Module 6 - IP Addressing and Subnetting

REF-SPP-AAA-BBB-CCC-DDD-I01-R00-09262020 | 1
IP Addressing and Subnetting

Data Communications (Lecture)
PECEC3
Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Internet Protocol Address

• IP address is a unique logical addressing
scheme used to locate devices within a
network.
• 32 bits logical addressing scheme for IPv4 and
128 bits or 12 hex digits for IPv6.
• IP address can be statically (manual) or
dynamically (DHCP) assigned.
2
Internet Protocol Address

• IP address is always paired with the Subnet
Mask, which defines the range or scope of the
network.
3
IPv4 Format
192 .168 .1 .1
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001
255 .255 .255 .0

11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
4
IPv4 Format
5
IANA
• Internet Assigned Numbers Association
• Global organization responsible for regulation of
domain names, port numbers, AS numbers and IP
addresses.
• Clustered in two (2) main organizations:
1. ICANN – Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers.
2. RIR – Regional Internet Registry
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IANA
ICANN RIR
APNIC
AFRINIC
Organizational ARIN
Structure LACNIC
RIPE NCC
7
ICANN
• Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers
• Domain Name registration
• Association of Public IP Addresses to its
Domain Name
8
RIR
• Regional Internet Registry
• In charge with IP address regulation.
• Subdivided into five (5) regional HQ:
1. APNIC – Asia Pacific Network Information
Centre
2. ARIN – American Registry for Internet
Numbers
9
IANA
3. LACNIC – Latin America and Caribbean
Network Information Centre
4. AFRINIC – African Network Information
Centre
5. RIPE NCC - Réseaux IP Européens (European
IP Networks) Network Coordination Centre
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Network Addressing
11
IPv4 ADDRESSES
An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address that uniquely and

universally defines the connection of a device (for
example, a computer or a router) to the Internet.
Topics discussed in this section:

Address Space
Notations
Classful Addressing
Classless Addressing
Network Address Translation (NAT)
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Note
An IPv4 address is 32 bits long.
13
Note
The IPv4 addresses are unique

and universal.
14
Note
The address space of IPv4 is

232 or 4,294,967,296.
15
Dotted-decimal notation and binary notation for an IPv4 address
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Example 1
Change the following IPv4 addresses from binary
notation to dotted-decimal notation.
Solution
We replace each group of 8 bits with its equivalent
decimal number and add dots for separation.
17
Example 2
Change the following IPv4 addresses from dotted-decimal
notation to binary notation.
18
Example 3
Find the error, if any, in the following IPv4 addresses.
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Note
In classful addressing, the address

space is divided into five classes:
A, B, C, D, and E.
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Finding the classes in binary and dotted-decimal notation
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Example 4
Find the class of each address.
a. 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
c. 14.23.120.8
d. 252.5.15.111
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Number of blocks and block size in classful IPv4 addressing
23
Note
In classful addressing, a large part of the

available addresses were wasted.
24
Default masks for classful addressing
25
Note
Classful addressing, which is almost

obsolete, is replaced with classless
addressing.
26
A block of 16 addresses granted to a small organization
27
Example 5
It shows a block of addresses, in both binary and dotted-
decimal notation, granted to a small business that needs
16 addresses.
We can see that the restrictions are applied to this block.

The addresses are contiguous. The number of addresses
is a power of 2 (16 = 24), and the first address is divisible
by 16. The first address, when converted to a decimal
number, is 3,440,387,360, which when divided by 16
results in 215,024,210.
28
Note
In IPv4 addressing, a block of

addresses can be defined as
x.y.z.t /n
in which x.y.z.t defines one of the
addresses and the /n defines the mask.
29
Note
The first address in the block can be

found by setting the rightmost
32 − n bits to 0s.
30
Note
The last address in the block can be

found by setting the rightmost
32 − n bits to 1s.
31
Note
The number of addresses in the block

can be found by using the formula
232−n.
32
A network configuration for the block 205.16.37.32/28
33
Note
The first address in a block is

normally not assigned to any device;
it is used as the network address that
represents the organization
to the rest of the world.
34
Two levels of hierarchy in an IPv4 address
35
A frame in a character-oriented protocol
36
Note
Each address in the block can be

considered as a two-level
hierarchical structure:
the leftmost n bits (prefix) define
the network;
the rightmost 32 − n bits define
the host.
37
Configuration and addresses in a subnetted network
38
Three-level hierarchy in an IPv4 address
39
Example 6
An ISP is granted a block of addresses starting with
190.100.0.0/16 (65,536 addresses). The ISP needs to
distribute these addresses to three groups of customers as
follows:
a. The first group has 64 customers; each needs 256
addresses.
b. The second group has 128 customers; each needs 128
addresses.
c. The third group has 128 customers; each needs 64
addresses.
Design the subblocks and find out how many addresses
are still available after these allocations.
40
Addresses for private networks
41
A NAT implementation
42
Addresses in a NAT
43
NAT address translation
44
Five-column translation table
45
An ISP and NAT
46
Note
An IPv6 address is 128 bits long.
47
IPv6 ADDRESSES
Despite all short-term solutions, address depletion is

still a long-term problem for the Internet. This and
other problems in the IP protocol itself have been the
motivation for IPv6.
Topics discussed in this section:

Structure
Address Space
48
IPv6 address in binary and hexadecimal colon notation
49
Abbreviated IPv6 addresses
50
Example 8
Expand the address 0:15::1:12:1213 to its original.
Solution
We first need to align the left side of the double colon to
the left of the original pattern and the right side of the
double colon to the right of the original pattern to find
how many 0s we need to replace the double colon.
This means that the original address is.
51
52

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REF-SPP-AAA-BBB-CCC-DDD-I01-R00-09262020 | 1

IP Addressing and Subnetting

Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

Internet Protocol Address

Internet Protocol Address

255 .255 .255 .0

An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address that uniquely and

Topics discussed in this section:

An IPv4 address is 32 bits long.

The IPv4 addresses are unique

The address space of IPv4 is

Dotted-decimal notation and binary notation for an IPv4 address

In classful addressing, the address

Finding the classes in binary and dotted-decimal notation

Number of blocks and block size in classful IPv4 addressing

In classful addressing, a large part of the

Default masks for classful addressing

Classful addressing, which is almost

A block of 16 addresses granted to a small organization

We can see that the restrictions are applied to this block.

In IPv4 addressing, a block of

The first address in the block can be

The last address in the block can be

The number of addresses in the block

A network configuration for the block 205.16.37.32/28

The first address in a block is

Two levels of hierarchy in an IPv4 address

A frame in a character-oriented protocol

Each address in the block can be

Configuration and addresses in a subnetted network

Three-level hierarchy in an IPv4 address

Addresses for private networks

NAT address translation

Five-column translation table

An ISP and NAT

An IPv6 address is 128 bits long.

Despite all short-term solutions, address depletion is

Topics discussed in this section:

IPv6 address in binary and hexadecimal colon notation

Abbreviated IPv6 addresses

This means that the original address is.

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