Light Reflection and Refraction

t
It is a form of which gives
energy
the sensation of vision

Light dual
Nature

Particle
IT wave

I study fifes
Rayoptics
Properties of light
It is a non mechanical wave
does not need material medium to propagate

It is transverse in nature
It is a part of electromagnetic wave spectrum
in which electric and magnetic field are perpendial

GxiÉYmr d
Gamta
try dÉ infrared
v increase
 visibl light Yoon Eng
L
wavelength Foon
than

veto
speed of light 34108m see
É n

light always travel winks s non Luminous

witch doesnotemit
in straight line mifsthigIIu
which.gg bulb light
Eg Bed Table
1
Rectilinear propagation

Ray of light
narrow straight path of light

Beam of light
Bundle collection of light rays
7

parallefkeam
Éconvegingbeam
Diverging rays

Reflection
The phenomena of bouncing back of light rays in
same medium after striking any surface or
any
boundary

separating media
Some important Terms

Normal
I

incidity v I reflects

É ray
111111 11111411 1 71 11 11 71 1
Pointofincidence
 Image
1
Image is formed by the interaction of reflected
ray
reflected
refracted
ray
Eugen

types of Image
virtual
RealImage
image
do not intersectactually
farted actual intersection oflightray
by but appear to meet Ape
to come frombehind the
It is obtained on screen
do not obtained onscreen
A Image formed projector
Eg plane mirror
Eg by

Laws of reflection

i incident
ray
reflected normal all lie in a
ray
same plane
i
d
i D Y
Theangle of incidence is equal totangle
of reflection
Question

D
i 90 20

4,70 LI 70
Ci es
law ofreflection
A 70

Li Ln

3 incident
If a
ray of light normally on a

reflecting surface then what will happen

I Li 22h
V
a
no

Light rays retrace its path

Regular Reflection

When all the parallel rays of light

reflected from a plane smooth
surface are parallel

Li Lu

Li Liz L

iii iii iii

Irregular Reflection Diffused reflection

when all the parallel rays of light

reflected from a rough surface
are not parallel

Li is this

É
Li Li
Li
Li
 Plane Mirror
A glass sheet which is polished at one

side and to protect this polish it is coated

with Paint Polishedside

affecting

Image formed by Image formedby

point object eutinded object

É virtual
padded s É a
p É

Properties of Image formed by plane Mirror

i It forms virtual and erect image upright

ii object distance image distance

from mirror from mirror
iii size of image size of object

in Laterally inverted Left Right reversal

seems to be right
left
seems to be
right left

FAB
gEA7
v Line joining the object and image is always talas
to the mirror

EE
n.to

In
uses of plane Mirror
1 barber to show the customer
by
the backside
of his head
2
As as reflector in Solar Cooker
3
for providing false dimension in Showcase Eg jewellery
 ng
4
for making Kaleidoscope

used by designers
to design or toget
new patterns

5 Periscope
device used to see objects
which are not in direct line of
sight mirror
Cobject O us
plane

tins
0

Levett NYSE Nso NSTSE

Lpn
Li 30 Lithits ago
g
8 180 80 as 221 8 180
120 8 180 Zhi
 I
HI
7

S 180 2x

S2 180 2B
B angle sun property.fi
Th o 90 a 90 p 180

so 904 Atp O

net deviation S S
S 180 2x 180 2B
360 2
Atp
8 202
360

Qui 0 30
8 360 20 360 60 300
N

rotated
n Miro is

aI
É
Quy Intially the angle ofincidence is 30 the mirror

is rotated at an angle of Ys at what angle

reflected is rotated
ray
I 90
 Minimum length of the mirror required
to see
full image of a person is

half of his height

Heightofobjet Ac
In ED Heightof mirror DE
g
pi r
used
É EEE

On DADM and DBDM

L ADM L BDM X Li Lr

MD MD common

L AMD L BMD 90

By ASA Congruency
AADM I DBDM
AM BM By CP CT
K

similarly ACNE I A BN E
IN BN

Height of object Ac
y
at se
CByeper

tyty antsy sexy

Height of Mirrorused DE MN set Half ofobjectheight
y
 y
Minimum length the mirror
required by a
man standing midway bw wall and the
mirror to see
full height of wall is one
third of wall height

A
21
If É'd
Bia I
jiyl
a
sety

d
Ig É

DEFT I DAFT

EF IF n Pet

DARK IINK
H IN Cpc
y
In A ABJ and EFJ
LEIF L A JB L
A JB EJ F X common
A BJ EFT 90 each
 AA
By similarity
D ABI EFT

IT EI
Abq
24
AB 2N

Simalarly
D CK N INK
CD
2y
Height of wall an
tatytzy
3
atty

Height of Mirror used aty

Heightof mirror of wall
freight
walls of a
guy A person standing midway b w two
room and he wants to see the full image of
wall whose
height is 200 am and minimum height

of the mirror required

Aus Minimum height of mirror
t heightofwall

X 200 em
I
66 6 a

of velocity in plane Mirror

Concepts
case I C tcular Case
i when object moves tales to the mirror

object
Image
Esv
I
VI I

ii when mirror moves

sense
9 Em
as
É may

VI 2Vm
is General

Vin
Vote
case I parallel case
i when parallel to mirror
objectmoves

TVI
j
Vo

VI No

ii when mirror moves 11 to object

Étum

No effect
 No of images

int

3
even
1
1 no of image I
3,1 even

Eg O 30
34
No of images I 12 1 11

7
2 odd
1 i
i metrical No of images I
Sy
i Asymmetrical No of images
 If 3,1 is a fraction then no of images
is the integral part

Eg 4.5
311
No of images 4

Quy

1
11 0 If 6 even

No
if images 6 I
S

If tar plane mirror are parallel to each other

and object is b w them then no of images
is infinitely
94.3 Try yourself Pg 6

Ms Mr

I 30cm

I object
I
ÉloamyI 0h10m 1019
E 30cm I
20cm

distance
2nd
Image
formula from object real

no no of images
d distance of object from mirror

formula 2nd Id
when distance
Image
mirror
from
 Spherical Mirror

It is simply a piece cut out of hollow glass

sphere whose either of the side is made

reflecting

a inward
miasma
I
1 ie
Concave mirror
converging mirror

Conven mirror

Diverging mirror

concave mirror converging mirror

A
spherical mirror whose reflecting surface
is carved inward facing towards the centre of

Curvature
 Reflecting Polishedsurface
surface

in

Conven mirror Diverging mirror

t
A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is bulging
or curved outward opposite to the centreof
curvature

Polstidau
Reflecting
Surface

Some important points

Center
of curvature c

t
It centre of hollow sphere of glass of
is the
which spherical mirror is a part
Radius of curvature R
t
It is the radius of hollow sphere of
glass of which spherical mirror is part
 curvature Aperture
of
centre
agential
sale

PYncipal Radius of curvature

Axis

Pole
centre
It is geometrical of the reflecting
surface of the spherical mirror

Principal Axis
t
Itis line joining the centre of curvature and
the pole of mirror
Aperture
t
It is the effective diameter of the light
reflecting area of the mirror
 fleeting

Intensity of the Image formed by a spherical

mirror is proportional the area of the
aperture
I a T

I a d
I x Aperture

Principal Focus E
Of rays close and parallel to the principal
axis paraxial rays are incident on a
spherical mirror then after reflection they
pass or seems to pass through a point
on principal axis

it É
focal length f
distance from pole of the mirror to the pricipal

Focus F
 Laws Rule of Image formation

1 A intially parallel to principal axis andclose

ray
to it after reflection it passes or appears to pass
through the principal focus

I
Ii r

2 A intially passing or appearing to pass through

ray
the principal focus after reflection it becomes parallel

to the principal axis

É
3 A initially passing or to
ray appearing
pass through the centre of curvature then
after reflection it retraces its path

i
Not is along the normal then
of light rays
it will retrace its path

4
of a is incident at
ray any angle
on the reflecting surface then it reflect
at the same angle La
Li

É
É
 Image formation by concave mirror
inverted 73Mt
1
object is at infinity
not object engin
Position of Image focus
Nature of Image Realfinvesh

Size of Image Pointsized

Highly Diminished
2 object is beyond C

beyond C

blweff
Realfinest
Diminished

3 object is at c

Atc
of At C
Realdinvert
Samesize
4 object is bw Ffc
blurde
beyond C

1 I Real 4 invert

enlarge

s
object at Focus F
focus
Infinity

I
It Realdinverted
enlarge

6 object bw Pole and focus

Poledfocus

Is i t.FI behindthon

visited
enlarge
 Image formed by concave mirror

Uses of concave mirror

t Mirror concave mirror is

used as a
shaving enlarged
erect and reflector in torch or vehicles headlig
virtual image

salaam
hadMirror concave used I
doctor toconcentratelight Makeupmirror
ycomingfrom lamp onthe bodypartof
patients
g fr

Image formation by Conven Mirror

At infinity
r
At Focus

L
Ej virtualdered

pointsized
diminish
Chightly
r

L
convene mirror is used

when we need virtual erect

and diminished image

Uses of convex Mirror

Used in vehicles as a rear view mirror
At road side turns
As a security mirror in big shops malls or atmetrostation
 Y
Sign Convention
Ave

I jÉÉÉ virtual
p
a_
tinted't

ve
t
It
Concave Conven
Ive
us object distance from pole

v distance from pole

Image
ft focal length distance bw PPF

lil The object is always placed to the left of the

mirror which implies that the light from the
object falls on the mirror from left of themirror

Iii All the distances parallel to principal anis are

measured from the pole

iii The distance measured along the direction of incident

are taken positive and opposite to the
ray as
direction of incident are taken as
rays negative
liv All the distances measured Icular to and above the

principal axis are taken as positive and below are taken

as negative

Concave Mirror Convex Mirror

U ve

v tvo virtual image v tre virtual

V ve real Image f tve

f ve
ho heightofobject tve ho ve

he heightof Image relied he tve

virtual
he ve virtual

m ve
realfinverted m tve virtualdeed

m tue virtualdirect

Mirror formula

Katy
 Magnification m

Ratio of the of the image to

height height of the
object

Its magnitude indicates how times the size

many
of the image is as compared to that of the
object

Its sign indicates it is erect or inverted

h
1n
Imty
any The focal length of a concave mirror is
30cm find position of an object in front
of the mirror so that its real image
is 3 times the Size of the object

f 30cm m
I
3 I
 M 3 real Image V
Ju

u object must be at
Itt I a distance
of noon
It Io in front of the mirror

U 40cm

find the and nature the image

guy position of
of an object of height 3cm whenplaced

60cm from a coven mirror

of focal
length 15cm and size of image

heightof object h 3cm

u 60cm

f 15cm

It t
titty t to Its

t
V 12cm
 is at 12cm behind the mirror
Image

Image is Virtual and erect

m
y s s

If
m

h
I
he
3
0.6cm he
 T T se
g

case I object at 40cm from mirror S

ut you
I I I
f 15cm
us
I to Is
is tho
V 24cm

Case It when displaced towards

objet by 20cm

mirror

u 20cm

Iscm
t t
t f
f
I to
V boom
 36cm
Image Shifted away from mirror

Épy 1 Edit
I op

Case I
far end near to the pole

u 48cm t
t t
f 24cm
48cm
I t.at I
V 48cm

Case I for end away from the pole

 u 148 12 on

boom
I t
In tf
f 24cm
us
to
v 40cm

48
Length of the Imageof rod
40

8cm

Level 2 NTSE NSO

Relation b w F and R of a spherical Mirror

Let us consider a concave mirror of small

aperture on which a
ray is incident parallel
and close paraanial rays to the principal anis
It passes through focus f after reflection
 A B
g
c p p

L ABC L FBC Li Lr
ABC L BCP 20 alternate interior angle

L FBC L Bep from 4 Eg

FC FB isosels property

FB PF aperture of mirror is
Toy small

Pc Pftfc 2Pf

Pf

f Ry
 Mirror formula and magnification

II

In D ABP and AAB'P

L APB LA PB Li Lr

L ABP L AB'P 90

By AA Similarity
D ABP DA B'P

0
IT Bfp Afp

similarly
A ABC D A'B C

Atf BE c

from 4 em we
get

BE
w
It
for B'P
BC
V
PB PC
 I

at
t B'c af V

2fU UV UV Ifv
Luv 2
fu af u

12 tu fr
fur
ur fu fr

Divide side by uvf

bathe

I II Eg
11 12
4
Magnification

I I ta
multiply both side by v

E Ite
I
I I
1m

Again

I I tu
both side
multiply by u

It
 E
tf
17 2
guy A point object is placed at a distance

of 30cm from a carven mirror of focal

length 30cm find the magnification

Ie
m

38 I
m
If
m
I
 Level 1
Refraction

The phenomenon of bending of light ray

when it passes from one transparent
medium to another is known as

refraction

In this phenomenon the direction of propagation

this because the speed

of light changes of
of light is different in different media

Normal

incident a medium 1
q rarer

Boundary
Mediums
V
j Deuser
optically rare medium 3 Medium in which speed of
light is more

optically denser medium Medium in which speedof

light is less

Note
1When light ray moves from rarer medium
to denser denser medium it will bend
towards the normal

ii when light moves from denser media

rays
to rare medium it will bend
away from
the normal
Denser

Rarer
 Law of Refraction Snell's law

lil The incident the refracted ray and

ray
the normal all lie in the same plane

Cii The ratio of sin of

angle of inciden

to the sin of angle of refraction in

constant

I
I glas Condiuma
x

n Refractiveinden
constant
gift my

refractive indin
medium 2 Writmedia
t
constant value refractiveinde
Miz 1 Wr t 2

I
 optical
property of two media MayRefractive
Refractive index indenzw.at

Absolute Refractive indene n

It is the ratio of speed of light in air or

vacuum to the speed of light in the medium
Air

its glass

Absolute Refractive n speed oflight in air

index ofmedian speedof lightin medium

Infy
Absolute refractive
Ng Speed
of lightin
index ofglass
glass
 MaterialMedium Refractive inden

Air 1.0003 or I approx

Water 1.33

Glass crownglass 1.52

Diamond 2 42

ice 1 31

Alcohol 1.36
Dimensionless

Refractive inden is a unitless and

quantity

Ques find the speed of light in glass

Is
Nga
ng f 3101
1 S
3401
 V 2X 108 m see

Relative Refractive

inde t
Refractive index of one medium w r t another
medium

Absolute
na refractiveindenof medium
Absolute
refractive indexofmediums

t
Mz
MI
21

na Nz
Refractiveindex
w r t 1

É
na
me
n
E
 v toy from
It
21
my YEocity
twavelength

Yaf frequency v does

not change when light

rays changes themedi

nai

É
g nu
E
N 21
2

y
iz

from We can say that

eg 4
 V21
ty
Quy find nag when
nga 1.5

nag
Iga

hag f
Nag 0.66

Quiz The refractive inden of diamond is 2.42 and

that of glass is 1.52 How much faster
does
light travel in glass than in diamond

Nda 2.42 1 52
ng a
22.42 10 1.52
g
 Divide
eq by

l 6
Ug

Vg 1.6 Vd

MThe
absolute refractive indene of medium
any
can never be smaller than I because if nel
then c I and hence C becomes less than
I
v which is not possible

Quiz Refractive inden of water and glass are

yanas
wat air or vaccum respectively find the refractive
inden writ water
of glass

Nw Is ng 32
 1.13
ngw
It 4

condition for no bending

1
If incident normally no a boundary
light
medium 1

medium 2

from Snell's law

Misini Masina
na
STI
Lito normally

N X Sino masina
O no sins
 Sinn 0

Lr O

Li Ln 0

So light ray in the second medium will

pass undeviated at the boundary

2
If the refractive index of two media are

equal In na

N n
v

Nz n

from Snell's law

n Sini Masina

fsini In sins
 Li Lr
so light in the second medium will
ray
pass undeviated at the boundary

Bending of light ray

na
SII

n Sini Masina

I to denser
case If light passes from rarer
medium air water
leg

i
II

Sini sinn
Li s La
 so light ray bend towards the normal

case I
If light passes from denser to rarer
medium glassto water
Eg

Deny

Sini a Sinn
py Rodin

Li L Lm
So light ray bends
away from the normal

Ques
normal
incident
bending light ray
No
Cram
again
sensu

moths
correctly reprint
Quy

Lr 30
Li 60
I n
t
s n

n 53
Quit
n n refractiveindent
same
bed lightrays
I does not bend

p
Nz n

from n medium to no medium

reciprof of eq
0
I in
gig 450 ng
 Effects of refraction
1 A stick appears bend and short when immersed obliquely in

water

c
Egge

A beam coming from end A after refraction will

bend normal and reaches the eyes
away from the
Thus appears to come from point A
say
which is above A

It appears magnified because the image is formed

closer to the
eyes

Cii The bottom of a beaker

filled with water
appears raised
Eye
f
container with
water
 The
rays of light diverging from coin on

out water
suffer refraction and
emerging of
hence bend away from the normal

Refraction through Rectangular glass slab

Air
rarer
medium 1

in
B
Glass a
Deuser
medium 2 T
C
Ie
Air
ITagle
D
Rarer
Medium 1
of emergence

Let us consider a
ray AB travelling through air be
incident on the upper surface of a rectangular

glass slab at B After refraction it bendstowardsnor

ndstrike the lower surface of the glass slab and
it get refracted as it re enters to air
again
from Snell's law
At upper surface refractive index of
glass n
Sing Ma a

n
na n

At lower surface
V21 n

Tint iz
V12

1 In m
t

II

É SII
Sini Sine
Li Le
The a parallel to AB
ray
Level 2

Lateral displacement d

t
Perpendicular distance between the incident
and the
ray emergent
ray

t Breadth
n
ofglass
slab
t t
B
u i lg g

S deviation on
first refraction

In A AOB

sins
Sinop
Afp
sin i r
A1
 In AO CA
cos r coso
cop pg

OA Co t
G
Put on in eg

sin i m

ME

Sin i
XI
r IAB

d t sin i r

cop
Apparent depth of a tank

I into
when we look a pool of water or

any liquid it appears to be less deep

than it really is due to refraction

Apparent depth Real depth

refractive inden ofobjectmedium

refractive index of observermedium

I

omit I
realdepth

at
jog distance of Imageshift

Read depth
Image shift apparentdepth

OA AI
 at t i
tw

i 724cm

I n

Apparent height Real height

refractive index ofobjectmedian
refractiveindex of observermedium

Igf
 Lux

Apparent depth 32cm

is

Let the vessel is filled with water upto height h

Apparent depth Real depth

Refractive index ofobjectmedian
Refractive inden of observermedia

th
a
I y
21 N I N
NW

21 n

of
21 X Y An

W 12 Cm

Mm
I
untde
Image
A bird
for fish observer
what Enlightening
Apparent heightof bird

My
un
E
distance of bird from Mr td
mirror

distance ofbird Mn td
Image
from mirror

Distance of bird image from fish Matdtd

untidy
 spherical lenses

A lens is transparent medium material bounded

two of which one or both surface
by surfaces
are spherical

The function of lens is to deviate

light
It can converge or diverge a parallel beam

of light

Double

simply conven

simply
Concave
 Convene leas
Of the spherical surfaces are bulging outward
then the lens is called double carven lens

Doubt convex lens is simply called Convenlens

It is thicker at the middle as compared

to the edges

convene lens in converging in nature

conven lens converging nature

Concave lens

If the spherical surface are Curved inward

the the lens is called double concave lens

Double concave lens is Simply Called Concavelens

 It is thicker at the edges than at themiddle

concave lens diverging in nature

Diverge
light
My

lens
concave

Important points

1 optical centre
IT is the geometrical Centre
of the lens
It is usually represented
by letter o
undeviated through the opticalCentre
light ray passes

opticalcentre
2 Principal Axis
C ca is a line passing through optical centre
and centres curvature of curved surface
of

e
d d d d
 Focus
When a
ray of light parallel to the principal
axis are falling on lens these
a
ray
after refraction from the lens converge or
diverge on the principal axis This point
on principal axis is called Principal focus

7 s of
F
I EE
focal length
focal length
Ie t ve

Distance of the principal focus from optical

center
of a lens f
Aperture of lens
effective diameter of the light transmitting area
 Law of Image formation by spherical lens

1 A
ray initially parallel to principal axis ofales
will pass or appear to pass through principalfocus

pg

2 A which initially passes or appears to

ray
pass through focus of lens will pass
a
or emerge parallel to principal an's

7
pp

centre
3 A optical of lens
ray passing
underiated
through

gets
s
g
s
 Image formation by a thin convex lens

Position
of image At focus
Nature Real 4 inverted
y
size

Position
of object beyond af
Position
of b w f and2ft
image
at I
fr if
Nature Real4 inverted
size Diminished

3
At 2F
At 2Fz
Real4 inverted
same size TIf I fr
4T
a

Position
of object bw fit af
Position s beyond 2 Fr
of image
Nature s Real
4 inverted
size Enlarge I a
e

I I
V

5
Position
of object At F
Position
of images at infinity
Nature Real 4 inverted

Size Higly enlarge

6 Position of object blunt and 0

of image 4 same sideof his
Position

Nature 3 virtual 4erect

size s enlarge
i
a
 Image formation by thin concave lens

1 Positionof object At infinity

Position of image At Fi
Nature virtual 4 erect
Size s Highly Diminished
a I

Position of object bw infinity and 0

Position
of image 5 bw f 4 0
Nature s Virtual4erect
Diminished
T
size e

Sign convention
convene lens concave lens
u s ve u Ve
tve real4inverted v e ve virtualima

V virtual tent
ve
f ve

f tve
Lens formula
unknown quantity
sign
at mom
I t t

Magnification

m
he
m
In

1m
fD herd a

1m f
Quy An object of height 12cm is kept 1 am far
from a convene lens of focal length 80cm find
the distance
of image from the lens its height
and nature of the image

Ho 12cm

a 1 2 m 120cm

f 80cm

I t t

to I Izocm
V 240cm
to to I
Nature of image is real and inverted at 240cm

from his

M
E t
I
ha 24cm
Qui

f 10cm
u Z S cu

v
I ta If
I Is to

I Is to

re
Boom I to II

Quit
v
35

focal length f
m t se

se
I
 v nu
t t ft
ti

see
Itn

IE
u

Uses of convene lenses

i used in spectacles to correct the defect
of vision Called hypermetropia Long Sightedus

ii convene lens is used for makig Simple camo

Ciii Used as a
magnifying glass

Liv Used in making Microscope telescope or

slide projectors
 Uses of concave lens

i spectacles correct the defect of

to vision
called myopia short sightedness

Cii Used as lens in Galilean telescope

eye

iii concave lens is used as wide angle

spyhole in doors

Power of lens ability of the lens to converge

I or
diverge the light rays
It is degree of convergence or divergence

It is defined as the reciprocal of focal

length f

p
in meter
 P
17 in centimeter

SI unit of power of lens is dioptre

t
Denoted letter D
by

Power of Mirror
t p
tf meter

Level 2

focal length and Power of lens

If ItIt
t use with sign
 AI fr

in
case I

4T I ta lets formula

Case I s 2nd lens I tu

I I I

Add eq A

It't t t
t t

transf
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then its works as converging

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get is ve

then its works as diverging

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p ve
Diverging

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find inequivalent focal length

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light transmitting
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way

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when
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Nature

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Quy find the focal length of the coven lens when light
passes through the lens from air to thelens of
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the refractive inden of lens is
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