripping of distribution transformer.

Figure 1.1.1 TRANSFORMER

1.2 Research problem:
The research problem of automatic load sharing of transformers aims to develop efficient methods
for distributing loads among multiple transformers in power distribution networks. It's vital for grid
stability, particularly when multiple transformers supply power to a common load or grid.
Load Distribution Algorithm: Develop algorithms to accurately predict and distribute load demand
among multiple transformers.
Communication and Control Systems: Design protocols and systems for real-time coordination
among transformers to adjust output levels based on load demand.
Fault Tolerance and Resilience: Enhance system resilience against failures through redundancy
mechanisms and adaptive control strategies.
Integration of Renewable Energy Sources: Optimize the integration of renewable energy into the
load sharing system while ensuring grid stability.
Cybersecurity: Implement robust cybersecurity measures to protect the system from cyber threats
and unauthorized access.
Cost and Efficiency Optimization: Assess economic implications and optimize the system to
minimize operational costs while meeting performance requirements

1.3 Aim:
The aim of automatic load sharing of transformers is to ensure balanced distribution of loads among
multiple transformers in a power distribution network. This enhances grid stability, reliability, and
efficiency by preventing overloading or underutilization of transformers.

1.4 Objective:
The objective of transformer safety devices against overload. It emphasizes the role of these devices
in safeguarding transformers from damage and disruptions in power supply caused by excessive loads.
By analyzing implementation challenges, discussing benefits, and sharing best practices, the report
aims to promote reliable and safe operation of transformers in various applications. Understanding and
embracing the significance of transformer safety devices can mitigate risks, prevent failures, and
ensure stable power supply.
1.5 Justification of the research:
Researching automatic load sharing of transformers is justified by its critical role in maintaining grid
stability, reliability, and efficiency, while also enabling the integration of renewable energy sources
and enhancing resilience to emergencies.

1. Grid Stability

2. Reliability

3. Efficiency

4. Cost Savings

5. Renewable Energy Integration

6. Grid Modernization

7. Resilience to Emergencies
 CHAPTER 3

CONCEPT DESIGN AND RESEARCH METHEDOLOGY

3.1 Introduction:
This research aims to design an automatic load sharing system for transformers to optimize their
performance and prevent overloads. Key objectives include developing a conceptual design,
investigating load monitoring and communication networks, analyzing control strategies and safety
mechanisms, and exploring integration with energy management systems.

3.2 Materials Required:

Sl .No. Component Used Rating

01. Transformer 230/12 V
02. Capacitor 2200uf, 1000uf,
220uf

03. 7805 Regulator IC & CT -

04 Relay (SPDT) 30V DC, 1Amp
05 Resistors 56KΩ, 1.6KΩ, 18K Ω
06 Diode (P-N junction) IN4004
07 Bulbs 100W
08 16 x 2 Character LCD 5V
09 Arduino uno 5V
3.3 Concept Design:

Concept Design of Automatic Load Sharing for Transformers

1. Load Monitoring:- Implement sensors to continuously monitor load parameters such as current,
voltage, and power factor for each transformer.
2. Communication Network: - Establish a robust communication network between transformers,
utilizing protocols like Modbus or Ethernet for data exchange.
3. Central Control System:- Develop a central control system to receive load data and make load-
sharing decisions based on a predefined algorithm.
4. Load Balancing Algorithm: - Design an algorithm to distribute loads evenly among transformers,
considering their capacities, efficiencies, and aging factors.
5. Control Strategy:- Define control strategies for adjusting load sharing, incorporating mechanisms
to prevent overloading and ensure system stability.
6. Safety Mechanisms: - Implement safety features to safeguard transformers from overloads and
faults, including emergency shutdown procedures.
7. Remote Monitoring and Control:- Enable remote monitoring and control capabilities to allow
operators to oversee the system and make adjustments as necessary.
8. Testing and Validation: - Conduct thorough testing and validation to ensure the system's reliability
and effectiveness under various operating conditions.
9. Maintenance and Diagnostics:- Include features for maintenance and diagnostics to facilitate
troubleshooting and preventive maintenance activities.
10. Integration with Energy Management Systems:- Integrate the load sharing system with broader
energy management systems to optimize overall energy efficiency and support demand response
initiatives.
This concept design outlines the key components and steps involved in developing an automatic load
sharing system for transformers, aiming to enhance their performance, reliability, and efficiency in
power distribution networks.
Research Methodology:

**Research Methodology for Automatic Load Sharing of Transformers**

1. **Review**: Study existing literature and standards.
2. **Requirements**: Define system objectives.
3. **Concept Design**: Outline system architecture.
4. **Component Selection**: Choose sensors, communication devices, etc.
5. **Simulation**: Model system behavior.
6. **Prototype**: Build and test in a lab.
7. **Evaluation**: Assess reliability and efficiency.
8. **Optimization**: Improve system based on results.
9. **Validation**: Validate performance through testing.
10. **Documentation**: Report findings and recommendations.

3.4 Investigation on Tools and Techniques:

Investigation on Tools and Techniques for Automatic Load Sharing of Transformers
1. Load Monitoring Tools: Explore sensors and meters for accurate measurement of load parameters
such as current, voltage, and power factor on transformers.
2. Communication Protocols: Investigate communication protocols like Modbus, DNP3, and IEC
61850 for establishing robust communication networks between transformers and central control
systems.
3. Control Algorithms: Research various control algorithms such as PID control, fuzzy logic, and
model predictive control for implementing efficient load-sharing strategies.
4. Simulation Software: Evaluate simulation tools like MATLAB/Simulink, PSCAD, and ETAP for
modeling and simulating the behavior of automatic load sharing systems under different scenarios
5. Data Analytics Techniques: Explore data analytics techniques such as machine learning and
statistical analysis for extracting insights from load data and optimizing load-sharing algorithms.
6. Remote Monitoring Platforms: Investigate remote monitoring platforms and software solutions
for real-time monitoring and control of automatic load sharing systems from a central location.
7. Cybersecurity Tools: Examine cybersecurity tools and techniques for securing communication
networks and protecting automatic load sharing systems from cyber threats and attacks.
8. Diagnostic Equipment: Research diagnostic equipment and tools for detecting faults,
abnormalities, and performance degradation in transformers and automatic load sharing systems.
9. Integration Technologies: Explore integration technologies such as SCADA systems, IoT
platforms, and cloud services for seamless integration of automatic load sharing systems with existing
power distribution infrastructure.
10. Cost Analysis Tools: Evaluate tools and techniques for conducting cost-benefit analysis and
lifecycle cost assessment of implementing automatic load sharing systems in power distribution
networks.
3.5 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY:

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Methodology:
In the proposed system (figure 1) only one transformer is operating to feed the loads. A standby
transformer is connected in parallel through a circuit breaker and relay. The current transformer
continuously measures the load current and feeds it to the Microcontroller ADC pin. The reference
value or the maximum load limit is entered by the user and priority level of the load is also set by
the user or concern authority. As the load demand increase during peak hours, a single transformer
would not be able feed all the load. During this condition, when the load demand exceeds the
reference value, Microcontroller will give a control signal to energize the relay coil. Thus, the
standby transformer will be connected in parallel and share the load equally. Since the
transformers are of the same ratings. Thus, all the loads are fed efficiently providing un-
interrupted power supply. When the load increases to further to a value which is greater than the
capacity of the two transformers, priority-based load shedding will be implemented. The loads
which have the lowest priority will be shut down by opening the
respective circuit breaker [1]. When the load decreases, and comes to normal working condition,
first transformer will be shut down in order to avoid thermal loading. This is done because the
first transformer operates for a longer time interval than standby transformer and its body
temperature rises. This will display on the LCD display. In this technique an IOT is implemented,
which stores the data about the Load Current, Time, Date and temperature of both transformers.
It will be stored in THINGSPEAK (From this a user id and password had generated. By login,
data can fetch).
3.6 Process Flow Chart:
 CHAPTER-4
Final Design and System implementation:
4.1 Introduction:
Final Design and System Implementation of Automatic Load Sharing for Transformers:

1. Design: Create comprehensive design plan.

2. Procurement: Purchase necessary components.

3. Integration: Integrate components into system.

4. Software/Hardware: Develop and install software/hardware.

5. Testing: Conduct thorough testing.

6. Training/Documentation: Train personnel and document procedures.

7. Deployment: Deploy system in operational network.

8. Improvement: Continuously improve and optimize.

9. Maintenance/Support: Establish maintenance and support protocols.

4.2 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION:

Transformer (12-0-12 750ma): A transformer with the specifications of 12V and 750mA is an
electrical device used for voltage transformation and current regulation. It takes an input voltage of
12 volts and transforms it to a different output voltage, depending on its design. It is capable of
providing an output current of 750mA, which means it can supply up to 0.75 amps of current to a load.
Transformers with these specifications are commonly used in various electronic devices and power
supply applications.
1.LM7806 IC Voltage Regulator: The LM7806 is a popular IC voltage regulator that ensures a stable
output voltage of 6 volts. It belongs to the 78xx series of regulators, which are widely used in electronic
circuits for voltage regulation. The LM7806 takes in an unregulated DC input voltage and provides a
regulated output voltage of 6 volts. It contains internal circuitry that adjusts the output voltage based
on the input voltage and load conditions, ensuring a constant and reliable power supply.The voltage
regulator helps protect sensitive components in the circuit from voltage fluctuations and provides a
consistent voltage level for proper operation.

2.Capacitor 25V 1000uF: The capacitor with a rating of 25 volts and capacitance of 1000 microfarads
(uF) is an electrolytic capacitor commonly used in power supply circuits. It is connected in parallel
with the voltage regulator. Capacitors store electrical energy and release it when the circuit demands
additional current. In this configuration, the capacitor acts as a filter or smoothing component, reducing
voltage ripples or fluctuations in the circuit. It helps stabilize the output voltage of the regulator,
providing a clean and ripple-free DC voltage to the connected load.
3.Transistor NPN BC547: The NPN transistor BC547 is a widely used general-
purpose bipolar junction transistor (BJT). It consists of three terminals: the collector (C), the base
(B), and the emitter (E). The BC547 transistor can be utilized as a switch or an amplifier. In a
switching application, the transistor operates in either an "on" or "off" state based on the current
supplied to the base terminal. By controlling the base current, the BC547 transistor regulates the
flow of current through the collector- emitter path, allowing or blocking the passage of electrical
current. In an amplification circuit, the BC547 transistor can amplify weak signals or serve as a
signal amplifier, boosting the signal strength for further processing.

4.Resistor 1K: The resistor with a resistance value of 1 kilohm (1K) is a passive electronic
component. It limits the flow of current in a circuit according to Ohm's Law (V = IR), where V
is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance. The 1K resistor is often used for current limiting,
voltage division, biasing, or as a pull-up/pull-down resistor. For example, in current limiting, the
resistor is placed in series with an LED or other components to restrict the amount of current
flowing through them. In voltage division, it is used to divide a voltage into a desired proportion.
In biasing, it establishes the required voltage levels for proper operation of certain components.
As a pull-up or pull-down resistor, it ensures a stable voltage level in digital circuits when a
signal is not actively driven.
Diode 1N4007: The diode 1N4007 is a specific type of diode with its own unique specifications.
Typically, diodes are identified using part numbers such as 1N4007 or similar. Diodes are
semiconductor devices that allow current to flow in one direction while blocking it in the opposite
direction. They are commonly used for rectification, voltage regulation, and protection purposes in
electronic circuits. Diodes ensure that current flows through a circuit in the desired direction and
protect sensitive components from reverse voltage or voltage spikes.

Relay SPDT 6V: A relay is an electrically operated switch that uses an electromagnet to control the
switching of one or more sets of contacts. The SPDT(Single-Pole Double-Throw) relay configuration
consists of a common terminal (COM), a normally closed (NC) terminal, and a normally open (NO)
terminal. When the relay coil is not energized, the common terminal is connected to the NC terminal.
When the relay coil is energized, the common terminal is connected to the NO terminal. This allows
the relay to control the flow of current between different circuits or devices. The 6V specification refers
to the voltage required to activate the relay coil.
PLC Board: A PLC board is a crucial component of a Programmable Logic Controller system. It
executes control logic, processes inputs from sensors, and generates outputs to control machinery or
processes. It has input and output modules to connect with sensors and actuators. The board
communicates with other components and interfaces to facilitate data exchange and control signals.

Jumper wires: Short, flexible wires used in electronics to connect components on a circuit board or
breadboard for prototyping and testing without soldering.
Arduino Uno with ATmega328P:

Fig: Arduino Uno with ATmega 328P

The Arduino Uno is one of the most popular and widely used development boards in the Arduino
family. It is a simple, versatile, and easy-to-use platform designed for a wide range of applications,
from hobby projects to prototyping complex systems. At the heart of the Arduino Uno is the
ATmega328P microcontroller, which provides the computational power and flexibility for various
electronic and IoT projects

Key Features of Arduino Uno:

Microcontroller: The Arduino Uno is powered by the ATmega328P, an 8-bit microcontroller from
Atmel (now part of Microchip Technology).

Clock Speed: The ATmega328P operates at a clock speed of 16 MHz, providing sufficient processing
power for many embedded applications.

Memory:

Flash Memory: 32 KB for storing program code, of which 0.5 KB is used by the bootloader.

SRAM: 2 KB for storing variable data during program execution.

EEPROM: 1 KB for non-volatile storage, allowing data to persist even after a power cycle.

Digital I/O Pins: The Arduino Uno has 14 digital input/output pins, 6 of which can be used for
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation).
Analog Input Pins: It has 6 analog input pins, allowing you to read analog signals, such as sensor
data.

Connectivity: It features a USB connection for programming and communication with a computer, as
well as a power jack for external power supply (7-12V DC).

Programming: The Arduino Uno uses a bootloader, allowing easy programming via the Arduino IDE
(Integrated Development Environment). It supports the C/C++-based Arduino language.

Fig : Arduino Pinout

5 VOLT ARDUINO CHARGER:

Arduino Charger 5V: Provides stable 5V output for powering Arduino boards and other devices,
accepting input from USB, AC adapters, or batteries.
4.3 PROGRAMMING:

#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,16,2);

#define pot A0
int potvalue;
int load;
#define t1i 2
#define t1o 3
#define t2i 4
#define t2o 5
void setup()
{
pinMode(t1i, OUTPUT);
pinMode(t1o, OUTPUT);
pinMode(t2i, OUTPUT);
pinMode(t2o, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(t1i, HIGH);
digitalWrite(t1o, HIGH);
digitalWrite(t2i, HIGH);
digitalWrite(t2o, HIGH);
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.init();
lcd.backlight();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(" LOAD SHARING ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" TRANSFORMER ");

delay(3000);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("LOAD (%) : ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("T1: T2: ");
}
void loop()
{
potvalue = analogRead(pot);
Serial.println(potvalue);
load = map(potvalue, 20, 1023, 100, 0);
Serial.println(load);
lcd.setCursor(12,0);
lcd.print(load);
lcd.print(" ");
if(load > 1)
{
digitalWrite(t1i, LOW);
digitalWrite(t1o, LOW);
lcd.setCursor(4,1);
lcd.print("ON ");
}
else
{
digitalWrite(t1i, HIGH);
digitalWrite(t1o, HIGH);
lcd.setCursor(4,1);
lcd.print("OFF");
}
if(load > 50)
{
digitalWrite(t2i, LOW);
digitalWrite(t2o, LOW);
lcd.setCursor(12,1);
lcd.print("ON ");
}
else
{
digitalWrite(t2i, HIGH);
digitalWrite(t2o, HIGH);
lcd.setCursor(12,1);
lcd.print("OFF");
}
delay(200);
}
4.4.1 Programme Flow Chart:
4.5 Working Process of Final Design:
• Under normal condition:

In the proposed system only one transformer is operating to feed the loads. A standby transformer is
connected in parallel a circuit breaker and relay. The current transformer continuously measures the
load current and feeds it to the comparator. Under normal condition the main transformer is in ON
condition and the reserve transformer is in OFF condition. Apply the load, the reference value or
maximum load limit is entered by the user and priority level of the load is also set by the user or
concerned authority. During the normal the single transformer can able to feed the entire load.

• Under abnormal condition :

As the load demand increases during peak, a single transformer would not be able to feed the entire
load. During this condition, when the load demand exceeds the reference value, The Microcontroller
on the other hand the Arduino will give a control signal to energize the relay coil. Thus, the standby
transformer will be connected in parallel and will share the load equally since the transformers are of
the same ratings. Thus, all the loads are feed efficiently providing un-interrupted power supply. The
GSM modem will send the message to the control room about the load sharing and a display will be
shown in the LCD display. If load limits exceed the main transformer is in ON condition and the
reserve transformer is in ON condition. When the load increases further to a value which is greater that
the capacity of the two transforms, priority-based load shading will be implemented. The loads which
have the lowest priority will be shut down by opening the respective circuit breakers. If the load limit
exceeds the both the transformer. The main transformer and the reserve transformer will be in OFF
condition.

Load Monitoring: Sensors continuously monitor load parameters such as current, voltage, and
power factor on each transformer.
Data Communication: Arduino Uno facilitates communication between transformers, collecting
load data and exchanging information for load sharing decisions.
Central Control Logic: Based on received data, the central control unit executes load balancing
algorithms to distribute loads evenly among transformers.
Load Adjustment: Arduino Uno adjusts load sharing by controlling relay modules or other
switching devices to redistribute loads as per the algorithm's instructions.
Safety Mechanisms: The system includes safety features to prevent overloading, such as setting
upper load limits and emergency shutdown procedures.
Real-time Monitoring: Operators can monitor system status and load distribution through a user
interface or remote monitoring platform.
Adaptive Control: The system continuously adapts load sharing based on real-time load variations,
ensuring optimal performance and efficiency.
Integration: Arduino Uno integrates seamlessly with other components, such as sensors, relays, and
communication modules, to create a cohesive automatic load sharing system.
Testing and Optimization: The final design undergoes rigorous testing to validate its performance
under various conditions, with optimizations made based on test results.
Deployment: Once validated, the system is deployed in the power distribution network, where it
effectively manages loads, enhances transformer lifespan, and ensures system reliability.

4.6 Hardware Results:

Hardware Result of Automatic Load Sharing of Transformer using Arduino Uno: The hardware
implementation of automatic load sharing of transformers using Arduino Uno demonstrates successful
load monitoring, communication between transformers, and control of load distribution. Arduino Uno
facilitates sensor integration, data processing, and control logic execution, ensuring efficient load
sharing among transformers. The system effectively balances loads, prevents overloading, and
enhances transformer performance in real-time.
 CHAPTER 5

DISCUSSION – PROJECT FINDINGS & TESTING

5.1 Testing of the Proposed Design:

Testing of the Proposed Design for Automatic Load Sharing of Transformers involves several steps
to ensure its functionality, reliability, and effectiveness:

1. Component Testing:
• Test individual components such as sensors, Arduino Uno, communication modules, and
relay modules to ensure they function correctly and meet specifications.
2. Integration Testing:
• Integrate all components together and test their interaction to verify that they communicate
effectively and work together as intended.
3. Load Simulation Testing:
• Simulate various load conditions to validate the system's ability to accurately monitor loads
and adjust load sharing among transformers accordingly.
4. Communication Testing:
• Test the reliability and stability of communication between transformers and the central
control unit under different environmental conditions.
5. Algorithm Testing:
• Test the load balancing algorithm in simulated and real-world scenarios to ensure it
distributes loads evenly and optimally among transformers.
6. Safety Testing:
• Test safety mechanisms such as overload protection and emergency shutdown procedures to
verify their effectiveness in protecting transformers and the system.
7. Real-world Testing:
• Deploy the system in a real-world environment and monitor its performance over an extended
period to identify any issues or anomalies.
8. Stress Testing:
• Subject the system to stress tests to evaluate its performance under extreme load conditions
and ensure it can handle peak loads without failure.
9. User Acceptance Testing:
• Involve end-users or operators in testing the system to gather feedback on usability,
functionality, and any additional requirements or improvements needed.
10. Documentation and Reporting:
• Document the testing process, including test cases, results, and any issues encountered, and
prepare a comprehensive report summarizing the testing outcomes and recommendations for
further refinement.

5.1.1 Experimental Setup:

Fig :Final Experimental Setup

The experimental setup comprises Arduino Uno microcontrollers, sensors, communication modules,
and relay modules interconnected to monitor load parameters and adjust load sharing. Load
simulation is conducted using load banks, and system performance is tested to ensure reliability,
efficiency, and safety under varying load conditions. Comprehensive documentation is maintained
for analysis and further development.

5.2 Possible sources of error and troubleshooting methods:

1. Sensor Calibration: Inaccurate sensor calibration can lead to incorrect load measurements, affecting
load distribution.
2. Communication Issues: Poor connectivity or interference can disrupt communication between
Arduino Uno units, leading to data loss or incorrect load sharing decisions.
3. Algorithm Errors: Flaws in the load balancing algorithm can result in inefficient load distribution,
causing overloading or underutilization of transformers.
4. Hardware Malfunctions: Faulty components such as sensors, communication modules, or relay
modules can cause erroneous readings or failure to adjust loads properly.
5. Power Supply Problems: Inadequate power supply or voltage fluctuations can affect the stability
and reliability of the Arduino Uno units and other components.
6. Environmental Factors: Environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and electromagnetic
interference can impact the performance of sensors and electronic components.
7. Software Bugs: Software errors or bugs in the code controlling the load sharing system can lead to
unexpected behavior or system crashes.
8. Interference from External Sources: Interference from nearby electronic devices or electrical noise
in the environment can disrupt sensor readings or communication signals.

Troubleshooting methods for addressing these errors may include:

1. Sensor Calibration: Recalibrate sensors to ensure accurate load measurements.
2. Communication Check: Verify connections and troubleshoot communication issues between
Arduino Uno units.
3. Algorithm Validation: Review and debug the load balancing algorithm to ensure proper functioning.
4. Component Testing: Test individual components for faults or malfunctions and replace as needed.
5. Power Supply Verification: Ensure stable power supply and address any voltage fluctuations or
power-related issues.
6. Environmental Control: Shield sensors and electronic components from environmental factors or
relocate them to minimize interference.
7. Code Debugging: Debug software code to identify and fix any programming errors or bugs.
8. Interference Mitigation: Implement measures to mitigate interference from external sources, such
as shielding or filtering components.
By systematically addressing these sources of error and employing troubleshooting methods, the
automatic load sharing system can be optimized for reliable and efficient operation.
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Conclusion relating to Research Objectives:
1. Conceptual Design: The research has resulted in the development of a robust conceptual design for
the automatic load sharing system, outlining its architecture, components, and functionalities.
2. Component Selection and Integration: Through thorough investigation, suitable sensors,
communication modules, and relay modules have been selected and integrated into the system,
ensuring compatibility and effective operation.
3. Algorithm Development and Validation: Load balancing algorithms have been developed and
validated through simulations and real-world testing, demonstrating their ability to evenly distribute
loads among transformers.
4. Experimental Validation: The proposed design has been experimentally validated using an Arduino
Uno-based experimental setup, confirming its reliability, efficiency, and effectiveness in load sharing.
5. Testing and Optimization: Extensive testing has been conducted to identify and address potential
sources of error, leading to optimizations in sensor calibration, communication protocols, and
algorithm adjustments.
6. Documentation and Reporting: Comprehensive documentation of the research process,
experimental setup, procedures, and results has been prepared, providing valuable insights for further
development and implementation.

Overall, the research has successfully addressed the objectives of designing, implementing, and
validating an automatic load sharing system for transformers using Arduino Uno, contributing to the
advancement of power distribution systems' efficiency, reliability, and sustainability.

6.2 Limitations:
Limitations of the study include constraints related to hardware capabilities, sensor accuracy,

communication reliability, algorithm complexity, environmental factors, scope, testing

environment, and cost considerations.

1. Hardware Constraints: The use of Arduino Uno, while versatile and accessible, has limitations in
terms of processing power and memory, potentially limiting the complexity and scalability of the load
sharing system.
2. Sensor Accuracy: The accuracy and precision of sensors used for load monitoring may vary, leading
to potential inaccuracies in load measurements and subsequent load balancing decisions.
3. Communication Reliability: Communication between Arduino Uno units may be prone to
interference or dropout, impacting the reliability and real-time responsiveness of the load sharing
system.
4. Algorithm Complexity: The complexity of load balancing algorithms implemented on Arduino Uno
may be limited by computational constraints, potentially compromising the system's ability to optimize
load distribution under dynamic conditions.
5. Environmental Factors: Environmental factors such as temperature and humidity may affect the
performance of sensors and electronic components, introducing uncertainties into load measurements
and system operation.
6. Limited Scope: The research may have focused primarily on a specific configuration or scenario of
automatic load sharing, potentially overlooking alternative approaches or operational conditions.
7. Testing Environment: The experimental validation of the proposed design may have been
conducted in a controlled laboratory environment, which may not fully replicate real-world conditions
and challenges encountered in practical deployments.
8. Cost Considerations: The cost of implementing the automatic load sharing system, including
hardware components and software development, may present barriers to widespread adoption,
particularly in resource-constrained settings.

6.3 Recommendations:
➢ Hardware Upgrade: Consider upgrading to more powerful microcontrollers or hardware
platforms to overcome processing and memory limitations and support more complex
algorithms and functionalities.
➢ Sensor Calibration: Invest in high-quality sensors and implement regular calibration
procedures to ensure accurate load measurements and improve the overall reliability of the
system.
➢ Communication Redundancy: Implement redundancy and error-checking mechanisms in
communication protocols to enhance reliability and fault tolerance, ensuring seamless data
exchange between system components.
➢ Algorithm Optimization: Continuously optimize load balancing algorithms to improve
efficiency and responsiveness, taking into account factors such as load variations and system
dynamics.
 ➢ Environmental Monitoring: Integrate environmental monitoring sensors to track
environmental conditions and adjust system operation accordingly, mitigating the impact of
environmental factors on system performance.
➢ Expand Scope: Expand the scope of research to explore alternative configurations, scenarios,
and operational conditions of automatic load sharing systems, addressing a broader range of
challenges and applications.
➢ Field Testing: Conduct field testing and validation in real-world environments to validate
system performance under diverse conditions and gather feedback for further refinement.
➢ Cost-Effectiveness: Investigate cost-effective solutions and alternative technologies to
reduce the overall cost of implementing automatic load sharing systems, facilitating wider
adoption and deployment.

By implementing these recommendations, the automatic load sharing system can be enhanced in
terms of reliability, efficiency, scalability, and cost-effectiveness, leading to improved performance
and broader applicability in power distribution networks.

6.4 Suggestions for further Research:

➢ Advanced Control Algorithms: Investigate the development and implementation of
advanced control algorithms, such as machine learning-based approaches or adaptive control
techniques, to further optimize load balancing and adaptability to dynamic load conditions.
➢ Integration with Renewable Energy Sources: Explore the integration of automatic load
sharing systems with renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, to facilitate
better management of distributed energy resources and enhance overall system resilience and
sustainability.
➢ Fault Detection and Diagnostics: Research methods for integrating fault detection and
diagnostics capabilities into automatic load sharing systems to enable proactive maintenance
and troubleshooting, improving system reliability and minimizing downtime.
➢ Cybersecurity and Resilience: Investigate cybersecurity measures and resilience strategies
to protect automatic load sharing systems from cyber threats and ensure the integrity and
security of critical infrastructure assets in power distribution networks.
➢ Smart Grid Integration: Study the integration of automatic load sharing systems with smart
grid technologies and infrastructure to enable more efficient and flexible operation of power
distribution networks, supporting demand response programs and grid optimization initiatives.
 ➢ Interoperability and Standards: Explore interoperability standards and protocols for
automatic load sharing systems to facilitate seamless integration with existing power system
infrastructure and interoperability between different vendors' equipment.
➢ Edge Computing and IoT: Investigate the use of edge computing and Internet of Things
(IoT) technologies to enable distributed intelligence and decision-making capabilities in
automatic load sharing systems, enhancing system scalability and responsiveness.
➢ Human-Centric Design: Research human-centric design principles and user interface
enhancements to improve the usability and accessibility of automatic load sharing systems for
operators and maintenance personnel, facilitating better decision-making and system
management.

By pursuing these avenues of research, the field of automatic load sharing systems for transformers
can continue to evolve, addressing emerging challenges and opportunities in modern power
distribution networks and contributing to the advancement of smart grid technologies and energy
management practices.
References:
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Load Sharing of Transformer”, International Journal of Scientific Research and
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Alam Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Department of Technology, The University of
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