KSKSKSKS KS A 3251ങ1

SKSKSKS
KSKSKS
SKSKS
KSKS
SKS
KS
堸氼痸氠G白册泉G稼日G惱慝෕G
泤X扈෢堸氼痸氠G白册泉G勸曨G
KS A 3251ങ1ദ2001

㌆㠛䚲㭖㕂㦮䣢 㕂㦮
2001⎚ 12㤪 31㧒 㩲㩫
䞲ῃ䚲㭖䡧䣢 ⹲ 䟟
 ICS 03.120.30

# 稤 刵 數 檍 劤 共 KS

堸氼痸氠 ͑白册泉͑稼日͑惱慝෕ A 3251ങ1ദ2001

泤1扈෢堸氼痸氠 白册泉 勸曨

Statistical interpretation of dataങ

Part 1ദStatistical presentation of data

͑͢͟泉歱͑慜毌 㧊 ′ỿ㦖 Ὃ㧻SG㔺䠮㔺 ❇㠦㍲㦮 ◆㧊䎆⯒ 䀾䞮⓪ ⹿⻫, 㩫Ⰲ䞮⓪ ⹿⻫ ⹥ 䚲㔲 ⹿⻫㠦 ὖ

䞲 䐋Ἒ㩗 ⹿⻫㠦 ╖䞮㡂 ′㩫䞲┺.

ͣ͑͟汀歱͑劤共 ┺㦢㦮 ′ỿ㦖 㧊 ′ỿ㠦 㧎㣿♾㦒⪲㖾 㧊 ′ỿ ′㩫㦮 㧒⿖⯒ ῂ㎇䞲┺. 㧊⩂䞲 㧎㣿 ′ỿ

㦖 ⁎ 㾲㔶䕦(㿪⪳ 䙂䞾)㦚 㩗㣿䞲┺.
KS A 3001ങ1 䐋Ἒങ㣿㠊 ⹥ ₆䢎ങ㩲1⿖ദ䢫⮶ ⹥ 㧒⹮ 䐋Ἒ 㣿㠊
挌͑冨 ISO 3534ങ1ദ1993 StatisticsങVocabulary and symbolsങPart 1ദProbability and general
statistical terms㠦㍲㦮 㧎㣿 ㌂䟃㦖 㧊 ′ỿ㦮 䟊╏ ㌂䟃ὒ ☯❇䞮┺.
KS A 3001ങ2 䐋Ἒങ㣿㠊 ⹥ ₆䢎ങ㩲2⿖ദ䐋Ἒ㩗 䛞㰞 ὖⰂ 㣿㠊
挌͑冨 ISO 3534ങ2ദ1993 StatisticsങVocabulary and symbolsങPart 2ദStatistical quality
control㠦㍲㦮 㧎㣿 ㌂䟃㦖 㧊 ′ỿ㦮 䟊╏ ㌂䟃ὒ ☯❇䞮┺.
KS A 3201 㓞䞮䔎 ὖⰂ☚
挌͑冨 ISO 8258ദ1991 Shewhart control charts㠦㍲㦮 㧎㣿 ㌂䟃㦖 㧊 ′ỿ㦮 䟊╏ ㌂䟃ὒ ☯
❇䞮┺.
KS A 3251ങ2 ◆㧊䎆㦮 䐋Ἒ㩗 䟊㍳ ⹿⻫ങ㩲2⿖ദ䘟‶ ⹥ ⿚㌆㠦 ὖ䞲 Ỗ㩫 ⹿⻫ὒ 㿪㩫 ⹿⻫

ͤ͑͟泝氠 ͑惗͑勸笀͑
ͤ͑͟͢泝͑͑氠 㧊 ′ỿ㠦㍲ ㌂㣿䞮⓪ 㭒♲ 㣿㠊㦮 㩫㦮⓪ KS A 3001ങ1 ⹥ KS A 3001ങ2㠦 ➆⯊Ệ⋮, ┺㦢ὒ
ṯ㧊 䞲┺.
Β͚͑泤冹氠 ͑稱 ṗ 䁷㩫Ṩὒ 䘟‶Ṩὒ㦮 㹾㦮 㧊㔏㦮 䞿

2 (¦ xi ) 2
S ( x1  x ) 2  ( x2  x ) 2  ( x3  x ) 2  ˎ
L  ( xn  x ) 2 ¦ xi 
n

2⼖㑮 x ⹥ y 㠦 ὖ䞲 㩲὇ 䞿㦖 ┺㦢 㔳㦒⪲ Ἒ㌆♲┺.

2 2 (¦ xi ) 2
S ( x, x ) ¦ ( xi  x ) ¦ xi 
n

2 2 (¦ yi ) 2
S ( y, y ) ¦ ( yi  y ) ¦ yi 
n

Γ͚͑冽泝͑坭峭墌 Ὃ㩫 ⓻⩻, 㯟 Ὃ㩫㧊 Ṗ㰚 䛞㰞㠦 ὖ䞲 ⓻⩻㦚 ⁎Ⱂ㦒⪲ ⋮䌖⌎ ộ. 㧊ộ㦚 Ὃ㩫 䛞㰞

⓻⩻☚⧒ ⿖⯊⓪ 㑮☚ 㧞┺.
Δ͚͑冹氠 ͑稱 2⼖㑮 x, y 㠦 ὖ䞲 n㫆㦮 䁷㩫Ṩ (x1, y1), (x2, y2), ˎ, (xn, yn)㠦 ╖䞲 ( xi  x ) ( yi  y ) 㦮 䞿Ἒ. ┺㦢
㦮 㔳㦒⪲ Ἒ㌆♲┺.
A 3251ങ1ദ2001

(¦ xi ) (¦ yi )
S ( x, y ) ¦ ( xi  x ) ( yi  y ) ¦ xi yi 
n

ͤͣ͑͟勸͑͑笀 㧊 ′ỿ㠦㍲ ㌂㣿䞮⓪ 㭒♲ ₆䢎⓪ KS A 3001ങ1㠦 ➆⯊Ệ⋮, ┺㦢ὒ ṯ㧊 䞲┺.

f ☚㑮, 䁷㩫Ṩ㧊 㫊㨂䞮⓪ ⻪㥚⯒ ⳝ Ṳ㦮 㦒⪲ ⋮⑞ ἓ㤆, ṗ 㠦 ㏣䞮⓪ 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 㿲
䡚 ☚㑮. ṲṲ㦮 ☚㑮⯒ f1, f2, f3, ˎ ⧒ἶ 㝊┺.
x 䁷㩫Ṩ. ṲṲ㦮 䁷㩫Ṩ㦖 x1, x2, x3, ˎ ⧒ἶ 㝊┺.
x(i) 䁷㩫Ṩ㦚 䋂₆ 㑲㦒⪲ ⋮㡊䞮㡖㦚 ➢, 㧧㦖 㴓⿖䎆 ㎎㠊㍲ i⻞㱎㦮 䁷㩫Ṩ
~x Ⲫ❪㞞(㭧㞯Ṩ)
xmax 㾲╖Ṩ
xmin 㾲㏢Ṩ
S 㩲὇㦮 䞿
S(x, x) x㦮 㩲὇㦮 䞿(2⼖㑮㦮 ἓ㤆)
S(y, y) y㦮 㩲὇㦮 䞿(2⼖㑮㦮 ἓ㤆)
V ⿞䘎 ⿚㌆
h 㦮 䙃
CP Ὃ㩫 ⓻⩻ 㰖㑮
S(x, y) x㢖 y㦮 ὇㦮 䞿

ͥ͑͟狩泝僚氌͑犰稠 坜͑惱慝͑
ͥ͑͟͢狩泝氠 ͑影泉 䁷㩫㠦㍲⓪ Ⲓ㩖 ⁎ ⳿㩗㦚 ⳛ䢫䧞 䞮ἶ ⁎ ⳿㩗㠦 ⰴ☚⪳ ㌮䝢㦚 ㆧ⓪ ⻫, 䁷㩫 ⹿⻫,
Ἒ䁷₆㦮 ㍶䌳 ❇㦚 ἶ⩺䞮⓪ ộ㧊 ⹪⧢㰗䞮┺. 䐋Ἒ㩗 䛞㰞 ὖⰂ㠦㍲㦮 䁷㩫㦮 ⳿㩗㦚 ╖⼚䞮Ⳋ, ┺㦢ὒ
ṯ┺.
Β͚ ṲṲ ⶒ䛞㦮 㩗䞿໡⿖㩗䞿 䕦㩫㦚 ⌊Ⰲ₆ 㥚䞮㡂 ṲṲ ⶒ䛞㦮 䛞㰞 䔏㎇㦚 䁷㩫䞲┺.
Γ͚ ⪲䔎㦮 䞿ỿ໡⿞䞿ỿ㦮 䕦㩫㦚 ⌊Ⰲ₆ 㥚䞮㡂, ⪲䔎㠦㍲ ⶊ㧧㥚⪲ ㆧ㦖 ㌮䝢㦚 䁷㩫䞮㡂 ⁎ 䘟‶Ṩ㧊
⋮ 䚲㭖 䘎㹾⯒ ῂ䞲┺.
Δ͚ ⪲䔎㦮 ㎇㰞㦚 㫆㌂䞮₆ 㥚䞮㡂, ⪲䔎㠦㍲ ⶊ㧧㥚⪲ ㆧ㦖 ㌮䝢㦚 䁷㩫䞮㡂 ⁎ 䘟‶Ṩ, ⻪㥚 ❇㦚 ῂ䞲┺.
Ε͚ 䝚⪲㎎㓺(Ὃ㩫)⯒ ὖⰂ໡䟊㍳䞮⓪ ὖⰂ☚⯒ 㧧㎇䞮₆ 㥚䞮㡂, 䝚⪲㎎㓺㠦㍲ ⶊ㧧㥚⪲ ㆧ㦖 ㌮䝢㦚 䁷㩫
䞮㡂 ⁎ 䘟‶Ṩ, ⻪㥚 ❇㦚 ῂ䞲┺.
Ζ͚ 㣪㧎 䣾ὒ 䁷㩫㦚 㥚䞮㡂, ⽋㑮 㧎㧦㦮 㡂⩂ Ṗ㰖 㑮㭖㠦 ╖䞮㡂 㔺䠮䞲 ἆὒ⯒ 䁷㩫䞮ἶ 䟊㍳䞲┺.
Η͚ 2Ṗ㰖 䔏㎇㦮 ὖἚ⯒ 㞢㞚⽊₆ 㥚䞮㡂, 䝚⪲㎎㓺 ⡦⓪ ⪲䔎㠦㍲ 㕣㦒⪲ ♲ 䁷㩫Ṩ㦚 䀾䞮㡂 ㌗ὖ ὖἚ
⯒ 㫆㌂䞲┺.
ͥͣ͑͟狩泝僚氠 ͑曠猠 ͑廂气慝 䘟‶Ṩ໡䚲㭖 䘎㹾㦮 㧦Ⰲ㑮 ⹥ 㑮䂮㦮 ⱐ㦢⻫㦖 ┺㦢ὒ ṯ┺. “ⱐ㦢䞲┺”⓪
ộ㦖 㭒㠊㰚 䋂₆㦮 㑮䂮⯒ 㧒㩫䞲 ⱐ㦢 Ṛỿ㦮 㩫㑮⺆ Ἒ㡊㠦㍲ ἶ⯎ 䋂₆㦮 㑮⪲ ⹪∎⓪ ộ㧊┺.
憼͑勸͑͑͢͟ ⱐ㦢 Ṛỿദ0.1
㩫㑮⺆ദ12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, ˎ
憼͑勸͑͑ͣ͟ ⱐ㦢 Ṛỿദ10
㩫㑮⺆ദ1 210, 1 220, 1 230, 1 240, ˎ
ͥͣ͑͟͟͢碑动僚͑惗͑礤淈͑碀烰氠 ͑汘年曠͑͑
Β͚͑碑͑动͑僚 礤͑͢ 㦮 㧦Ⰲ㑮₢㰖 ⌎┺.

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䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 䁷㩫 ┾㥚 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 Ṳ㑮
0.1, 1, 10 ❇㦮 ┾㥚 ˂ 2಻ 20 21಻ 200
0.2, 2, 20 ❇㦮 ┾㥚 4 ⹎Ⱒ 4಻ 40 41಻ 400
0.5, 5, 50 ❇㦮 ┾㥚 10 ⹎Ⱒ 10಻100 101಻1 000
䘟‶Ṩ㦮 㧦Ⰲ㑮 䁷㩫Ṩὒ ṯỢ 䁷㩫Ṩ⽊┺ 1㧦Ⰲ ⰤỢ 䁷㩫Ṩ⽊┺ 2㧦Ⰲ ⰤỢ

Γ͚͑礤淈͑碀烰 㥶䣾 㒁㧦⯒ 㾲╖ 3㧦Ⰲ₢㰖 ⌎┺.

憼͑勸͑͑͢͟ 㻶ṫ㨂㦮 ⚦℮⯒ 䁷㩫䞮㡂 ┺㦢 䁷㩫Ṩ㦚 㠑㠞┺.
2.55, 2.63, 2.48, 2.50, 2.52, 2.59, 2.46, 2.53, 2.50(mm)
㧊 ἓ㤆, 䁷㩫 ┾㥚⓪ 0.01 mm, n ഩ10㧊⸖⪲
x ഩ2.526 mm(䁷㩫Ṩ⽊┺ 1㧦Ⰲ ⰤỢ)
sഩ0.051 7 mm(㥶䣾 㒁㧦 3㧦Ⰲ)
憼͑勸͑͑ͣ͟ 0.2 s ┾㥚⪲ ⑞⁞㧊 ⰺỾ 㧞⓪ 㓺䐇㤢䂮⯒ ㌂㣿䞮㡂 㠊⟺ 㧧㠛㠦 ╖䞲 㔲Ṛ 䁷㩫㦚 䞲 䤚,
┺㦢 䁷㩫Ṩ㦚 㠑㠞┺.
34.2, 35.0, 35.8, 36.0, 36.4, 35.6, 34.2(s)
㧊 ἓ㤆㦮 䁷㩫 ┾㥚⓪ 0.2(s), nഩ7㧊⸖⪲
x ഩ35.31 s(䁷㩫Ṩ⽊┺ 1㧦Ⰲ ⰤỢ)
sഩ0.869 s (㥶䣾 㒁㧦 3㧦Ⰲ)
挌͑冨 䁷㩫Ṩ㧊 㫊㨂䞮⓪ ⻪㥚⯒ x r 3 s ⧒✶Ṗ, x r 3 s 㢖 ṯ㧊 㿪㩫䞮⓪ 㑮Ṗ 㧞┺. 㧊㢖 ṯ㧊 x 㢖 s
⯒ ṖṦ䞮⓪ ἓ㤆, 㧦Ⰲ㑮Ṗ 㧒䂮䞮㰖 㞠㦚 ➢㠦⓪ 㧦Ⰲ㑮Ṗ 㧧㦖 㴓㠦 ⰴ㿪㠊 ⱐ㦢䞲┺.
͑͑憼勸͑ͣ͟ 㦮 ἓ㤆㠦⓪
x  2 s 35.31  2 u 0.869 35.31  1.74 37.05
x  2 s 35.31  2 u 0.869 35.31  1.74 33.57
ͥͣͣ͑͟͟曠猠 氠 ͑廂气慝 㠊⟺ 㑮䂮⯒ 㥶䣾 㒁㧦 n㧦Ⰲ㦮 㑮䂮⪲ ⱐ㦢䞮⓪ ⹿⻫㦖 ┺㦢ὒ ṯ┺.
Β͚ Ⱒ㧒, 㭒㠊㰚 㑮䂮㠦 Ṗ㧻 Ṗ₢㤊 㩫㑮⺆Ṗ 䞮⋮⹬㠦 㠜⓪ ἓ㤆㠦⓪ ⁎ộ㦚 ⱐ㦢䞲 㑮⪲ 䞲┺.
憼͑勸 ⱐ㦢 Ṛỿദ0.1
㭒㠊㰚 㑮䂮 ⱐ㦢䞲 㑮䂮
12.223 12.2
12.251 12.3
12.275 12.3

Γ͚ Ⱒ㧒, 㭒㠊㰚 㑮䂮㢖 ⡧ṯ㧊 Ṗ₢㤊, 2Ṳ㦮 㧊㤙䞮⓪ 㩫㑮⺆Ṗ 㧞⓪ ἓ㤆㠦⓪ ′䂯 A㢖 ′䂯 B 㭧 㠊ⓦ

䞲 㴓㠦 ➆⯎┺.
͚͑͑͑͢劤͑猡͑Ͳ ⱐ㦢䞲 㑮䂮⪲ 㰳㑮㦮 㩫㑮⺆⯒ ἶ⯎┺.
憼͑勸 ⱐ㦢 Ṛỿദ0.1
㭒㠊㰚 㑮䂮 ⱐ㦢䞲 㑮䂮
12.25 12.2
12.35 12.4

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͚͑͑ͣ͑劤͑猡͑ͳ ⱐ㦢䞲 㑮䂮⪲㍲ 䋆 㴓㦮 㩫㑮⺆⯒ ἶ⯎┺.

憼͑勸 ⱐ㦢 Ṛỿദ0.1
㭒㠊㰚 㑮䂮 ⱐ㦢䞲 㑮䂮
12.25 12.3
12.35 12.4
͑
挌͑冨 ′䂯 AṖ 㧒⹮㩗㦒⪲ ⹪⧢㰗䞮┺. ⽊₆⯒ ✺Ⳋ, 㧒⩾㦮 䁷㩫㦚 㧊 ⹿⻫㦒⪲ 㻮Ⰲ䞮Ⳋ ⱐ㦢 㡺㹾
Ṗ 㾲㏢Ṗ ♮⓪ 㧊㩦㧊 㧞┺. ′䂯 B⓪ Ἒ㌆₆㠦 㦮䞲 Ἒ㌆㠦㍲ ⍦Ⰲ ㌂㣿♮⓪ ′䂯㧊┺.

ͦ͑͟狩泝僚氠 ͑泝年͑惱慝͑
ͦ͑͟͢狩泝僚氠 ͑勸崥 䁷㩫Ṩ㦚 ₆⪳䞮⓪ ἓ㤆㠦⓪ 䁷㩫㦮 ╖㌗㧊 ♲ ⶒ䛞㦮 ⳛ䃃, 䔏㎇, ㌮䝢㦚 㺚䀾䞮⓪
⹿⻫, ㌮䝢㦚 㺚䀾䞲 㧒㔲, 䁷㩫㦮 㧒㔲, 㡾☚, 㔋☚, 䁷㩫 ⹿⻫, Ἒ䁷₆㦮 㫛⮮, Ἒ䁷₆ ⻞䢎, 䁷㩫㧦 ❇,
⋮㭧㠦 㫆㌂䞮Ệ⋮ 䟊㍳䞮⓪ ἓ㤆㠦 䞚㣪䞲 ㌂䟃㦚 ⼧₆䞮⓪ ộ㧊 ⹪⧢㰗䞮┺.
⹮⽋䞮㡂 㔺㔲䞮⓪ 䁷㩫㠦⓪ 㧒㩫䞲 ₆⪳ 㣿㰖⯒ 㩫䟊 ⚦⓪ ộ㧊 㫡┺.
ͦͣ͑͟勀庄檘͑氠 稤͑礤枤͑惱慝 ┺㑮㦮 䁷㩫Ṩ㦚 䚲⪲ Ⱒ✲⓪ ộⰢ㦒⪲⓪ 㿿⿚䞲 㩫⽊⯒ 䕢㞛䞮₆ 㠊⪋㰖Ⱒ,
⁎Ⱂ㦒⪲ ⋮䌖⌊Ⳋ 㩫⽊⯒ 䕢㞛䞮₆Ṗ 㓂㤢㰚┺.
ͦͣ͑͟͟͢勀屠秌笜 ⹿㞞㰖 ⡦⓪ 㩗╏䞲 㣿㰖㦮 㣒㴓㠦 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 Ṩ, Ṗ⪲㠦 䁷㩫 㑲㍲(⡦⓪ 㔲Ṛ)㦮 ⑞⁞㦚
ⰺ₆ἶ 㡂₆㠦 䁷㩫Ṩ㦚 ⋮䌖⌊⓪ 㩦㦚 ₆㧛䞮Ⳋ, 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 ㌆䙂, 㔲Ṛ㩗㧎 㤖㰗㧚 ❇ 䝚⪲㎎㓺㦮 䡚㌗㦚
䕢㞛䞮₆ 㓂㤢㰚┺.
挌͑冨 ⁎⧮䝚㠦 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 ⳛ䃃ὒ ⑞⁞㦮 ┾㥚⯒ ⹮✲㔲 ₆㨂䞮㡂㟒 䞲┺.
憼͑勸͑͑ ㍶⹮㦒⪲ ┺❂㰞䞲 㿫㦚 ṖὋ㑲㦒⪲ 90Ṳ ㆧ㞚, 㰖⯚㦚 䁷㩫䞲 ἆὒ⯒ 礤͑ͣ 㠦 ⋮䌖⌎┺. 㧊
ộ㦚 ⁎⧮䝚⪲ ⋮䌖⌊Ⳋ 勀庄͑͢ 㧊 ♲┺.
㧊㢖 ṯ㧊 䁷㩫Ṩ㦚 㔲Ṛ㩗 㑲㍲⪲ ₆㧛䞲 ⁎⧮䝚⯒ Ὃ㩫 ⓻⩻☚⧒ ⿖⯊ἶ, Ὃ㩫 ⓻⩻☚㠦⓪ ′ỿ㧊 㩫
䟊㪎 㧞⓪ ἓ㤆㠦⓪ ′ỿṨ㦚 ⋮䌖⌊⓪ 㰗㍶㦚, ′ỿṨ㧊 㩫䟊㪎 㧞㰖 㞠㦖 ἓ㤆㠦⓪ ⳿䚲Ṩ㦚 ⋮䌖⌊⓪
㰗㍶㦚 ₆㧛䞲┺.
勀庄͑ͣ ⓪ Ὃ㩫 ⓻⩻☚㦮 ⽊₆⯒ ⋮䌖⌎ ộ㧊┺.
′ỿṨ㠦 ╖䞲 Ὃ㩫 ⓻⩻㦚 ⋮䌖⌊₆ 㥚䞮㡂 Ὃ㩫 ⓻⩻ 㰖㑮 CPṖ ㌂㣿♲┺(勀庄͑ͤ 㺎㫆).

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㩲䛞 ⳛ䃃 Ý Ý 㿫 㩲㫆 ⻞䢎 BZങ486 ₆ Ṛ 01⎚ 6㤪 5㧒
䛞㰞 䔏㎇ ⹪₻㰖⯚ 䂮㑮 䡚 㧻 AὋ㧻 㩲1 ₆ἚἚ 01⎚ 6㤪 14㧒
䁷㩫 ┾㥚 0.001 mm 1㧒 䚲㭖 ㌳㌆ 10 000Ṳ ₆Ἒ ⻞䢎 JBങ21
′ỿ㦮 ㌗䞲 2.555 mm ㌮ 䝢 䋂 ₆ nഩ90
′ỿ㦮 䞮䞲 2.495 mm Ṛ ỿ 30⿚Ⱎ┺ 㧧 㠛 㤦 Ý Ý Ý
′ỿ ⻞䢎 Kങ52605 䁷㩫₆ ⻞䢎 Mങ0052 Ỗ ㌂ 㤦 Ý Ý Ý
礤͑ͤ͑
㌮䝢 ⻞䢎 䁷㩫 ἆὒ
1಻10 2.510 2.517 2.522 2.522 2.510 2.511 2.519 2.532 2.543 2.525
11಻20 2.527 2.536 2.506 2.541 2.512 2.515 2.521 2.536 2.529 2.524
21಻30 2.529 2.523 2.523 2.523 2.519 2.528 2.543 2.538 2.518 2.534
31಻40 2.520 2.514 2.512 2.534 2.526 2.530 2.532 2.526 2.523 2.520
41಻50 2.535 2.523 2.526 2.525 2.523 2.522 2.502 2.530 2.522 2.514
51಻60 2.533 2.510 2.542 2.524 2.530 2.521 2.522 2.535 2.540 2.528
61಻70 2.525 2.515 2.520 2.519 2.526 2.527 2.522 2.542 2.540 2.528
71಻80 2.531 2.545 2.524 2.522 2.520 2.519 2.519 2.529 2.522 2.513
81಻90 2.518 2.527 2.511 2.519 2.531 2.527 2.529 2.528 2.519 2.521

2.550
2.540
⹪₻
㰖⯚ 2.530
(

mm 2.520
)

2.510
2.500
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
㌮䝢 ⻞䢎
͑

勀庄͑͑͑͢礤͑ͣ氠 ͑堸氼痸幄͑勀屠秌崤͑啠疈喀͑克͑

5
A 3251ങ1ദ2001

′ỿ㦮 ㌗䞲

䔏㎇Ṩ
Ὃ㩫㦖 㞞㩫♮㠊
Β͚͑ 㧞ἶ, ⿞‶㧒㦖
′ỿ㠦 ╖䟊㍲
Ⱒ㫇䞮ἶ 㧞┺.
′ỿ㦮 䞮䞲 ㌮䝢 ⻞䢎
′ỿ㦮 ㌗䞲
䔏㎇Ṩ

⿞‶㧒㧊 ⍞ⶊ
Γ͚͑ 䋂┺.

㌮䝢 ⻞䢎
′ỿ㦮 䞮䞲

′ỿ㦮 ㌗䞲
䔏㎇Ṩ

⿞‶㧒㦖 㧧
Δ͚͑ 㰖Ⱒ, 䘟‶㧊
⍞ⶊ ⏨┺.

′ỿ㦮 䞮䞲 ㌮䝢 ⻞䢎
䔏㎇Ṩ

Ε͚͑ 㭒₆㩗 ⼖☯㧊

㧞┺.

㌮䝢 ⻞䢎
䔏㎇Ṩ

㩦㹾 ㌗㔏㦮 ἓ
Ζ͚͑ 䟻㧊 㧞┺.

㌮䝢 ⻞䢎

勀庄͑ͣ͑͑冽泝͑坭峭墌氠 ͑憼勸͑

͑Β͚ Cpഩ1.1 Γ͚ Cpഩ0.8 Δ͚ Cpഩ1.2

′ỿ㦮 䞮䞲

′ỿ㦮 ㌗䞲
′ỿ㦮 䞮䞲

′ỿ㦮 ㌗䞲

′ỿ㦮 䞮䞲

′ỿ㦮 ㌗䞲

㩲䛞 㭧㠦⓪ ⿞⨟䛞㧊 䙂䞾♮㰖 㞠⓪┺. ⿞‶㧒㧊 ⍞ⶊ 䋂┺. ⿞‶㧒㦖 㧧㰖Ⱒ, Ὃ㩫 䘟‶㧊

㠊⁡⋮ 㧞┺.

勀͑庄͑ͤ͑

ͦͣͣ͑͟͟墌曠͑扌碴 䁷㩫Ṩ㧊 㫊㨂䞮⓪ ⻪㥚⯒ ⳝ Ṳ㦮 㦒⪲ ⋮⑚ἶ ṗṗ㦮 㠦 ✺㠊 㧞⓪ 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 㿲

䡚 ☚㑮⯒ ⋮㡊䞮Ⳋ, 㩚㼊㦮 ⿚䙂⯒ 䕢㞛䞮₆ 㓂㤢㰚┺. ☚㑮 ⿚䙂⓪ ☚㑮䚲, 䧞㓺䏶⁎⧾, ⑚㩗 ☚㑮☚ ❇
㦒⪲ ⋮䌖⌎┺.
Β͚͑墌͑曠͑礤 ☚㑮䚲㦮 㧧㎇ 㑲㍲⓪ ┺㦢ὒ ṯ┺.
͚͑͑͑͢慜毌͙ ΃ ͚氠 ͑册數 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 㾲╖Ṩὒ 㾲㏢Ṩ㦚 ῂ䞮㡂 R㦚 Ἒ㌆䞲┺.
Rഩ(䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 㾲╖Ṩ)ങ(䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 㾲㏢Ṩ)
䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 㾲╖Ṩὒ 㾲㏢Ṩ㦖 ┺㦢ὒ ṯ㧊 䞮Ⳋ Ṛ┾䧞 ῂ䞶 㑮 㧞┺.

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䁷㩫Ṩ㦚 ₆⪳䞲 䚲㦮 ṗ 䟟Ⱎ┺㦮 㾲╖Ṩὒ 㾲㏢Ṩ㦚 ῂ䞮㡂 㾲╖Ṩ 㭧㦮 㾲╖Ṩ, 㾲㏢Ṩ 㭧㦮 㾲

㏢Ṩ㦚 ῂ䞲┺. 㧊ộ㧊 䁷㩫Ṩ 㩚㼊㦮 㾲╖Ṩ ⹥ 㾲㏢Ṩ㧊 ♲┺.
͚͑͑ͣ͑勑氠 ͑碵͑典泝 㾲㏢Ṩὒ 㾲╖Ṩ㦚 䙂䞾䞮⓪ ῂṚ㦚 5಻20㦮 ❇Ṛỿ㧎 㦒⪲ ⋮⑚㠊㰖☚⪳ 㦮 䙃
㦚 㩫䞲┺. 㦮 䙃㦖 R㦚 1, 2, 5(⡦⓪ 10, 20, 50ദ0.1, 0.2, 0.5 ❇)⪲ ⋮⑚㠊, ⁎ Ṩ㧊 5಻20㧊 ♮⓪ ộ㦚
䌳䞲┺. 㧊ộ㧊 2Ṗ㰖Ṗ ♶ ➢⓪ ㌮䝢 ㌂㧊㯞Ṗ 100 㧊㌗㧎 ἓ㤆㠦⓪ 㦮 䙃㧊 㧧㦖 㴓㦚, 99 㧊䞮㧎
ἓ㤆㠦⓪ 㦮 䙃㧊 䋆 㴓㦚 䌳䞲┺.
͚͑͑ͤ͑墌曠礤͑歱溈氠 ͑淈挌 礤͑ͥ 㢖 ṯ㧊 , 㦮 㭧㕂Ṩ, ☚㑮 Ⱎ䋂, ☚㑮 ❇㦚 ₆㧛䞶 㑮 㧞⓪ 㣿㰖⯒ 㭖
゚䞲┺.
͚͑͑ͥ͑勑氠 ͑内册僚氠 ͑典泝 㾲㏢Ṩ ⹥ 㾲╖Ṩ㦚 䙂䞾䞮☚⪳ 㦮 ἓἚṨ㦚 㩫䞮ἶ ☚㑮䚲㠦 ₆㧛䞲┺.
Ⲓ㩖, 㩲1㦮 㦮 䞮䞲㦚 㩫䞮ἶ 㧊ộ㠦
㦮 䙃㦚 ▪䞮㡂 㩲1㦮 ὒ 㩲2㦮 㦮 ἓἚṨ㦚 㩫䞲┺.
1
㩲1㦮 㦖 㾲㏢Ṩ㦚 䙂䞾䞮ἶ, ἓἚṨ㦖 㾲㏢ 䁷㩫 ┾㥚㦮 2 㧎 Ὁ㠦 㡺☚⪳ 㩫䞲┺. 㧊䞮, 㑲㍲╖⪲
㦮 䙃㦚 ▪䞮㡂 㩲2, 㩲3, ˎ㦮 ἓἚṨ㦚 ῂ䞮㡂 Ⱎ㰖Ⱏ㦮 㧊 㾲╖Ṩ㦚 䙂䞾䞮☚⪳ 䞲┺.
͚͑͑ͦ͑勑氠 ͑淙枴僚氠 ͑册數 ┺㦢 㔳㠦 ➆⧒ 㦮 㭧㕂Ṩ㦚 Ἒ㌆䞮㡂 ☚㑮䚲㠦 ₆㧛䞲┺.
㩲1㦮 㦮 㭧㕂Ṩഩ(㩲1㦮 㦮 ἓἚṨ㦮 䞿Ἒ) / 2
㩲2㦮 㦮 㭧㕂Ṩഩ(㩲2㦮 㦮 ἓἚṨ㦮 䞿Ἒ) / 2
冨
͑挌͑ 㩲2㦮 , 㩲3㦮 , ˎ㦮 㭧㕂Ṩ㦖 ┺㦢ὒ ṯ㧊 ῂ䞮㡂☚ 㫡┺.
㩲2㦮 㦮 㭧㕂Ṩഩ㩲1㦮 㦮 㭧㕂Ṩഗ 㦮 䙃
㩲3㦮 㦮 㭧㕂Ṩഩ㩲2㦮 㦮 㭧㕂Ṩഗ 㦮 䙃
͚͑͑ͧ͑墌曠幄͑刴稤垬 䁷㩫Ṩ㦚 㑲㹾㩗㦒⪲ 㧓㠊ṖⳊ㍲ ṗ 㠦 䙂䞾♮⓪ 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 ☚㑮⯒ ῂ䞲┺.
☚㑮⓪ ┺㦢㦮 ☚㑮 Ⱎ䋂⯒ ㌂㣿䞮㡂 ₆⪳䞲┺. 㧊 ἓ㤆 5Ṳ㝿 ⶌ⓪┺.

☚㑮 1 2 3 4 5 6 ˎ
☚㑮 Ⱎ䋂 / // /// //// //// //// / ˎ

͑͑͑憼͑勸͑͑ ☚㑮䚲㦮 㧧㎇ ⹿⻫ദͦͣ͟͟͢㦮 憼勸㦮 䁷㩫Ṩ㠦 ╖䞮㡂 ☚㑮䚲⯒ Ⱒ✶┺.

͚͑͢ ΃ 氠 ͑册數 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 㾲╖Ṩ ⹥ 㾲㏢Ṩ㦒⪲⿖䎆 ῂ䞲┺(礤͑ͤ 㺎㫆).

礤͑ͤ͑

㌮䝢 ⻞䢎 䁷㩫 ἆὒ 䟟㦮 䟟㦮
㾲╖Ṩ 㾲㏢Ṩ
1಻10 2.510 2.517 2.522 2.522 2.510 2.511 2.519 2.532 2.543 2.525 2.543 2.510
11಻20 2.527 2.536 2.506 2.541 2.512 2.515 2.521 2.536 2.529 2.524 2.541 2.506
21಻30 2.529 2.523 2.523 2.523 2.519 2.528 2.543 2.538 2.518 2.534 2.543 2.518
31಻40 2.520 2.514 2.512 2.534 2.526 2.530 2.532 2.526 2.523 2.520 2.534 2.512
41಻50 2.535 2.523 2.526 2.525 2.523 2.522 2.502 2.530 2.522 2.514 2.535 2.502
51಻60 2.533 2.510 2.542 2.524 2.530 2.521 2.522 2.535 2.540 2.528 2.542 2.510
61಻70 2.525 2.515 2.520 2.519 2.526 2.527 2.522 2.542 2.540 2.528 2.542 2.515
71಻80 2.531 2.545 2.524 2.522 2.520 2.519 2.519 2.529 2.522 2.513 2.545 2.513
81಻90 2.518 2.527 2.511 2.519 2.531 2.527 2.529 2.528 2.519 2.521 2.531 2.511
㾲╖Ṩ 㾲㏢Ṩ
2.545 2.502
㾲╖Ṩഩ2.545 㾲㏢Ṩഩ2.502
➆⧒㍲ R ഩ2.545ങ2.502ഩ0.043

7
A 3251ങ1ദ2001

͚ͣ͑勑氠 ͑碵͑典泝͑
0.043ý0.002ഩ21.5 㑮䂮 ⱐ㦢䞮㡂 22
0.043ý0.005ഩ8.6 㑮䂮 ⱐ㦢䞮㡂 9
0.043ý0.010ഩ4.3 㑮䂮 ⱐ㦢䞮㡂 4
➆⧒㍲ 㦮 䙃㦚 0.005⪲ 㩫䞲┺.
͚ͤ͑墌曠礤氠 ͑淈挌͑͑礤͑ͥ 㢖 ṯ㦖 ☚㑮䚲⯒ 㭖゚䞲┺.
͚ͥ͑勑氠 ͑内册僚͑典泝 㾲㏢Ṩ 2.502⯒ 䙂䞾䞮☚⪳ 㦮 ἓἚ⓪ 㩲1㦮 2.505 5಻2.505 5, 㩲2㦮
2.505 5൷2.510 5, ˎ㦒⪲ 㩫䞮ἶ ☚㑮䚲㠦 ₆㧛䞲┺(礤͑ͥ 㺎㫆).
͚ͦ͑勑氠 ͑淙枴僚͑册數͑͑
2.000 5  2.505 5
㩲1 㦮 㭧㕂Ṩ 2.503
2

2.500 5  2.510 5
㩲2 㦮 㭧㕂Ṩ 2.508
2

͚ͧ͑墌曠幄͑刴稤垬 ☚㑮⯒ ₆⪳䞲┺(礤͑ͥ 㺎㫆).

礤͑ͥ͑͑墌͑曠͑礤͑

No. 㦮 㭧㕂Ṩ x ☚㑮 Ⱎ䋂 ☚㑮 f
1 2.500 5಻2.505 5 2.503 / 1
2 2.505 5಻2.510 5 2.508 //// 4
3 2.510 5಻2.515 5 2.513 //// //// 9
4 2.515 5಻2.520 5 2.518 //// //// //// 14
5 2.520 5಻2.525 5 2.523 //// //// //// //// // 22
6 2.525 5಻2.530 5 2.528 //// //// //// //// 19
7 2.530 5಻2.535 5 2.533 //// //// 10
8 2.535 5಻2.540 5 2.538 //// 5
9 2.540 5಻2.545 5 2.543 //// / 6
䞿 Ἒ 90
挌͑冨͑͑͢͟ ☚㑮 f 㦮 䞿Ἒ(ȭ f )Ṗ 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 㽳 㑮(n)Ṗ ♮㰖 㞠㦒Ⳋ, ☚㑮 Ⱎ䋂㦮 ₆⪳㧊 㧮ⴑ♲
ộ㧊┺.
͑ ͑ ͑ ͑ ͑ ͑ ͑ ͣ͟ ㌗╖ ☚㑮Ṗ 䞚㣪䞶 ➢⓪ ☚㑮 f ⯒ n㦒⪲ ⋮⑚㠊 ῂ䞲┺.
͑ ͑ ͑ ͑ ͑ ͑ ͑ ͤ͟ 䁷㩫Ṩ ㌆䙂㦮 ⻪㥚Ṗ 䁷㩫 ┾㥚㦮 5಻20⺆ ⌊㣎㧊ἶ, 㦒⪲ ⋮⑞ ộὒ ṯ㦖 䁷㩫Ṩ
㦚 㠑㠞㦚 ➢⓪ 䁷㩫Ṩ ⁎ 㧦㼊⯒ 㦮 㭧㕂Ṩ㦒⪲ 䞮㡂 Γ͚ 㧊䞮㦮 㩞㹾⯒ ⹵⓪┺.
Γ͚͑籐杬癨勀屰͑
͚͑͑͑͢籐杬癨勀屰氠 ͑汙旹͑惱慝 ⹿㞞㰖 ⡦⓪ 㩗╏䞲 㣿㰖㠦 勀庄͑ͥ 㢖 ṯ㧊 Ṗ⪲㿫㠦 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 㦮 Ṩ, ㎎
⪲㿫㠦 ☚㑮⯒ 䚲㔲䞮ἶ, ṗ 㠦 ㏣䞮⓪ ☚㑮⯒ ₆⚻㦮 ⏨㧊⪲ ⋮䌖⌎┺.
⁎Ⱂ㦮 㡺⯎㴓 㥚㠦 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 㽳㑮 n㦚 ₆㧛䞲┺.
͑ 憼͑勸͑͑͢͟ 礤͑ͥ 㦮 ☚㑮䚲⯒ 䧞㓺䏶⁎⧾㦒⪲ ⁎ⰂⳊ 勀庄͑ͥ 㢖 ṯ㧊 ♲┺.

8
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20 nഩ90

15

f
10

0
2.500 2.510 2.520 2.530 2.540
㿫㦮 㰖⯚(mm)

勀庄͑ͥ͑͑籐杬癨勀屰͑
͑
͑ 憼͑勸͑͑ͣ͟ 㠊⟺ 㫆Ⱃ ⿖䛞㦮 䔞㌞㦮 ′ỿ㦖 6.000·0.006 mm⪲ 㩫䟊㪎 㧞┺. 㧊 ⿖䛞 70Ṳ㦮 䁷㩫 ἆ
ὒ⯒ 䧞㓺䏶⁎⧾㦒⪲ ⁎ⰂⳊ 勀庄͑ͦ 㢖 ṯ㧊 ♲┺. 䁷㩫Ṩ ㌆䙂㦮 䙃㧊 㾲㏢ 䁷㩫 ┾㥚㦮
20⺆ ⽊┺ 㧧㦒⸖⪲, 㦒⪲ ⋮⑚㰖 㞠ἶ 㰗㩧 䧞㓺䏶⁎⧾㦚 Ⱒ✶┺.

x u ☚ 㑮
5 10 15 f
5.992 ങ8
5.993 ങ7 Ý 1
5.994 ങ6 Ý Ý 2
5.995 ങ5 Ý 1
5.996 ങ4 Ý Ý Ý 3
5.997 ങ3 Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý 5
5.998 ങ2 Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý 6
5.999 ങ1 Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý 10
6.000 0 Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý 11
6.001 ഗ1 Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý 11
6.002 ഗ2 Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý 8
6.003 ഗ3 Ý Ý Ý Ý 4
6.004 ഗ4 Ý Ý Ý Ý Ý 5
6.005 ഗ5 Ý Ý 2
6.006 ഗ6 Ý 1
6.007 ഗ7
6.008 ഗ8
Ἒ 70

勀庄͑ͦ͑͑籐杬癨勀屰͑

͚͑͑ͣ͑籐杬癨勀屰氌͑憼坜͑慝 䧞㓺䏶⁎⧾㦚 ⽊⓪ ἓ㤆, ┺㦢 ㌂䟃㠦 㭒㦮䞮㡂㟒 䞲┺.

͚͑͑ͣ͑͟͢ ┺㏢㦮 㣪㻶㦖 ⶊ㔲䞮ἶ 㩚㼊㩗㧎 ⳾㟧㠦 㭒⳿䞲┺. 䧞㓺䏶⁎⧾㦖 㭧㞯 ⿖⁒㧊 Ṗ㧻 ⏨ἶ, 㫢㤆⪲
Ⲗ㠊㰦㠦 ➆⧒ ⌄㞚㰖⓪ 㫢㤆 ╖䃃㦮 ⳾㟧㦚 ⋮䌖⌊⓪ ἓ㤆Ṗ Ⱔ┺. 勀庄͑ͧ 㠦㍲ ⽊⓪ ⹪㢖 ṯ㧊
㡂⩂ Ṗ㰖 ἓ㤆Ṗ 㧞┺.

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Β͚͑ 㫢㤆 ╖䃃㧎 ộ. Γ͚͑ 㤆⪲ ₆㤎㠊㰚 ộ. Δ͚͑ 㫢⪲ ₆㤎㠊㰚 ộ.

Ε͚͑ 㕣⽟㤆Ⰲ㧎 ộ. Ζ͚͑ ⊳㧊 㧮Ⰲ㤊 ộ. Η͚͑ ⊳㦮 㧊 㧊㌗䞮Ợ

⏨㦖 ộ.

Θ͚͑ ⟾㠊㰚 ⽟㤆ⰂṖ 㧞⓪ ộ.

勀庄͑ͧ͑͑籐杬癨勀屰氠 ͑憼勸͑

㧊㢖 ṯ㦖 䧞㓺䏶⁎⧾㦖 ┺㦢ὒ ṯ㦖 ἓ㤆㠦 ⋮䌖⋲┺.

Β͚ 㧒⹮㩗㧎 ἓ㤆(㧊㌗䞲 㤦㧎㧊 㠜⓪ ἓ㤆)
Γ͚ ⹎⨟ ㎇⿚㦮 䞾㥶㥾 ❇ὒ ṯ㧊 㠊⟺ Ṩ 㧊䞮㦮 Ṩ㦚 䀾䞶 㑮 㠜⓪ ἓ㤆
Δ͚ 㑲☚Ṗ ⏨㦖 ㎇⿚㦮 䞾㥶㥾 ❇ὒ ṯ㧊 㠊⟺ Ṩ 㧊㌗㦮 Ṩ㦚 䀾䞶 㑮 㠜⓪ ἓ㤆
Ε͚ 2Ṳ㦮 ⿚䙂Ṗ ㍴㡂 㧞⓪ ἓ㤆, ⽊₆⯒ ✺Ⳋ 2╖㦮 ₆Ἒ ㌂㧊, 2㫛⮮㦮 㤦⬢ ㌂㧊㠦 㹾Ṗ 㧞⓪ ἓ㤆 ❇
Ζ͚ ′ỿ 㧊䞮(⡦⓪ 㧊㌗ 䢏㦖 2Ṗ㰖 ⳾⚦)㧎 ộ㦚 㩚㑮 ㍶⼚䞮㡂 㩲Ệ䞲 ἓ㤆 ❇
Η͚ ′ỿ㠦㍲ ⻭㠊⋲ ộ㦚 ㏦㰞䞮Ệ⋮ ◆㧊䎆⯒ 㧮ⴑ ⽊ἶ䞲 ἓ㤆 ❇
Θ͚ 䁷㩫㠦 㧮ⴑ㧊 㧞Ệ⋮ 䝚⪲㎎㓺㠦 㧊㌗㧊 㧞㠞▮ ἓ㤆 ❇
͚͑͑ͣͣ͑͟ ′ỿ㧊 㩫䟊㪎 㧞⓪ ἓ㤆㠦⓪ 䧞㓺䏶⁎⧾㠦 ′ỿṨ 䞲Ἒ㍶㦚 ₆㧛䞮㡂 ′ỿὒ ゚ᾦ䞲┺. 䧞㓺䏶⁎
⧾㧊 ′ỿ㦮 ㌗䞲ὒ 䞮䞲 ㌂㧊㠦 㿿⿚䧞 㡂㥶 㧞Ợ ✺㠊 㧞⓪Ṗ⯒ ⽎┺. ′ỿ㧊 㩫䟊㪎 㧞㰖 㞠㦚
ἓ㤆㠦⓪, ⳿䚲Ṩ㠦 䟊╏䞮⓪ ㍶㦚 ₆㧛䞮㡂 ⳿䚲Ṩὒ ゚ᾦ䞲┺.

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͚͑͢ ͚͚ͣ͑ͤ͑ ͚ͥ͑

′ỿ㦮 ㌗䞲

′ỿ㦮 ㌗䞲
′ỿ㦮 䞮䞲

′ỿ㦮 ㌗䞲

′ỿ㦮 䞮䞲

′ỿ㦮 ㌗䞲

′ỿ㦮 䞮䞲

′ỿ㦮 䞮䞲
Γ͚͑劤共氌͑应洹稠 溈͑樒坜͑内歸氠 ͑憼勸͑
͚ͦ͑ ͚ͧ͑ ͚ͨ͑

′ỿ㦮 ㌗䞲
′ỿ㦮 䞮䞲

′ỿ㦮 ㌗䞲

′ỿ㦮 䞮䞲

′ỿ㦮 ㌗䞲

′ỿ㦮 䞮䞲
勀͑庄͑ͨ͑

͚͢, ͚ͣ, ͚ͤ ⹥ ͚ͥ⓪ ⳾⚦ ′ỿ㦚 Ⱒ㫇㔲䋺ἶ 㧞┺.

┺Ⱒ, ͚ͣ ⹥ ͚ͤ㦖 ′ỿ㠦 ╖䞮㡂 㡂㥶Ṗ 㠜㦒⸖⪲ 㭒㦮⯒ 㣪䞲┺.
͚ͦ ⹥ ͚ͨ㦖 䘟‶Ṩ㦚 ′ỿ㦮 㭧㕂㠦 ⁒㩧㔲䋺⓪ 㻮䂮Ṗ 䞚㣪䞮┺. ͚ͦ㦮 ἓ㤆㠦⓪ ㌆䙂⯒ 㩗Ợ 䞮⓪
ộ☚ 㫡┺.
͚ͧ㦖 ㌆䙂⯒ 㩗Ợ 䞶 䞚㣪Ṗ 㧞┺.
Δ͚͑囌泉͑墌曠墌 㠊⟺ Ṩ 㧊䞮㦮 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 ☚㑮(⡦⓪ ゚㥾), 㠊⟺ Ṩ 㧊㌗㦮 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 ☚㑮(⡦⓪ ゚㥾)⯒
ῂ䞮₆ 㥚䟊㍲⓪ ⑚㩗 ☚㑮☚Ṗ 䘎Ⰲ䞮┺.
⑚㩗 ☚㑮☚㦮 㧧㎇ 㑲㍲⓪ ┺㦢ὒ ṯ┺.
͚͑͑͑͢囌泉͑墌曠幄͑刴稤垬͑
☚㑮䚲㠦㍲ 㩲1 㦮 ㌗䞲Ṩ 㧊䞮㦮 ⑚㩗 ☚㑮
—— 㩲1 㦮 ☚㑮
㩲2 㦮 ㌗䞲Ṩ 㧊䞮㦮 ⑚㩗 ☚㑮
—— 㩲1 㦮 ㌗䞲Ṩ 㧊䞮㦮 ⑚㩗 ☚㑮ഗ㩲2 㦮 ☚㑮
㩲3 㦮 ㌗䞲Ṩ 㧊䞮㦮 ⑚㩗 ☚㑮
—— 㩲2 㦮 ㌗䞲Ṩ 㧊䞮㦮 ⑚㩗 ☚㑮ഗ㩲3 㦮 ☚㑮
挌͑冨͑͑͢͟ Ⱎ㰖Ⱏ 㦮 ㌗䞲Ṩ 㧊䞮㦮 ⑚㩗 ☚㑮⓪ 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 㽳 㑮 nὒ ṯ┺.
͑ ͑ ͑ ͑ ͑ ͑ ͣ͟ ㌗╖ ⑚㩗 ☚㑮⓪ ⑚㩗 ☚㑮⯒ n㦒⪲ ⋮⑚㠊 ῂ䞲┺.
͚͑͑ͣ͑囌泉͑墌曠墌氠 ͑汙旹 ⹿㞞㰖 ⡦⓪ 㩗╏䞲 㣿㰖㠦 勀庄͑ͩ ὒ ṯ㧊 Ṗ⪲㿫㠦 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 Ṩ, ㎎⪲㿫㠦 ⑚
㩗 ☚㑮⯒ ⑞⁞ ⰺ₆ἶ, ṗ ㌗䞲Ṩ㠦 ╖㦧䞮⓪ ⑚㩗 ☚㑮⯒ ⋮䌖⌊⓪ 㩦㦚 㹣ἶ 㧊✺ 㩦㦚 ㍶⿚㦒⪲
㧝⓪┺.
͑ 憼͑勸͑͑礤͑ͥ 㦮 ☚㑮䚲⯒ ⑚㩗 ☚㑮☚⪲ ⁎ⰂⳊ 勀庄͑ͩ ὒ ṯ㧊 ♲┺. 㧊 ⁎Ⱂ㠦㍲ ⽊₆⯒ ✺Ⳋ, 2.512 5
mm 㧊䞮㦮 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 ゚㥾㦖 10 %⧒ἶ 㧓㦚 㑮 㧞┺.

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礤͑ͦ͑͑囌泉͑墌曠礤͑

No. ῂ Ṛ ☚ 㑮 f ⑚㩗 ☚㑮 ㌗╖ ⑚㩗 ☚㑮(%)
1 2.500 5 1 0 0.0
2 2.505 5 4 1 1.1
3 2.510 5 9 5 5.6
4 2.515 5 14 14 15.6
5 2.520 5 22 28 31.1
6 2.525 5 19 50 55.6
7 2.530 5 10 69 76.7
8 2.535 5 5 79 87.8
9 2.540 5 6 84 93.3
2.545 5 90 100.0
100

90

80

70
㌗╖ ⑚㩗 ☚㑮

60

50

40
(

% 30
)

20

10

0
2.500 2.510 2.520 2.530 2.540
㿫㦮 㰖⯚(mm)

勀庄͑ͩ͑͑囌泉͑墌曠墌͑

ͦͤ͑͟曠岑泉汀͑礤竌͑惱慝͑
ͦͤ͑͟͟͢淙枴氠 ͑礤竌͑惱慝 2Ṳ 㧊㌗㦮 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 㭧㕂㦚 ⋮䌖⌊⓪ ◆⓪ 䘟‶Ṩ ⡦⓪ Ⲫ❪㞞㧊 㧊㣿♲┺.
Β͚͑碑动僚氌͑刴稠 坜͑惱慝 䘟‶Ṩ㦚 Ἒ㌆䞮⓪ 㑲㍲⓪ ┺㦢ὒ ṯ┺.
͚͑͑͑͢溉泙͑册數稠 坜͑惱慝͑
͑
曤͑͑旤͑ 曠猠 ͑憼勸͑
͚͢͟͢ 䁷㩫 ἆὒ⯒ 礤͑ͧ ὒ ṯ㧊 㩫Ⰲ䞲┺. ͚͢͟͢͟͢ 㠊⟺ 㿫㠦 ╖䞮㡂 5Ṳ㦮 ㌮䝢㦚 ㆧ㞚㍲, 㰖
⯚㦚 䁷㩫䞮㡂 ┺㦢ὒ ṯ㦖 ἆὒ⯒ 㠑㠞┺.

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䁷 㩫 㑲 䁷 㩫 Ṩ 䁷 㩫 㑲 䁷 㩫 Ṩ
1 x1
1 2.515
2 x2
3 x3 2 2.509
໡ ໡
໡ ໡ 3 2.507
໡ ໡ 4 2.529
໡ ໡
n xn 5 2.521
䞿 Ἒ ¦x 䞿 Ἒ 12.581
䘟 ‶ x 䘟 ‶ 2.516 2

͚ͣ͢͟ 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 䞿Ἒ ȭ x⯒ ῂ䞲┺. ͚ͣ͢͟͟͢ ȭ xഩ2.515ഗ2.509ഗ2.507ഗ2.529ഗ2.521

ȭ xഩx1ഗx2ഗx3ഗˎഗxn ഩ12.581
͚ͤ͢͟ ȭ x⯒ ㌮䝢 ㌂㧊㯞 n㦒⪲ ⋮⑚ἶ, 䘟‶Ṩ㦚 ͚ͤ͢͟͟͢ ͑
ῂ䞲┺. x 12.581 2.516 2(mm)
5
x ¦x
n

稠坜
͚͑͑ͣ͑憈曠͑憈笠 稠 檴͑册數稠 坜͑惱慝 䁷㩫Ṩ x 㠦㍲ 㧒㩫㑮⯒ ヒἶ 㧒㩫㑮⯒ ὇䞮㡂(⡦⓪ 㧒㩫㑮⪲ ⋮⑚㠊)
Ṛ┾䞲 㑮䂮 u⪲ ⼖㑮 ⼖䢮䞮㡂, u㦮 䘟‶Ṩ㦚 ῂ䞲 ┺㦢 㤦⧮㦮 㑮䂮 x⪲ 䢮㌆䞮Ⳋ, 䀾 䞮⓪ 㑮䂮Ṗ
Ṛ┾䟊㰖ἶ Ἒ㌆ 㹿㡺☚ 㩗㠊㰚┺.

曤͑͑旤͑ 曠猠 ͑憼勸͑
1
͚ͣ͟͢ ⼖㑮 ⼖䢮㦚 䞲┺( ). ͚ͣ͑͟͢͟͢
礤͑ͨ͑ 礤͑ͨ͑͟͢

䁷 㩫 㑲 䁷 㩫 Ṩ uഩ(xങa)Ýb 䁷 㩫 㑲 䁷 㩫 Ṩ uഩ(xങ2.5)Ý1 000

1 x1 u1
1 2.515 15
2 x2 u2
3 x3 u3 2 2.509 9
໡ ໡ ໡
໡ ໡ ໡ 3 2.507 7
໡ ໡ ໡ 4 2.529 29
໡ ໡ ໡
n xn un 5 2.521 21
䞿 Ἒ ങ ¦u 䞿 Ἒ ങ 81
䘟 ‶ ങ u 䘟 ‶ ങ 16.2

͚ͣͣ͟ u㠦 ╖䞮㡂 䘟‶Ṩ u ⯒ ῂ䞲┺. ͚ͣͣ͟͟͢ u 15  9  7  29  21 81 16.2

5 5
u ¦
u
n
͑
͚ͣͤ͟ x ⯒ ῂ䞲┺. ͚ͣͤ͟͟͢ x 16.2 y 1 000  2.5 2.516 2
x u yb  a

淄(1) ヒ⓪ 㑮䂮 a⓪ Ṛ┾䞲 㑮䂮⯒ ㌂㣿䞮Ⳋ Ἒ㌆ 㹿㡺Ṗ 㩗┺. ⡦䞲 ὇䞮⓪ 㑮䂮(⡦⓪ ⋮⑚⓪ 㑮

䂮) b⓪ u 㦮 㑮䂮Ṗ 㩫㑮⪲ ♮☚⪳ 䌳䞮⓪ ộ㧊 㫡┺.
Γ͚͑弜姜樐氌͑刴稠 坜͑惱慝͑
͚͑͑͑͢狩泝僚氼͑笈曠͑僤汀͑内歸͑͑

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曤͑͑旤͑ 曠猠 ͑憼勸͑
͚͢͟͢ 䁷㩫Ṩ㦚 䋂₆ 㑲㦒⪲ ⋮㡊䞲┺. ͚͢͟͢͟͢ 㠊⟺ 㿫㠦 ╖䞮㡂 5Ṳ㦮 ㌮䝢㦚 ㆧ㞚㍲ 㰖
x(1), x(2), x(3), ˎ, x(n) ⯚㦚 䁷㩫䞮㡂 ┺㦢 ἆὒ⯒ 㠑㠞┺.
͑ 2.515 2.509 2.507 2.529 2.521
͑ ┾㥚ദmm
͑ 㧊ộ㦚 䋂₆ 㑲㦒⪲ ⋮㡊䞲┺.
͑ 2.507 2.509 2.515 2.521 2.529
͚ͣ͢͟ 㭧㞯㦮 Ṩ㦚 䀾䞮㡂 Ⲫ❪㞞 ~
x ⪲ 䞲┺. ͚ͣ͢͟͟͢ ~
x ഩ2.515(mm)
͚ͣ͑狩泝僚氼͑溥曠͑僤汀͑内歸͑
曤͑͑旤͑ 曠猠 ͑憼勸͑
͚ͣ͟͢ 䁷㩫Ṩ㦚 䋂₆ 㑲㦒⪲ ⋮㡊䞲┺. ͚ͣ͟͢͟͢ 㠊⟺ 㿫㠦 ╖䞮㡂 6Ṳ㦮 ㌮䝢㦚 ㆧ㞚㍲ 㰖
x(1), x(2), x(3), ˎ, x(n) ⯚㦚 䁷㩫䞮㡂 ┺㦢 ἆὒ⯒ 㠑㠞┺.
͑ 2.515 2.509 2.507 2.529 2.521 2.525
͑ ┾㥚ദmm
͑ 㧊ộ㦚 䋂₆ 㑲㦒⪲ ⋮㡊䞲┺.
͑ 2.507 2.509 2.515 2.521 2.525 2.529
͚ͣͣ͟ 㭧㞯㦮 2Ṳ㦮 Ṩ㦚 䀾䟊 ⁎ 䘟‶Ṩ㦚 ῂ䞮㡂 ͚ͣͣ͟͟͢ ~
x ഩ(2.515ഗ2.521) / 2ഩ2.518(mm)
Ⲫ❪㞞 ~
x ⪲ 䞲┺.
挌͑冨͑͑͢͟ Ⲫ❪㞞㦖 䁷㩫Ṩ㦚 䋂₆ 㑲㦒⪲ ⋮㡊䞮㡖㦚 ➢㦮 㭧㞯㦮 ṨⰢ ㌂㣿䞮⸖⪲, Ἒ㌆㦖 Ṛ┾
䞮⋮ 䘟‶Ṩ㠦 ゚䞮㡂 㩫⹖☚Ṗ ⟾㠊㰖⓪ 㑮☚ 㧞┺.
͑ ͑ ͑ ͑ ͑ ͑ ͑ ͣ͟ Ⲫ❪㞞㦖 䁷㩫Ṩ㧊 㰳㑮 Ṳ㧎 ἓ㤆⓪ 䋂₆ 㑲㦒⪲ ⋮㡊䞮㡖㦚 ➢㦮 㭧㞯㦮 2Ṳ Ṩ㦮 䘟
‶Ṩ㦚 Ἒ㌆䞮㡂㟒 䞮⸖⪲, ㌮䝢 ㌂㧊㯞⯒ 䢖㑮⪲ 䞮⓪ ộ㧊 㫡┺.
͑ ͑ ͑ ͑ ͑ ͑ ͑ ͤ͟ Ⲫ❪㞞㦚 ῂ䞮⓪ ἓ㤆, ㌮䝢 ㌂㧊㯞Ṗ 䋂Ⳋ 䁷㩫Ṩ㦚 䋂₆ 㑲㦒⪲ ⋮㡊䞮㡂 㭧㞯㦮 Ṩ
㦚 㺔㞚⌊⓪ ộ㧊 㓓㰖 㞠㦒⸖⪲, ㌮䝢 ㌂㧊㯞Ṗ 3, 5 ⡦⓪ 7 㩫☚Ṗ 䘎Ⰲ䞮┺.
ͦͤͣ͑͟͟數碴氠 ͑礤枤͑惱慝 2Ṳ 㧊㌗㦮 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 ㌆䙂⯒ ⋮䌖⌊⓪ ◆⓪ ⻪㥚 R, 䚲㭖 䘎㹾 s, ⿞䘎 ⿚㌆ V
❇㧊 ㌂㣿♲┺.
挌͑冨 ⻪㥚 ⹥ 䚲㭖 䘎㹾⓪ 䁷㩫Ṩὒ ṯ㦖 ┾㥚⯒ Ṭ⓪┺. ⿞䘎 ⿚㌆㦖 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 ┾㥚㦮 2㔏㦮 ┾
㥚⯒ Ṭ⓪┺.
Β͚͑慜毌幄͑刴稠 坜͑惱慝 ⻪㥚⯒ ῂ䞮⓪ 㑲㍲⓪ ┺㦢ὒ ṯ┺.
曤͑͑旤͑ 曠猠 ͑憼勸͑
͚͢ 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 㾲╖Ṩ xmax㢖 㾲㏢Ṩ xmin⯒ ῂ䞲┺. ͚͢͟͢ 㠊⟺ 㿫㠦 ╖䞮㡂 5Ṳ㦮 ㌮䝢㦚 ㆧ㞚, 㰖⯚㦚
͑ 䁷㩫䞮㡂 ┺㦢 ἆὒ⯒ 㠑㠞┺.
͑ 2.515 2.509 2.507 2.529 2.521
͑ ┾㥚ദmm
͑ xmaxഩ2.529
͑ xminഩ2.507
͚ͣ xmax㠦㍲ xmin㦚 ヒ㍲ ⻪㥚 R⪲ 䞲┺. ͚ͣ͟͢ R ഩ2.529ങ2.507ഩ0.022(mm)
Rഩxmaxങxmin
挌͑冨 ⻪㥚⓪ 䁷㩫Ṩ 㭧 㾲╖Ṩὒ 㾲㏢Ṩ 2ṲⰢ ㌂㣿䞮⸖⪲, 䚲㭖 䘎㹾㢖 ゚ᾦ䞮㡂 ⽊䐋 㩫⹖☚Ṗ ⟾
㠊㰖⋮ Ἒ㌆㧊 Ṛ┾䞮┺. ㌮䝢 ㌂㧊㯞Ṗ 10 㧊䞮㧒 ➢ ㌂㣿䞮Ⳋ 䘎Ⰲ䞮┺.
Γ͚͑扐碀͑扌數氌͑刴稠 坜͑惱慝͑
͚͢ 䁷㩫 ἆὒ⯒ 礤͑ͩ ὒ ṯ㧊 㩫Ⰲ䞲┺. ͚͢͟͢ ͑

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礤͑ͩ͑ 礤͑ͩ͑͟͢
䁷 㩫 㑲 䁷 㩫 Ṩ x x2 䁷 㩫 㑲 䁷 㩫 Ṩ x x2
1 x1 x12
1 2.515 6.325 225
2 x2 x22
3 x3 x32 2 2.509 6.295 081
໡ ໡ ໡
໡ ໡ ໡ 3 2.507 6.285 049
໡ ໡ ໡
4 2.529 6.395 841
໡ ໡ ໡
n xn xn2 5 2.521 6.355 441
2
䞿 Ἒ ȭx ȭx 䞿 Ἒ 12.581 31.656 637

䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 䞿Ἒ ȭ x ⹥ 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 2㔏㦮 䞿Ἒ ȭ xഩ2.515ഗ2.509ഗˎഗ2.521ഩ12.581

2
ȭ x 㦚 Ἒ㌆䞲┺. ȭ x2ഩ6.325 225ഗ6.295 081ഗˎഗ6.355 441
ȭ xഩx1ഗx2ഗx3ഗˎˎഗxn ഩ31.656 637
2 2
ȭ x ഩx1 ഗx2 ഗx3 ഗˎഗxn 2 2 2 ͑
(12.581) 2
͚ͣ ┺㦢 㔳㠦 㦮䟊 㩲὇㦮 䞿 S⯒ Ἒ㌆䞲┺. ͚ͣ͟͢ S 31.656 637  0.000 324 8
5
( x) 2
S ¦ x2  ¦ ͚ͣͣ͟ V
0.000 324 8
0.000 081 2(mm 2 )
n 5 1
͚ͤ 㩲὇㦮 䞿 S⯒ 㧦㥶☚ nങ1⪲ ⋮⑚㠊 ⿞䘎 ⿚
㌆ V⯒ ῂ䞲┺.
V S
n 1

Δ͚͑扐碀͑扌數氌͑刴稠 坜͑惱慝͙憈曠͑憈笠 氄崤͑册數稠 坜͑惱慝͚͑

曤͑͑旤͑ 曠猠 ͑憼勸͑
2
͚͢ ⼖㑮 ⼖䢮㦚 䞲┺( ). ͚͑͢͟͢
nഩ(xങa)Ýb
礤͑ͪ 礤͑ͪ͟͢
2
䁷 㩫 㑲 䁷 㩫 Ṩ x u u 䁷㩫㑲 䁷 㩫 Ṩ x u ഩ(xങ2.5)Ý1 000 u2
1 x1 u1 u12
1 2.515 15 225
2 x2 u2 u22
3 x3 u3 u32 2 2.509 9 81
໡ ໡ ໡ ໡
໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ 3 2.507 7 49
໡ ໡ ໡ ໡
4 2.529 29 841
໡ ໡ ໡ ໡
n xn un un2 5 2.521 21 441
䞿 Ἒ ങ ȭu ȭ u2 䞿 Ἒ ങ 81 1 637

u㦮 䞿Ἒ ȭ u㢖 u 㦮 䞿Ἒ ȭ u 㦚 Ἒ㌆䞲┺. 2 2 ȭ uഩ15ഗ9ഗˎഗ21ഩ81
ȭ u2ഩ225ഗ81ഗˎഗ441ഩ1 637
ȭ uഩu1ഗu2ഗu3ഗˎഗun
͑
ȭ uഩu12ഗu22ഗu32ഗˎഗun2
͑
͚ͣ ┺㦢 㔳㠦 㦮䟊 㩲὇㦮 䞿 S ⯒ Ἒ㌆䞲┺. ͚ͣ͑͟͢
1 ª 2 (¦ u )2 º S 1 §1 637  812 · 0.000 324 8
S
b2 «¦ u  n » ¨
1 0002 © 5 ¹
¸
¬ ¼

͚ͤ 㩲὇㦮 䞿 S⯒ 㧦㥶☚ nങ1⪲ ⋮⑚㠊 ⿞䘎 ⿚ ͚ͤ͑͟͢

㌆ V⯒ ῂ䞲┺. 0.000 324 8
V 0.000 081 2(mm 2 )
S 5 1
V
n 1

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淄(2) ヒ⓪ 㑮䂮 a⓪ Ṛ┾䞲 㑮䂮⯒ ㌂㣿䞮Ⳋ Ἒ㌆ 㹿㡺Ṗ 㩗┺. ⡦䞲 ὇䞮⓪ 㑮䂮(⡦⓪ ⋮⑚⓪ 㑮䂮) b
⓪ u㦮 㑮䂮Ṗ 㩫㑮⪲ ♮☚⪳ 䌳䞮⓪ ộ㧊 㫡┺.
Ε͚͑礤淈͑碀烰幄͑刴稠 坜͑惱慝 Γ͚ ⹥ Δ͚㦮 ͚ͤ 㧊䤚⯒ ┺㦢 㑲㍲⪲ Ἒ㌆䞮㡂 ῂ䞲┺.

曤͑͑旤͑ 曠猠 ͑憼勸͑
͚͢ ┺㦢 㔳㠦 㦮䟊 䚲㭖 䘎㹾 s⯒ ῂ䞲┺. ͚͑͢͟͢
s V s 0.000 081 2 0.009 01(mm)
ͦͤͤ͑͟͟垬曠
垬曠氠 ͑狩泝
狩泝僚氄
僚氄崤扈 碑动僚͑ x ͑惗͑礤淈͑碀烰͑ Τ 幄͑刴稠 坜͑惱慝
崤扈痸͑碑动 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 Ṳ㑮Ṗ Ⱔ㦖 ἓ㤆㠦☚
x ⋮ s⓪ ͦͤ͟͟͢ ⹥ ͦͤͣ͟͟㦮 ⹿⻫㦒⪲ ῂ䞶 㑮 㧞㦒⋮, Ἒ㌆㧊 ⻞Ệ⪲㤢㰖⸖⪲ 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 Ṳ㑮Ṗ 30 㧊㌗㧎
ἓ㤆㠦⓪ 㞚⧮㠦㍲ ′㩫䞮⓪ ⹿⻫㦒⪲ ῂ䞮⓪ ộ㧊 㫡┺. 㧊 ➢㦮 㑲㍲⓪ ┺㦢ὒ ṯ┺.

册數͑曤旤͑ 曠猠 ͑憼勸͑
͚͢ 礤͑͢͡ ὒ ṯ㦖 Ἒ㌆ 㣿㰖⯒ 㭖゚䞲┺. ͚͑͢͟͢礤͑ͥ 㠦 ╖䞮㡂 Ἒ㌆䞲┺.
͚ͣ͑ͤͣͣ͟͟ 㦮 㑲㍲㠦 ➆⧒ , 㦮 㭧㕂Ṩ x, ☚㑮 ͚ͣ͑͟͢
f ⯒ ₆㧛䞲┺.
͚ͤ u㦮 ⋲㠦㍲ f Ṗ 㾲╖㧎 㦮 㭧㕂Ṩ㦚 uഩ0㦒 ͚ͤ͟͢ No.5 㦮 u㦮 㭧㕂Ṩ㦚 0㦒⪲ ⏩⓪┺.
⪲ 䞮ἶ, 䁷㩫Ṩ㧊 㧧㦖 㴓㦒⪲ 㹾⪖⪲ ങ1,
ങ2, ˎ, 䋆 㴓㦒⪲ 㹾⪖⪲ 1, 2, ˎ ⯒ ₆㧛
䞲┺.
挌͑冨 x㢖 u㦮 ὖἚ⓪ ┺㦢 㔳㦒⪲ 䚲㔲♲┺.
uഩ[xങ(uഩ0 㦮 㭧㕂Ṩ)]Ý1/( 㦮 䙃)ഩ(xങa)/h
㡂₆㠦㍲ aദuഩ0㦒⪲ ⏩㦖 㦮 㭧㕂Ṩ(㡂₆㠦㍲⓪ aഩ2.523)
hദ 㦮 䙃(㡂₆㠦㍲⓪ hഩ0.005)

͚ͥ u㢖 f 㦮 ὇㦚 uf ⧖㠦, uf 㢖 u㦮 ὇㦚 u2f ⧖㠦 ͚ͥ͟͢‫ٻ‬No.1 uf ഩങ4Ý1ഩങ4

2
₆㧛䞮ἶ, 㧊✺㦚 䞿䞮㡂 uf 㦮 䞿Ἒ⧖, u f 㦮 No.2 uf ഩങ3Ý1ഩങ12
䞿Ἒ⧖㠦 ṗṗ ₆㧛䞲┺. No.3 u2f ഩuf Ýuഩങ4Ýങ4ഩ16
ȭ uf ഩu1f1ഗu2f2ഗˎ No.4 u2f ഩuf Ýuഩങ12Ýങ3ഩ36
ȭ u2f ഩu12f1ഗu22f2ഗˎ
͚ͦ ┺㦢 㔳㦒⪲ x ⯒ Ἒ㌆䞲┺. ͚ͦ͑͟͢ x 2.523  0.005 u 30 ͑
90
x a  h(¦ uf / n)
ഩ2.523ഗ0.001 67
ഩ2.524 67(mm)
2
͚ͧ ┺㦢 㔳㦒⪲ s⯒ Ἒ㌆䞲┺. ͚ͧ͑͟͢ s 0.005 u §¨ 302  30 ·¸ /(90  1) ͑
© 90 ¹
ª ( uf ) 2 º
s h «¦ u 2 f  ¦ /( n  1)
¬ n »¼ 0.005 u 3.280 9
0.009 06(mm)

16
 A 3251ങ1ദ2001

礤͑͑͢͡

No. ῂ Ṛ 㭧㕂Ṩ x ☚㑮 f u uf u2f

1 2.500 5಻2.505 5 2.503 1 ങ4 ങ 4 16
2 2.505 5಻2.510 5 2.508 4 ങ3 ങ12 36
3 2.510 5಻2.515 5 2.513 9 ങ2 ങ18 36
4 2.515 5಻2.520 5 2.518 14 ങ1 ങ14 14
5 2.520 5಻2.525 5 2.523 22 0 0 0
6 2.525 5಻2.530 5 2.528 19 1 19 19
7 2.530 5಻2.535 5 2.533 10 2 20 40
8 2.535 5಻2.540 5 2.538 5 3 15 45
9 2.540 5಻2.545 5 2.543 6 4 24 96
䞿 Ἒ 90 ങ 30 302

ͦͥ͑͟狩泝檘͑凈稤͑泝憼氠 ͑憼冨 䁷㩫㠦 ὖ䞲 㩫⽊⯒ ⽊ἶ䞶 ἓ㤆㠦⓪, 㩗㠊☚ ┺㦢 ㌂䟃㦚 ₆㨂䞶 䞚㣪Ṗ
㧞┺.
Β͚ 䁷㩫 ╖㌗㦮 ⳛ䃃
Γ͚ 䁷㩫 㫆Ị
͑ ͑ ͚͢ ㌮䝢㦚 ㆧ⓪ ⹿⻫
͑ ͑ ͚ͣ ㌮䝢㦚 ㆧ⓪ 㧒㔲
͑ ͑ ͚ͤ 䁷㩫 ⹿⻫, Ἒ䁷₆㦮 㫛⮮, Ἒ䁷₆ ⻞䢎, 䁷㩫㧦, 䁷㩫㦮 䢮ἓ ❇
Δ͚ ㌮䝢 ㌂㧊㯞 n
Ε͚ 䐋Ἒ⨟, ┺㦢 㭧 㠊ⓦ ộ㦚 䌳䞲┺.
͑ ͑ ͚͢ x ⹥ s
͑ ͑ ͚ͣ x ⹥ V
͑ ͑ ͚ͤ x ⹥ R
~
͑ ͑ ͚ͥ x ⹥ R
┺Ⱒ, R㦖 ㌮䝢 ㌂㧊㯞Ṗ 10 㧊䞮㧒 ἓ㤆㠦 ㌂㣿䞮⓪ ộ㧊 㫡┺.
Ζ͚͑扌碴氠 ͑彰橙 䞚㣪䞲 ἓ㤆㠦⓪, ☚㑮䚲 ⡦⓪ 䧞㓺䏶⁎⧾㦚 ⿯㧎┺.
ͦͦ͑͟狽͑͑憌 䁷㩫Ṩ㦚 䁷㩫Ṩ㧊 㠑㠊㰚 䔏㰫㠦 ➆⧒ 2Ṳ 㧊㌗㦮 ⿖⿚ 㰧┾㦒⪲ ⋮⑚㠞㦚 ➢, ⁎ ⿖⿚ 㰧┾
㦚 䂋㧊⧒ 䞮ἶ, 䂋㦒⪲ ⋮⑚⓪ ộ㦚 䂋⼚㧊⧒ἶ 䞲┺.
䁷㩫Ṩ㠦⓪ ⹮✲㔲 䋂✶ 㧧✶ ㌆䙂Ṗ 㧞┺. ➆⧒㍲ 㧊 ㌆䙂⯒ ⹲㌳㔲䋺⓪ 㧎㧦㠦 ╖䞮㡂 䂋⼚䞮Ⳋ ㌆䙂
㦮 ⹲㌳ 㤦㧎㦚 㞢₆ 㓓Ợ ♮ἶ, ㌆䙂⯒ 㭚㧊Ệ⋮ 䝚⪲㎎㓺㦮 䘟‶㦚 ⹪⧢㰗䞲 ⹿䟻㦒⪲ Ṳ㍶䞮⓪ ❇ 䛞
㰞 䟻㌗㠦 ☚㤖㧊 ♶ 㑮 㧞┺.
⽊䐋, 㤦⬢⼚, ₆Ἒ⼚, 㧧㠛 㫆Ị⼚, 㧧㠛 㤦⼚ ❇㦒⪲ 䂋⼚䞲┺.
憼͑勸͑͑͢͟ 㠊⟺ 䢪䞯 ⹮㦧㠦 㧞㠊㍲ 㑮㥾㦮 䁷㩫Ṩ㧊 㧞┺. 㧊 ⹮㦧㠦⓪ 2╖㦮 ⹮㦧₆ A ⹥ BṖ ㌂㣿
♮ἶ 㧞㦒⸖⪲, ⹮㦧₆ ㌂㧊㦮 㹾㧊 㡂⿖⯒ 㞢㞚 ⽊₆ 㥚䟊 ⹮㦧₆㠦 ╖䞮㡂 䂋⼚䞮㡖┺.
⁎ ἆὒ⓪ 勀庄͑ͪ 㦮͑Β͚ ,͑Γ͚㢖 ṯ㧊 ♮ἶ, ⹮㦧₆ ㌂㧊㠦 㹾Ṗ 㧞㦢㦚 㞢㞮┺.
挌͑冨 㧊 㹾Ṗ 㥶㦮䞲Ṗ㦮 Ỗ㩫㦖 KS A 3251ങ2㦮 ⹿⻫㠦 ➆⯎┺.

17
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礤͑͑͢͢

┾㥚ദ%
䁷 㩫 㑲 㑮 㥾 x ⹮ 㦧 ₆ 䁷 㩫 㑲 㑮 㥾 x ⹮ 㦧 ₆ 䁷 㩫 㑲 㑮 㥾 x ⹮ 㦧 ₆
1 87.4 A 11 86.4 B 21 85.0 B
2 85.7 A 12 87.5 A 22 88.1 A
3 85.0 B 13 87.3 A 23 86.3 A
4 86.2 B 14 88.0 A 24 86.8 A
5 86.9 A 15 86.2 B 25 86.5 B
6 85.8 B 16 86.1 B 26 86.5 B
7 84.7 B 17 87.5 A 27 84.6 B
8 85.3 B 18 85.6 B 28 86.8 A
9 86.0 A 19 86.9 B 29 85.4 B
10 85.4 B 20 86.2 A 30 85.5 A

⹮㦧₆ A
㑮㥾

⹮㦧₆ B
88.0
x 87.0
86.0 x ഩ86.25
(

%
85.0
)

84.0
5 10 15 20 25 30
䁷㩫㑲
Β͚͑惠氙勸͑Ͳ͑ Γ͚͑惠氙勸͑ͳ͑
㑮㥾
㑮㥾

88.0 88.0

x
87.0 x A ഩ86.86 x 87.0
86.0 86.0
(

xB ഩ85.72
(

% %
85.0 85.0
)
)

84.0 84.0
䁷㩫㑲 䁷㩫㑲

勀͑庄͑ͪ͑

憼͑勸͑͑ͣ͟ ₆Ἒ ṖὋ♲ 㠊⟺ ⿖䛞㦮 䂮㑮㠦 ╖䞮㡂 䁷㩫䞲 ἆὒ⯒ 䧞㓺䏶⁎⧾㦒⪲ ⋮䌖⌊㠞▪┞ 勀庄͑
͢͡෕͢ὒ ṯ㞮┺. ⁎⩆◆ 㧊 ṖὋ㦖 A, B ⹥ C 3╖㦮 ₆Ἒ⪲ ṯ㧊 ṖὋ♮ἶ 㧞ἶ, ₆Ἒ ㌂㧊
㠦 ┺㏢ 㹾Ṗ 㧞┺ἶ ㌳ṗ♮㠊, ṖὋ ₆Ἒ⼚⪲ 䂋⼚䞮㡂 䧞㓺䏶⁎⧾㦚 ⁎⪎┺. ἆὒ⓪ 勀庄͑
͢͡෕ͣ㢖 ṯ㧊 ♮㠊 A ⹥ B ㌂㧊㠦⓪ Ệ㦮 㹾Ṗ 㠜㦒⋮, C⓪ 䘟‶㧊 ⏨㞚 䂮㑮 㫆㩫㧊 䞚
㣪䞮┺⓪ ộ㦚 㞢㞮┺.

18
 A 3251ങ1ദ2001

′ỿ㦮 ㌗䞲
50
nഩ270
40
f 30
20
10
0
8.470 8.475 8.480 8.485 8.490 8.495
䂮㑮

勀庄͑͢͡෕͑͢

′ỿ㦮 ㌗䞲
Ͳ͑
20 nഩ90

f
10

0
8.470 8.475 8.480 8.485 8.490 8.495
䂮㑮

′ỿ㦮 ㌗䞲
ͳ͑
20 nഩ90

f 10

0
8.470 8.475 8.480 8.485 8.490
′ỿ㦮 ㌗䞲

䂮㑮
ʹ͑
nഩ90
20

f
10

0
8.470 8.475 8.480 8.485 8.490 8.495
䂮㑮

勀庄͑͢͡෕ͣ͑

憼͑勸͑͑ͤ͟ 㠊⟺ 㫆Ⱃ 䝚⪲㎎㓺㠦㍲㦮 1Ṳ㤪Ṛ㦮 ⿖㩗䞿䛞㦚 㤦㧎⼚⪲ 䂋⼚䞮㡂, 㤦㧎⼚ ☚㑮㢖 ☚㑮Ṗ

Ⱔ㦖 㤦㧎⿖䎆 㹾⪖⪲ 䞿䞮㡂 ⑚㩗 ☚㑮⯒ ῂ䞲 ἆὒ, 礤͑ͣ͢ 㢖 ṯ㞚㪢┺. 㧊ộ㦚 ☚㔲䞲 ộ
㧊 勀庄͑͢͢ 㧊┺.
㧊 ἆὒ, 䂮㑮 ⿖㩗䞿, 䞒䂮㠦 䦶 㧞㦢, ῂⲣ 㥚䂮 䔖Ⱂ㠦 㦮䞲 ⿖㩗䞿㧊 ⿖㩗䞿 㩚㼊㦮
86 %⯒ 㹾㰖䞮ἶ 㧞┺⓪ ộ㦚 㞢㞮ἶ, 㧊 3Ṗ㰖 㤦㧎㠦 ╖䟊 㭧㩦㩗㦒⪲ ╖㺛㦚 ㎎㤆₆⪲
䞮㡖┺.

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礤͑ͣ͑͢

⿖㩗䞿㦮 㤦㧎 ☚ 㑮 ㌗╖ ☚㑮(%) ㌗╖ ⑚㩗 ☚㑮(%)

䂮㑮 ⿖㩗䞿 271 48.7 48.7
䞒䂮㠦 䦶 147 26.4 75.1
ῂⲣ 㥚䂮 䔖Ⱂ 62 11.1 86.1
ṖὋ 㧠㦢 25 4.5 90.7
㫆Ⱃ ⿖㩗䞿 22 3.9 94.6
㣿㩧 ⿖㩗䞿 11 2.0 96.6
₆ 䌖 19 3.4 100.0
䞿 Ἒ 557 100.0

100

90

80

70

60
%
50

40

30

20

10
䞒䂮㠦 䦶
䂮㑮 ⿖㩗䞿

ῂⲣ 㥚䂮 䔖Ⱂ

ṖὋ 㧠㦢

₆ 䌖
㫆Ⱃ ⿖㩗䞿

㣿㩧 ⿖㩗䞿

25

挌͑冨͑͑͢͟ 㧊㢖 ṯ㦖 ⁎Ⱂ㦚 䕢⩞䏶☚⧒ ⿖⯊Ⳇ, ⿖㩗䞿 ❇㦚 ⁎ 㤦㧎⼚, ㌗䢿⼚, 㥚䂮⼚ ❇㦒⪲ 䂋⼚

䞲 ἆὒ⯒ ⋮䌖⌊⓪ ◆㠦 㧊㣿♲┺.
͑ ͑ ͑ ͑ ͑ ͑ ͑ ͣ͟ ⿖㩗䞿 ❇㦮 ㏦㔺㦚 ⁞㞷㦒⪲ 䢮㌆䞶 㑮 㧞㦚 ➢㠦⓪ ⁞㞷㦒⪲ 䕢⩞䏶☚⯒ ⁎Ⰲ⓪ 䘎㧊 㫡┺.

勀͑庄͑͑͢͢
͑
ͦͧ͑͟泝劤͑扌碴 ┺㦢 㔳㦒⪲ 䚲㔲♮⓪ ἷ㍶㦚 㩫′ ⿚䙂 ἷ㍶㧊⧒ 䞮ἶ, 㧊㢖 ṯ㦖 ⿚䙂⯒ 㩫′ ⿚䙂⧒ἶ
䞲┺(勀庄͑ͣ͢ ).
2
1 § x P ·

f ( x) 1 e  2 ¨© V ¹
¸
( f  x  f)
2SV
㡂₆㠦㍲ xദ㡆㏣ 䢫⮶ ⼖㑮
f (x)ദ䢫⮶ ⹖☚ 䞾㑮
Sദ㤦㭒㥾 S ഩ3.141 6

20
 A 3251ങ1ദ2001

eദ㧦㡆 ╖㑮㦮 ⹧ eഩ2.718 3

Vദ䚲㭖 䘎㹾
Pദ₆╖Ṩ

f (x)
V

P x

勀庄͑ͣ͑͑͢泝劤͑扌碴͑

f (x)⓪ xṖ P 㦮 Ṩ㦚 䀾䞶 ➢ Ṗ㧻 䋂ἶ, xṖ P 㠦㍲ Ⲗ㠊㰞㑮⪳ 㧧㞚㰖⓪ 㫢㤆 ╖䃃 ↊㧊┺(㩫′ ⿚䙂㦮

₆╖Ṩ㦖 P, 䚲㭖 䘎㹾⓪ V Ṗ ♲┺.).
㩫′ ⿚䙂㠦㍲ xṖ Pഗk V 㧊㌗㦮 Ṩ㧊 ♮⓪ 䢫⮶㦖 k㦮 Ṩ㧊 ṯ㦒Ⳋ ⁎ Ṩ☚ 㧒㩫䞮ἶ, 礤͑ͤ͢ ὒ ṯ㧊
♲┺. ⡦䞲 㫢㤆╖䃃㧊⸖⪲, Pങk V 㧊䞮㦮 Ṩ㧊 ♮⓪ 䢫⮶, P · k V 㦮 ⻪㥚 㞞㠦 㧞⓪ 䢫⮶ ❇☚ 礤͑ͤ͢ 㠦㍲
ῂ䞶 㑮 㧞┺.
䞲䘎 䧞㓺䏶⁎⧾㦖 ㌮䝢㦚 ㆧ㦖 䝚⪲㎎㓺(⡦⓪ ⪲䔎) ⿚䙂㦮 Ṳ⨋㩗㧎 ⳾㟧㦚 ⋮䌖⌊ἶ 㧞┺. 勀庄͑ͤ͢ 㦖
ͦͣͣ͑͟͟Γ͚ 㠦㍲ 㧧㎇䞲 䧞㓺䏶⁎⧾㦮 ㎎⪲㿫㦚 ㌗╖ ☚㑮⪲ ⋮䌖⌎ ộὒ ͦͤͤ͟͟㦮 ☚㑮䚲㠦㍲ Ἒ㌆䞲 x ഩ
2.524 67 mm ⹥ sഩ0.009 06 mm⯒ ₆╖Ṩ ⹥ 䚲㭖 䘎㹾⪲ 䞮⓪ 㩫′ ⿚䙂⯒ Ἇ㼦 ⁎Ⰶ ộ㧊┺.
⁎Ⱂ㠦㍲ 䧞㓺䏶⁎⧾㧊 ⋮䌖⌊⓪ ⿚䙂⓪ Ệ㦮 䘟‶ 2.524 67 mm, 䚲㭖 䘎㹾 0.009 06 mm㦮 㩫′ ⿚䙂Ṗ
♲┺⓪ ộ㦚 㞢 㑮 㧞┺. 㧊㢖 ṯ㧊 䝚⪲㎎㓺㠦㍲㦮 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 ⿚䙂⓪ 㩫′ ⿚䙂⪲ Ṛ㭒䞶 㑮 㧞⓪ ἓ㤆Ṗ
Ⱔ┺. 㧊 ἓ㤆㠦⓪ ☚㑮䚲㠦㍲ Ἒ㌆䞲 x ⹥ s ⓪ 䝚⪲㎎㓺㦮 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 ₆╖Ṩ P ⹥ 䚲㭖 䘎㹾 V 㦮 㿪㩫Ṩ
㧊 ♮ἶ, 㩫′ ⿚䙂㦮 ㎇㰞㦚 㧊㣿䞮㡂 x ⹥ s 㠦㍲ 䝚⪲㎎㓺(⡦⓪ ⪲䔎)㠦 ╖䞲 㡂⩂ Ṗ㰖 㩫⽊⯒ 㠑㦚
㑮 㧞┺.

20
㌗╖ ☚㑮

15

10
( )

%
5

0
2.500 2.510 2.520 2.530 2.540
x (mm)

勀͑庄͑ͤ͑͢

憼͑勸͑͑͢͟ ͦͣ͟͟͢㦮 憼勸͑͢͟ 㦮 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 x r 2 s, x r 3 s 㦮 ⻪㥚 ⹬㦒⪲ ⻭㠊⋮⓪ 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 ゚㥾(㔺䁷Ṩ)

21
A 3251ങ1ദ2001

ὒ P ഩ2.524 67 mm, V ഩ0.009 06 mm㦮 㩫′ ⿚䙂⯒ ➆⯊⓪ ộ㦒⪲ 䞮㡂 ῂ䞲 Ṩ㦚 ゚ᾦ䞲┺.

㔺 䁷(%) 㩫′ ⿚䙂(%)
x· s ⻪㥚 ⹬㦒⪲ ⋮Ṗ⓪ ゚㥾 32.2 31.7
x·2 s ⻪㥚 ⹬㦒⪲ ⋮Ṗ⓪ ゚㥾 5.6 4.5
x·3 s ⻪㥚 ⹬㦒⪲ ⋮Ṗ⓪ ゚㥾 0 0.27

憼͑勸͑͑ͣ͟ 㠊⟺ 䝚⪲㎎㓺㠦㍲ ṖὋ♲ 㿫㦮 ⹪₻㰖⯚ 䂮㑮㦮 ⿚䙂⓪ Pഩ52.51 mm, V ഩ0.23 mm㧎 ộ㦚
㞢ἶ 㧞┺. 㧊 䝚⪲㎎㓺㠦㍲⓪ 㰖⯚㧊 53.00 mm 㧊㌗㦮 㿫㧊 ㌳₎ 䢫⮶(゚㥾)㦖

k 53.00  52.51 2.13

0.23

㧊⸖⪲, 㩫′ ⿚䙂䚲㠦㍲ 0.016 6㦚 ῂ䞶 㑮 㧞┺.

憼͑勸͑͑ͤ͟ 憼勸͑ͣ͟ 㠦㍲ 㿫㰖⯚㦮 ′ỿ㧊 52.50·0.40 mm⪲ ἆ㩫♲ ἓ㤆, ㌗䞲 ′ỿṨഩ52.90 mm, 䞮䞲
′ỿṨഩ52.10 mm㧊Ⳇ

k1 52.90  52.51 1.70

0.23

k2 52.10  52.51 1.78

0.23

㧊⸖⪲, 㩫′ ⿚䙂䚲⪲⿖䎆 ㌗䞲 ′ỿṨ㦚 㽞ὒ䞮⓪ ộ㧊 0.044 6, 䞮䞲 ′ỿṨ㠦 ⹎╂䞮⓪

ộ㧊 0.037 5㧚㦚 ῂ䞶 㑮 㧞┺. ➆⧒㍲ 㧊 䝚⪲㎎㓺㦮 ⿞⨟⮶㦖 㟓 8 %⪲ 㡞㌗♲┺.
挌͑冨 㔺㩲㦮 ⿚䙂Ṗ 㩫′ ⿚䙂Ṗ 㞚┢ ἓ㤆㠦, 䁷㩫Ṩ㧊 㠊⟺ Ṩ 㧊㌗(⡦⓪ 㧊䞮)㦮 Ṩ㦚 䀾䞶 䢫⮶
㦚 ῂ䞮⩺Ⳋ ┺㦢 ⹿⻫㠦 ➆⯎┺.
Β͚ 㔺㩲⪲ ῂ䞲 ⿚䙂⯒ ㌂㣿䞮㡂 㿪㩫䞲┺.
Γ͚ 䁷㩫Ṩ㦚 ⼖㑮 ⼖䢮䞮㡂 㩫′ ⿚䙂⪲ ἶ䂮ἶ, 㩫′ ⿚䙂䚲⯒ ㌂㣿䞮㡂 㿪㩫䞲┺. ⽊₆⯒ ✺
Ⳋ, 㑮ⳛ xṖ 㩫′ ⿚䙂⯒ ➆⯊㰖 㞠㞚☚ X ഩlogx⪲ ⏩㦒Ⳋ, X Ṗ 㩫′ ⿚䙂⯒ ➆⯊⓪ ἓ㤆
Ṗ 㧞┺.

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 A 3251ങ1ദ2001

礤͑ͤ͑͢

P PഗkV

xṖ PഗkV 㧊㌗㦮 Ṩ㧊 ♶ 䢫⮶

k .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 .500 0 .496 0 .492 0 .488 0 .484 0 .480 1 .476 1 .472 1 .468 1 .464 1
0.1 .460 2 .456 2 .452 2 .448 3 .444 3 .440 4 .436 4 .432 5 .428 6 .424 7
0.2 .420 7 .416 8 .412 9 .409 0 .405 2 .401 3 .397 4 .393 6 .389 7 .385 9
0.3 .382 1 .378 3 .374 5 .370 7 .366 9 .363 2 .359 4 .355 7 .352 0 .348 3
0.4 .344 6 .340 9 .337 2 .333 6 .330 0 .326 4 .322 8 .319 2 .315 6 .312 1
0.5 .308 5 .305 0 .301 5 .298 1 .294 6 .291 2 .287 7 .284 3 .281 0 .277 6

0.6 .274 3 .270 9 .267 6 .264 3 .261 1 .257 8 .254 6 .251 4 .248 3 .245 1
0.7 .242 0 .238 9 .235 8 .232 7 .229 6 .226 6 .223 6 .220 6 .217 7 .214 8
0.8 .211 9 .209 0 .206 1 .203 3 .200 5 .197 7 .194 9 .192 2 .189 4 .186 7
0.9 .184 1 .181 4 .178 8 .176 2 .173 6 .171 1 .168 5 .166 0 .163 5 .161 1
1.0 .158 7 .156 2 .153 9 .151 5 .149 2 .146 9 .144 6 .142 3 .140 1 .137 9

1.1 .135 7 .133 5 .131 4 .129 2 .127 1 .125 1 .123 0 .121 0 .119 0 .117 0
1.2 .115 1 .113 1 .111 2 .109 3 .107 5 .105 6 .103 8 .102 0 .100 3 .098 5
1.3 .096 8 .095 1 .093 4 .091 8 .090 1 .088 5 .086 9 .085 3 .083 8 .082 3
1.4 .080 8 .079 3 .077 8 .076 4 .074 9 .073 5 .072 1 .070 8 .069 4 .068 1
1.5 .066 8 .065 5 .064 3 .063 0 .061 8 .060 6 .059 4 .058 2 .057 1 .055 9

1.6 .054 8 .053 7 .052 6 .051 6 .050 5 .049 5 .048 5 .047 5 .046 5 .045 5
1.7 .044 6 .043 6 .042 7 .041 8 .040 9 .040 1 .039 2 .038 4 .037 5 .036 7
1.8 .035 9 .035 1 .034 4 .033 6 .032 9 .032 2 .031 4 .030 7 .030 1 .029 4
1.9 .028 7 .028 1 .027 4 .026 8 .026 2 .025 6 .025 0 .024 4 .023 9 .023 3
2.0 .022 8 .022 2 .021 7 .021 2 .020 7 .020 2 .019 7 .019 2 .018 8 .018 3

2.1 .017 9 .017 4 .017 0 .016 6 .016 2 .015 8 .015 4 .015 0 .014 6 .014 3
2.2 .013 9 .013 6 .013 2 .012 9 .012 5 .012 2 .011 9 .011 6 .011 3 .011 0
2.3 .010 7 .010 4 .010 2 .009 9 .009 6 .009 4 .009 1 .008 9 .008 7 .008 4
2.4 .008 2 .008 0 .007 8 .007 5 .007 3 .007 1 .006 9 .006 8 .006 6 .006 4
2.5 .006 2 .006 0 .005 9 .005 7 .005 5 .005 4 .005 2 .005 1 .004 9 .004 8

2.6 .004 7 .004 5 .004 4 .004 3 .004 1 .004 0 .003 9 .003 8 .003 7 .003 6
2.7 .003 5 .003 4 .003 3 .003 2 .003 1 .003 0 .002 9 .002 8 .002 7 .002 6
2.8 .002 6 .002 5 .002 4 .002 3 .002 3 .002 2 .002 1 .002 1 .002 0 .001 9
2.9 .001 9 .001 8 .001 8 .001 7 .001 6 .001 6 .001 5 .001 5 .001 4 .001 4
3.0 .001 3 .001 3 .001 3 .001 2 .001 2 .001 1 .001 1 .001 1 .001 0 .001 0

3.1 .001 0 .000 9 .000 9 .000 9 .000 8 .000 8 .000 8 .000 8 .000 7 .000 7
3.2 .000 7 .000 7 .000 6 .000 6 .000 6 .000 6 .000 6 .000 5 .000 5 .000 5
3.3 .000 5 .000 5 .000 5 .000 4 .000 4 .000 4 .000 4 .000 4 .000 4 .000 3
3.4 .000 3 .000 3 .000 3 .000 3 .000 3 .000 3 .000 3 .000 3 .000 3 .000 2
3.5 .000 2 .000 2 .000 2 .000 2 .000 2 .000 2 .000 2 .000 2 .000 2 .000 2

3.6 .000 2 .000 2 .000 1 .000 1 .000 1 .000 1 .000 1 .000 1 .000 1 .000 1
3.7 .000 1 .000 1 .000 1 .000 1 .000 1 .000 1 .000 1 .000 1 .000 1 .000 1
3.8 .000 1 .000 1 .000 1 .000 1 .000 1 .000 1 .000 1 .000 1 .000 1 .000 1
3.9 .000 0 .000 0 .000 0 .000 0 .000 0 .000 0 .000 0 .000 0 .000 0 .000 0

23
A 3251ങ1ദ2001

ͧ͑ͣ͟憈曠汀͑内歸氠 ͑狩泝僚氠 ͑泝年͑惱慝 䢪䞯 㩲䛞㦮 䞿㎇ ⹮㦧㠦㍲ 㤦⬢ 㭧㦮 ⿞㑲ⶒ x㢖 㩲䛞㦮 㑮㥾 y,

㻶ṫ㨂㦮 㻮Ⰲ 㡾☚ x㢖 㧎㧻 ṫ☚ y, 㽟ⰺ㦮 䢲㎇☚ x㢖 㑮ⳛ y㢖 ṯ㧊 㕣㦚 㧊⬾ἶ 㧞⓪ 䁷㩫Ṩ x㢖 y
㌂㧊㦮 ὖἚ⯒ 㫆㌂䞮⓪ ἓ㤆㠦 㝆㧊⓪ ㌆㩦☚⯒ ⁎Ⰲ⓪ ⹿⻫ ⹥ ⽊⓪ ⹿⻫ὒ ㌗ὖ Ἒ㑮㦮 Ἒ㌆ 㑲㍲⓪
┺㦢ὒ ṯ┺.
ͧ͑͟͢狩泝僚氠 ͑勸崥 䁷㩫Ṩ㦚 ₆⪳䞮⓪ ἓ㤆㠦⓪ 䁷㩫 ╖㌗㧊 ♲ ⶒ䛞㦮 ⳛ䃃, 䔏㎇, ㌮䝢Ⱇ ⹿⻫, ㌮䝢㦚
ㆧ㦖 㧒㔲, 䁷㩫 㧒㔲, 㡾☚, 㔋☚, 䁷㩫 ⹿⻫, Ἒ䁷₆㦮 㫛⮮, Ἒ䁷₆㦮 ⻞䢎, 䁷㩫㧦 ❇ ⋮㭧㠦 㫆㌂䞮Ệ
⋮ 䟊㍳䞮⓪ ἓ㤆㠦 䞚㣪䞲 ㌂䟃㦚 䞾℮ ₆⪳䟊 ⚦⓪ ộ㧊 㫡┺.
⹮⽋♮⓪ 䁷㩫㠦⓪ 㧒㩫䞲 ₆⪳ 㣿㰖⯒ 㩫䟊 ⚦⓪ ộ㧊 ⹪⧢㰗䞮┺.
ͧͣ͑͟數͑泘͑墌 ┺㑮㦮 䁷㩫Ṩ㦚 䚲⪲ Ⱒ✺㠊⽊⓪ ộⰢ㦒⪲⓪ 㿿⿚䞲 㩫⽊⯒ 䕢㞛䞮₆ 㠊⪋㰖Ⱒ, ㌆㩦☚⪲
⋮䌖⌊Ⳋ 㩫⽊⯒ 䕢㞛䞮₆ 㓂㤢㰚┺.
ͧͣ͑͟͟͢數泘墌幄͑勀年坜͑惱慝 ⹿㞞㰖 ⡦⓪ 㩗╏䞲 㣿㰖㦮 Ṗ⪲㿫㠦 䁷㩫Ṩ x㦮 Ṩ㦚 ⑞⁞ 䚲㔲䞮ἶ ㎎⪲㿫
㠦 䁷㩫Ṩ y㦮 Ṩ㦚 ⑞⁞ 䚲㔲䞮㡂, 㕣㦚 㧊⭂ 䁷㩫Ṩ(x, y )㦮 㩦㦚 ₆㧛䞲┺.
挌͑冨 ⹿㞞㰖㦮 ⑞⁞ ⰺₖ㦖 x㦮 ㌆䙂 ⻪㥚㢖 y㦮 ㌆䙂 ⻪㥚⯒ 㫆㌂䞮㡂, ⁎ ₎㧊Ṗ Ệ㦮 ṯ㞚㰖☚
⪳ 䞮⓪ ộ㧊 ⹪⧢㰗䞮┺.
憼͑勸 㤦Ⳋ㦮 䞾㑮㥾㠦 ╖䞮㡂 ṖὋ 㩚㦮 䁷㩫 ἆὒ(x)㢖 㭧Ṛ 䝚⪲㎎㓺(Ὃ㩫)㦮 䁷㩫 ἆὒ(y)⯒ 礤͑
ͥ͢㠦 ⋮䌖⌎┺. 㧊ộ㦚 ㌆㩦☚⪲ ⁎ⰂⳊ 勀庄͑ͥ͢ Ṗ ♲┺.

礤͑ͥ͑͑͢殘弼氠 ͑稰曠毰͑

䁷 㩫 㑲 ṖὋ 㩚 x 㭧Ṛ Ὃ㩫 y 䁷 㩫 㑲 ṖὋ 㩚 x 㭧Ṛ Ὃ㩫 y 䁷 㩫 㑲 ṖὋ 㩚 x 㭧Ṛ Ὃ㩫 y
1 6.8 6.1 11 7.8 6.8 21 7.3 7.0
2 7.1 6.7 12 9.2 8.8 22 8.1 7.9
3 6.5 6.3 13 6.0 5.7 23 7.9 6.9
4 7.8 7.1 14 7.5 7.1 24 7.8 7.1
5 7.5 7.4 15 7.8 7.0 25 7.3 6.9
6 8.5 7.6 16 6.8 6.9
7 8.8 8.2 17 7.3 7.3
8 7.0 6.4 18 7.3 6.9
9 7.4 6.8 19 8.3 7.6
10 6.5 6.0 20 7.2 7.3

nഩ25
9.0

8.0
y
(

%
7.0
)

6.0

5.0
6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
x (%)

勀庄͑ͥ͑͑͢數泘墌͙礤͑ͥ͢氠 ͑堸氼痸幄͑勀幸͑克͚͑

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 A 3251ങ1ദ2001

ͧͣͣ͑͟͟數泘墌͑憼坜͑惱慝 ㌆㩦☚⯒ ⽊⓪ ἓ㤆, ┺㦢 ㌂䟃㠦 㭒㦮䞲┺.

Β͚ 㩦㧊 㡺⯎㴓㦒⪲ 㢂⧒Ṗ⓪ ἓ䟻㧊 㧞⓪㰖 㡺⯎㴓㦒⪲ ⌊⩺Ṗ⓪ ἓ䟻㧊 㧞⓪㰖⯒ ⽎┺.
͚͢ 㡺⯎㴓㦒⪲ 㢂⧒Ṗ⓪ ἓ䟻㧊 㧞㦚 ➢⓪ x Ṗ 㯳Ṗ䞮Ⳋ y ☚ 㯳Ṗ䞮⓪ ὖἚṖ 㧞┺.
͚ͣ 㡺⯎㴓㦒⪲ ⌊⩺Ṗ⓪ ἓ䟻㧊 㧞㦚 ➢⓪ x Ṗ 㯳Ṗ䞮Ⳋ y ⓪ Ṧ㏢䞮⓪ ὖἚṖ 㧞┺.
Γ͚ 㩦㧊 Β͚㦮 ἓ䟻㍶㠦㍲ 㠊ⓦ 㩫☚ 䦿㠊㪎 㧞⓪㰖⯒ ⽎┺. ἓ䟻㍶㦒⪲⿖䎆㦮 ㌆䙂Ṗ 㩗㦚㑮⪳ Β͚㦮 ͚͢ ⡦
⓪ ͚ͣ㦮 ὖἚṖ ṫ䞮ἶ, ἓ䟻㍶㦒⪲⿖䎆㦮 ㌆䙂Ṗ 䋊㑮⪳ ⁎ ὖἚṖ 㟓䟊㰚┺.

y y y

x x x

xṖ 㯳Ṗ䞮Ⳋ xṖ 㯳Ṗ䞮Ⳋ y☚ 㯳 x㢖 y⓪ 䔏⼚䞲

y☚ 㯳Ṗ䞲┺. Ṗ䞮⋮, 䔏㩫䞲 x 㠦 ὖἚṖ 㠜┺.
╖䞲 y㦮 ㌆䙂Ṗ 䋂┺.

y y

x x
xṖ 㯳Ṗ䞮Ⳋ y⓪ Ṧ㏢䞮 xṖ 㯳Ṗ䞮Ⳋ
⋮, 䔏㩫䞲 x㠦 ╖䞲 y㦮 y⓪ Ṧ㏢䞲┺.
㌆䙂Ṗ 䋂┺.

勀庄͑ͦ͑͑͢數泘墌氠 ͑憼勸͑

挌͑冨͑͑͢͟ x㢖 y㦮 ὖἚṖ 勀庄͑ͧ͢ ὒ ṯ㧊 ἷ㍶㦒⪲ ⋮䌖⋮⓪ ἓ㤆㠦⓪, ͧͤ͟㠦㍲ ㍺ⳛ䞮⓪ ㌗ὖ Ἒ㑮⯒

Ἒ㌆䞮㡂☚ 㦮⹎Ṗ 㠜┺.

y y

x x

勀͑庄͑ͧ͑͢

ͣ͟ 勀庄͑ͨ͢ ὒ ṯ㧊 䂋⼚䞮㰖 㞠㦒Ⳋ x 㢖 y ㌂㧊㠦 ὖἚṖ ⽊㧊㰖 㞠㦒⋮ 䂋⼚䞮Ⳋ x 㢖 y ㌂㧊

㠦 ὖἚ⯒ ⽒ 㑮 㧞Ợ ♮⓪ ἓ㤆⋮, 勀庄͑ͩ͢ ὒ ṯ㧊 䂋⼚䞮㰖 㞠㦒Ⳋ x 㢖 y ㌂㧊㠦 ὖἚ⯒
⽒ 㑮 㧞㦒⋮ 䂋⼚䞾㦒⪲㖾 x 㢖 y ㌂㧊㠦 ὖἚ⯒ ⽒ 㑮 㠜Ợ ♮⓪ ἓ㤆Ṗ 㧞┺.

25
A 3251ങ1ദ2001

Ͳ͑
ͳ͑

y y

0 0
x x
勀͑庄͑ͨ͢

Ͳ͑
ͳ͑

y y

0 0
x x

勀͑庄͑ͩ͑͢

ͧͤ͑͟曠岑泉汀͑礤枤͑惱慝 㕣㦚 㧊⬾⓪ 䁷㩫Ṩ(x, y)㦮 ὖἚ⯒ ⋮䌖⌊⓪ ◆⓪ ㌗ὖ Ἒ㑮⯒ ㌂㣿䞲┺. ㌗ὖ Ἒ

㑮⯒ Ἒ㌆䞮⓪ ◆⓪ ◆㧊䎆⪲⿖䎆 㰗㩧 Ἒ㌆䞮⓪ ⹿⻫ὒ ㌗ὖ䚲㠦㍲ Ἒ㌆䞮⓪ ⹿⻫㧊 㧞┺. 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 Ṳ
㑮Ṗ 㩗㦚 ➢⓪ 㰗㩧 Ἒ㌆䞮⓪ ⹿⻫㦚, 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 Ṳ㑮Ṗ Ⱔ㦚 ➢⓪ ㌗ὖ䚲㠦㍲ Ἒ㌆䞮⓪ ⹿⻫㦚 ㌂㣿䞮⓪
ộ㧊 䘎Ⰲ䞮┺.
ͧͤ͑͟͟͢斉凈͑册曠͑刴稠 坜͑惱慝͙溉泙͑册數稠 坜͑惱慝͚ ㌗ὖ Ἒ㑮⯒ Ἒ㌆䞮⓪ 㑲㍲⓪ ┺㦢ὒ ṯ┺.

曤͑͑旤͑ 曠猠 ͑憼勸͑
͚͢ 䁷㩫 ἆὒ⯒ 礤͑ͦ͢ 㢖 ṯ㧊 㩫Ⰲ䞲┺. ͚͢͟͢ ͥͣ͟㦮 憼勸͑͢͟ 㦮 䁷㩫Ṩ㠦 ╖䞮㡂 Ἒ㌆䞲┺(3).

26
 A 3251ങ1ദ2001

礤͑ͦ͑͢ 礤͑ͦ͑͢͟͢
2 2
䁷㩫㑲 䁷㩫 ἆὒ x y xy 䁷㩫㑲 䁷㩫 ἆὒ x2 y2 xy
x y x y
2 2
1 x1 y1 x1 y1 x1y1 1 6.8 6.1 46.24 37.21 41.48
2 x2 y2 x22 y22 x2y2 2 7.1 6.7 50.41 44.89 47.57
2 2
3 x3 y3 x3 y3 x3y3 3 6.5 6.3 42.25 39.69 40.95
໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ 4 7.8 7.1 60.84 50.41 55.38
໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ 5 7.5 7.4 56.25 74.76 55.50
໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ 6 8.5 7.6 72.25 57.76 64.60
໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ 7 8.8 8.2 77.44 67.24 72.16
໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ 8 7.0 6.4 49.00 40.96 44.80
໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ 9 7.4 6.8 54.76 46.24 50.32
໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ 10 6.5 6.0 42.25 36.00 39.00
໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ 11 7.8 6.8 60.84 46.24 53.04
໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ 12 9.2 8.8 84.64 77.44 80.96
໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ 13 6.0 5.7 36.00 32.49 34.20
໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ 14 7.5 7.1 56.25 50.41 53.25
໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ 15 7.8 7.0 60.84 49.00 54.60
½ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ 16 6.8 6.9 46.24 47.61 46.92
໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ 17 7.3 7.3 53.29 53.29 53.29
½ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ 18 7.3 6.9 53.29 47.61 50.37
໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ 19 8.3 7.6 68.89 57.76 63.08
໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ 20 7.2 7.3 51.84 53.29 52.56
໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ 21 7.3 7.0 53.29 49.00 51.10
໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ 22 8.1 7.9 65.61 62.41 63.99
໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ 23 8.9 6.9 62.41 47.61 54.51
໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ ໡ 24 7.8 7.1 60.84 50.41 55.38
2 2
n xn yn xn yn xnyn 25 7.3 6.9 53.29 47.61 50.37
䞿 Ἒ ȭx ȭy ȭ x2 ȭ y2 ȭ xy 䞿 Ἒ 187.5 175.8

͚ͣ 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 䞿Ἒ ȭ x, ȭ y, 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 2㔏㦮 䞿Ἒ ͚ͣ͟͢ ȭ xഩ6.8ഗ7.1ഗˎഗ7.3ഩ187.5

2 2
ȭ x , ȭ y ⹥ 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 ὇㦮 䞿Ἒ ȭ xy⯒ Ἒ ȭ yഩ6.1ഗ6.7ഗˎഗ6.9ഩ175.8
㌆䞲┺. ȭ x2ഩ46.24ഗ50.41ഗˎഗ53.29ഩ1 419.25
ȭ xഩx1ഗx2ഗx3ഗˎഗxn ȭ y2ഩ37.21ഗ44.89ഗˎഗ47.61=1 247.34
ȭ yഩy1ഗy2ഗy3ഗˎഗyn ȭ xyഩ41.48ഗ47.57ഗˎഗ50.37=1 329.38
2 2 2 2 2
ȭ x ഩx1 ഗx2 ഗx3 ഗˎഗxn
ȭ y2ഩy12ഗy22ഗy32ഗˎഗyn2
ȭ xyഩx1y1ഗx2y2ഗx3y3ഗˎഗxnyn

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A 3251ങ1ദ2001

(¦ x)2 (¦ y )2 ( x ) 2 (187.5) 2
⹥ ¦ ¦ ⯒ Ἒ㌆䞲┺. ͚ͤ͑͟͢ ¦
( x)( y )
͚ͤ , 1 406.25 ͑
n n n n 25
͑ (¦ y ) 2 (175.8) 2
1 236.23
n 25
͑
(¦ x ) (¦ y ) (187.5 u175.8)
1 318.50
͑ n 25
͚ͥ 㩲὇㦮 䞿 S(x, x), S(y, y), ὇㦮 䞿 S(x, y)⯒ Ἒ ͚ͥ͟͢ S(x, x)ഩ1 419.25ങ1 406.25ഩ13.00
㌆䞲┺. S(y, y)ഩ1 247.34ങ1 236.23ഩ11.11
2
2 (¦ x) S(x, y)ഩ1 329.38ങ1 318.50ഩ10.88
S ( x, x ) ¦x 
n ͑
2 (¦ y )2 ͑
S ( y, y ) ¦ y 
n ͑
(¦ x) (¦ y ) ͑
S ( x, y ) ¦ xy  ͑
n
͚ͦ ┺㦢 㔳㠦 㦮䟊 ㌗ὖ Ἒ㑮 r 㦚 Ἒ㌆䞲┺. ͚ͦ͑͟͢ r 10.88 10.88 0.91 ͑
13.00 u 11.11 12.02
S ( x, y )
r
S ( x, x ) S ( y , y )

淄(3) 䁷㩫Ṩ x ⹥ y 㠦㍲ ṗṗ 㧒㩫㑮⯒ ヒἶ 㧒㩫㑮⯒ ὇䞮㡂, Ṛ┾䞲 㑮䂮 u ⹥ v⪲ ⼖㑮 ⼖䢮䞮㡂 ┺

㦢 㔳㠦 㦮䟊 Ἒ㌆䞮Ⳋ, Ἒ㌆㦚 Ṛ┾䧞 䞶 㑮 㧞ἶ Ἒ㌆ 㹿㡺☚ 㩗㠊㰚┺.
S (u , v)
r
S (u , u ) S (v, v )

㡂₆㠦㍲ uഩ(xങa)Ýb, vഩ(yങc)Ýd

ͧͤͣ͑͟͟斉凈͑册曠͑刴稠 坜͑惱慝͙斉凈礤氠 ͑内歸͚ ㌗ὖ䚲⪲ ⋮䌖⌎ ἓ㤆, ㌗ὖ Ἒ㑮㦮 Ἒ㌆ 㑲㍲⓪ ┺㦢ὒ ṯ┺.

曤͑͑旤͑ 曠猠 ͑憼勸͑
͚͢ 䁷㩫 ἆὒ⯒ 㩫Ⰲ䞲┺. ͚͢͟͢ ͧͣ͟㦮 ⽊₆㠦 ╖䞮㡂 Ἒ㌆䞲┺.
͚ͣ x ⹥ y㠦 ╖䞮㡂 ṗṗ 5಻20㦮 ❇Ṛỿ㦮 㦒 ͚ͣ͟͢ x㦮 㾲╖Ṩഩ9.2 x㦮 㾲㏢Ṩഩ6.0
⪲ ⋮⑞┺(ͦͣͣ͟͟ 㺎㫆). Rഩ92ങ6.0ഩ3.2
3.2 ý 0.2ഩ16
3.2 ý 0.5ഩ6.4
3.2 ý 1.0ഩ3.1
➆⧒㍲ x㦮 㦮 䙃㦚 0.5⪲ 㩫䞲┺.
y㦮 㾲╖Ṩഩ8.8 y㦮 㾲㏢Ṩഩ5.7
R = 8.8ങ5.7ഩ3.1
3.1 ý 0.2ഩ15.5
3.1 ý 0.5ഩ6.2
3.1 ý 1.0ഩ3.1
➆⧒㍲ y㦮 㦮 䙃㦚 0.5⪲ 㩫䞲┺.
͚ͤ x ⹥ y㦮 㦚 㩫䞲┺(ͦͣͣ͟͟ 㺎㫆). ͚ͤ͑͑͟͢
x㦮 5.75಻6.25, 6.25಻6.75, ˎ
y㦮 5.55಻6.05, 6.05಻6.55, ˎ
͚ͥ x㦮 ὒ y㦮 㦒⪲ ⋮⒮⓪ 㡗㡃㠦 䙂䞾♮⓪ ͚ͥ͑͟͢礤͑ͧ͢ ὒ ṯ㧊 㩫Ⰲ䞲┺.
䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 㿲䡚 ☚㑮 fij⯒ ₆⪳䞲┺.

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礤͑ͧ͑͢

䟟 㡊 No. 㡊 No.
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1 x 5.75 6.25 6.75 7.25 7.75 8.25 8.75 fj vj vj fj 2
vj fj ¦i vi f ij ui ¦i vi f ij
y ಻6.25 ಻6.75 ಻7.25 ಻7.75 ಻8.25 ಻8.75 ಻9.25
2 9.05 / 1 4 4 16 3 12
಻8.55
3 8.55 / 1 3 3 9 3 9
಻8.05
4 8.05 / // 3 2 6 12 5 10
಻7.55
5 7.55 / /// // 6 1 6 6 1 1
಻7.05
6 7.05 // //// /// 9 0 0 0 0 0
಻6.55
7 6.55 / // 3 ങ1 ങ3 3 ങ4 4
಻6.05
8 6.05 / / 2 ങ2 ങ4 8 ങ5 10
಻5.55
9 fi 1 2 5 7 6 2 2 25 12 54 4 46
10 ui ങ3 ങ2 ങ1 0 1 2 3
11 uifi ങ3 ങ4 ങ5 0 6 4 6 4
2
12 ui fi 9 8 5 0 6 8 18 54
13 ¦i v j f ij ങ2 ങ3 ങ1 3 4 4 7 12

14 ui ¦ v j f 6 6 1 0 4 8 21 46
i

͚ͦ ṗ 㡊 ☚㑮㦮 䞿Ἒ fi ⹥ ṗ 䟟 ☚㑮㦮 䞿Ἒ fj ͚͑ͦ͑͑͟͢

㢖 ☚㑮㦮 㽳 Ἒ n 㦚 ῂ䞲┺. 㡊 No.2 f1ഩ1 䟟 No.2 f1ഩ1
f i ¦ f ij f i1  f i 2  ˎ
L 㡊 No.3 f2ഩ1ഗ1=2 䟟 No.3 f2ഩ1
j

fj ¦i f ij f1 j  f 2 j  ˎ
L nഩ1ഗ2ഗ5ഗˎഗ2ഩ1ഗ1ഗˎഗ2ഩ25

‫ ٻٻ‬挌͑冨 ¦i f i ¦j f j Ṗ ♮⸖⪲ 㧊ộ㠦 ➆⧒ Ỗ㌆

䞶 㑮 㧞┺.
͚ͧ fiṖ 㾲╖㧎 㦚 uiഩ0㦒⪲ 䞮ἶ, 㡊 No.Ṗ 㧧
͚ͧ͟͢ 㡊 No.5⯒ uiഩ0, 䟟 No.6㦚 vjഩ0㦒⪲ 䞮ἶ,
㦖 㴓㦒⪲ 㹾⪖⪲ ങ1, ങ2, ˎ, 䋆 㴓㦒⪲ 㹾
ui, vj㦮 Ṩ㦚 ₆㧛䞲┺.
⪖⪲ 1, 2, ˎ ⯒ ₆㧛䞲┺. ┺㦢㠦 fjṖ 㾲╖㧎
㦚 vjഩ0㦒⪲ 䞮ἶ, 䟟 No.Ṗ 䋆 㴓㦒⪲ 㹾
⪖⪲ ങ1, ങ2, ˎ, 㧧㦖 㴓㦒⪲ 㹾⪖⪲ 1, 2,
ˎ⯒ ₆㧛䞲┺.

29
A 3251ങ1ദ2001

͚ͨ ui㢖 fi㦮 ὇ ui fi, vj㢖 fj㦮 ὇ vj fj ⹥ ṗṗ㦮 䞿Ἒ ͚ͨ͟͢ (䟟 No.11)

¦ ui f i ⹥ ¦ v j f j ⯒ Ἒ㌆䞲┺.
i j
㡊 No.2 (ങ3)Ý1ഩങ3
¦i ui f i u1 f1  u2 f 2 ˎ
L 㡊 No.3 (ങ2)Ý2ഩങ4
..
¦j v j f j v1 f1  v2 f 2 ˎ
L .
㡊 No.9 ¦i ui f i (3)  ( 4) ˎ
L 6 4

(㡊 No.11)
䟟 No.2 4Ý1=4
䟟 No.3 3Ý1=3
..
.
䟟 No.9 ¦j v j f j 4  3 ˎ
L  ( 4) 12
2 2
͚ͩ ui㢖 ui fj㦮 ὇ ui fj, vj㢖 vj fj㦮 ὇ vj fj ⹥ ṗṗ㦮 ͚ͩ͟͢ (䟟 No.12)
2 2
䞿Ἒ ¦ ui f i ⹥ ¦ v j f j ⯒ Ἒ㌆䞲┺.
i j 㡊 No.2 (ങ3)Ý(ങ3)ഩ9
2 2 2
¦i ui f i u1 f1  u2 f 2 ˎ
L 㡊 No.3 (ങ2)Ý(ങ4)ഩ8
..
2
¦j v j f j
2 2
v1 f1  v2 f 2 ˎ
L .
2
㡊 No.9 ¦i ui f i 9  8  6 ˎ
L  18 54

(㡊 No.12)
䟟 No.2 4Ý4ഩ16
䟟 No.3 3Ý3ഩ9
..
.
2
䟟 No.9 ¦j v j f j 16  9 ˎ
L  8 54

͚ͪ ṗ 㡊Ⱎ┺ vj㢖 fij㦮 ὇㦮 䞿Ἒ ¦ v j f ij ⹥ ṗ ͚ͪ͟͢ (䟟 No.13)

j

䟟Ⱎ┺ ui㢖 fij㦮 ὇㦮 䞿Ἒ ¦ u j f ij ⯒ ῂ䞮ἶ, 㡊 No.2 (ങ2)Ý1ഩങ2

i

ṗṗ㦮 䞿Ἒ ¦ (¦ vi f ij ) 㢖 ¦ (¦ ui f ij ) ⯒ Ἒ㌆䞲 㡊 No.3 (ങ1)Ý1ഗ(ങ2)Ý1ഩങ3

i j j i
..
.
┺.
挌͑冨͑͑ ¦ (¦ v j f ij ) ¦j v j f j ͑
㡊 No.9 L 12
¦i (¦j v j fij ) (2)  (3) ˎ
i j

¦j (¦i ui fij ) ¦i ui fi (㡊 No.13)

䟟 No.2 3Ý1ഩ3
Ṗ ♮⸖⪲, 㧊ộ㠦 㦮䟊 Ỗ㌆䞶 㑮 㧞┺.
䟟 No.3 3Ý1ഩ3
..
.
䟟 No.9 ¦j (¦i ui fij ) 3  3 ˎ
L  (5) 4

30
 A 3251ങ1ദ2001

͚͢͡ ui㢖 ¦ vi f ij 㦮 ὇ ui (¦ vi f ij ) ⹥ vj㢖 ¦ ui f ij 㦮 ͚͢͟͢͡ (䟟 No.14)

j j i

὇ vi (¦ ui f ij ) ⯒ ῂ䞮ἶ, ṗṗ㦮 䞿Ἒ 㡊 No.2 (ങ3)Ý(ങ2)ഩ6

i

¦i (ui ¦j vi f ij ) 㢖 ¦j (v j ¦i ui f ij ) ⯒ ῂ䞲┺. 㡊 No.3 (ങ2)Ý(ങ3)ഩ6

..
.
͑ ͑ ͑ ͑ ͑ 挌͑ 冨͑ ͑ ¦ (ui ¦ v j f ij ) ¦j (v j ¦i ui fij ) ͑ 㡊 No.9 ¦i (ui ¦j v j fij ) 6  6 ˎ
L  21 46
i j

¦i ¦j ui v j fij (㡊 No.14)
Ṗ ♮⸖⪲, 㧊ộ㠦 㦮䟊 Ỗ㌆䞶 㑮 㧞┺. 䟟 No.2 4Ý3ഩ12
䟟 No.3 3Ý3ഩ9
..
.
䟟 No.9 ¦j (v j ¦i ui fij ) 12  9 ˎ
L  10 46
͚͢͢ 㩲὇㦮 䞿 S(u, u), S(v, v), ὇㦮 䞿 S(u, v)⯒ ͚͑͑͑͢͢͟͢
Ἒ㌆䞲┺. S (u , u ) 54  4
2
53.36 ‫ٻ‬
(¦ ui f i ) 2 25
2
S (u , u ) ¦ ui f i  i 2
i n ‫ ٻٻٻٻٻٻٻ‬S (v, v) 54  12 48.24 ‫ٻ‬
25
(¦ v j f j ) 2
‫ ٻٻٻٻٻٻٻ‬S (u , v) 46  4 u 12 44.08
2
S (v , v ) ¦ v j f j  j
j n 25
( ¦ ui f i ) ( ¦ v j f j )
S (u , v) ¦ ¦ ui v j f ij  i j

i j n
͚ͣ͢ ┺㦢 㔳㠦 㦮䟊 ㌗ὖ Ἒ㑮 r 㦚 Ἒ㌆䞲┺. ͚͑ͣ͑͑͢͟͢
S (u , v ) r 44.08 44.08 0.87
r
S (u , u ) S (v, v) 53.36 u 48.24 50.74

ͧͤͤ͑͟͟斉凈͑册曠氠 ͑氠 惀 ㌗ὖ Ἒ㑮 r 㦖 ങ1  r  1㦮 ⻪㥚㦮 Ṩ㦚 Ṗ㰚┺. xṖ 㯳Ṗ䞮Ⳋ y☚ 㯳Ṗ䞮⓪ ἓ䟻

㧊 㧞⓪ ἓ㤆㠦⓪ 0 < r 㧊 ♮ἶ(䝢⩂㓺㦮 ㌗ὖ), xṖ 㯳Ṗ䞮Ⳋ y⓪ Ṧ㏢䞮⓪ ἓ䟻㧊 㧞⓪ ἓ㤆㠦⓪ r < 0(Ⱎ㧊
⍞㓺㦮 ㌗ὖ)㧊 ♲┺. x㢖 y ㌂㧊㠦 㰗㍶ ὖἚṖ 㠜㦚 ➢⓪ r ೤ 0㧊 ♲┺.
⁎Ⰲἶ r 㦮 Ṩ㧊 1 ⡦⓪ ങ1㠦 Ṗ₢㤊 Ṩ㧊 ♶㑮⪳ 㧒㩫䞲 ἓ䟻㍶㦒⪲⿖䎆㦮 䦿㠊㰦㦖 㩗㠊㰚┺.
勀庄͑ͪ͢ 㠦 r 㦮 㡂⩂ Ṗ㰖 ἓ㤆㠦 ╖䞲 ㌆㩦☚⯒ ⋮䌖⌎┺.

31
A 3251ങ1ദ2001

rഩ0.00(nഩ50) rഩ0.20(nഩ50)

y y

x x

rഩ0.40(nഩ50) rഩ0.60(nഩ50)

y y

x x

rഩ0.80(nഩ50) rഩ0.93(nഩ50)

y y

x x

挌͑冨 r < 0㧎 ἓ㤆⓪ 㡺⯎㴓㦒⪲ ⌊⩺Ṗ⓪ ἓ䟻㧊 ♲┺.

勀庄͑ͪ͑͑͢數泘墌氠 ͑憼勸͑

32 倞→倞
 KS A 3251ങ1ദ2001

堸氼痸氠 ͑白册泉͑稼日͑惱慝෕͑
泤͢扈෢堸氼痸氠 ͑白册泉͑勸曨͑͑稼͑旬͑

㧊 䟊㍺㦖 ⽎㼊 ⹥ ⿖㏣㍲㠦 ′㩫䞲 ㌂䟃, 㺎ἶ㠦 ₆㨂䞲 ㌂䟃ὒ 㧊ộ✺ὒ ὖ⩾♲ ㌂䟃㦚 ㍺ⳛ䞮⓪ ộ
㦒⪲, ′ỿ㦮 㧒⿖⓪ 㞚┞┺. KS A 3251ങ1ദ2001㦖 㧒⹮ ⳛ䃃㦚 “◆㧊䎆㦮 䐋Ἒ㩗 䟊㍳ ⹿⻫”㦒⪲ 䞮⓪ ┺
㦢 4Ṳ㦮 ⿖ 㭧㠦㍲ 㩲1⿖㠦 䟊╏䞮⓪ ′ỿ㧊┺.
㩲1⿖ദ◆㧊䎆㦮 䐋Ἒ㩗 ₆㑶
㩲2⿖ദ䘟‶ ⹥ ⿚㌆㠦 ὖ䞲 Ỗ㩫 ⹿⻫ ⹥ 㿪㩫 ⹿⻫
㩲3⿖ദ゚㥾㠦 ὖ䞲 Ỗ㩫 ⹿⻫ ⹥ 㿪㩫 ⹿⻫
㩲4⿖ദ䘟‶ ⹥ ⿚㌆㠦 ὖ䞲 Ỗ㩫 ⹿⻫㦮 Ỗ㿲⩻
㥚㦮 4Ṳ㦮 ⿖㠦 ὖ⩾♮⓪ ㌂䟃㦚 㧊 䟊㍺㠦㍲ ㍺ⳛ䞲┺.

͑͢͟泤泝氠 ͑犰溈 䐋Ἒ㩗 Ỗ㩫, 㿪㩫 ❇㦮 䐋Ἒ㩗 㿪⪶ 㑮⻫㦖 ◆㧊䎆⯒ ₆㽞⪲ 䞮㡂 ṳὖ㩗㦒⪲ 㩫⽊⯒ 䟊
㍳䞮₆ 㥚䞲 ₆⽎㩗㧎 ⹿⻫㧊┺. 䐋Ἒ㩗 䛞㰞 ὖⰂ㈦Ⱒ 㞚┞⧒ 䐋Ἒ㩗 㑮⻫㦚 㩗㣿䞮⓪ Ⱔ㦖 䡚㧻㠦㍲ 㧊
㣿♮ἶ 㧞┺. 㧊 䐋Ἒ㩗 㿪⪶㠦 ὖἚ♮⓪ ῃ㩲 ′ỿ㦖 ╏㽞 ISO/TC 69/SC 2㠦 㦮䟊 㧧㎇♮㠊 㢪㦒⋮, SC 2
㦮 䢲☯ 㩫㰖㠦 ➆⧒ 䡚㨂⓪ SC 3/WG 3Ṗ 㤦㞞 㧧㎇㦚 ╊╏䞮ἶ 㧞┺.
㧊✺㠦 㦮䟊
ISO 2854ദ1976 Statistical interpretation of dataങTechniques of estimation and test relating to means and variances(䘟
‶ ⹥ ⿚㌆㠦 ὖ䞲 㿪㩫ὒ Ỗ㩫㦮 ₆⻫)
ISO 3301ദ1975 Statistical interpretation of dataങComparison of two means in the case of paired observations(╖㦧 㧞
⓪ ὖ䁷Ṩ㦮 2Ṳ 䘟‶㦮 ゚ᾦ)
ISO 3494ദ1976 Statistical interpretation of dataങPower of tests relating to means and variances(䘟‶ ⹥ ⿚㌆㠦 ὖ
䞲 Ỗ㩫 ⹿⻫㦮 Ỗ㿲⩻)
ISO 11453ദ1996 Statistical interpretation of dataങTests and confidence intervals relating to proportions(゚㥾㠦 ὖ䞲
Ỗ㩫 ⹿⻫ ⹥ 㿪㩫 ⹿⻫)
❇ 7Ṳ㦮 ′ỿ㧊 㧊⹎ 㩲㩫♮㠊 㧞┺.
䐋Ἒ㩗 㿪⪶㠦 ὖ䟊㍲⓪ KS㠦㍲☚
KS A 3251ദ1968 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 㻮Ⰲ ⹿⻫
KS A 3252ദ1962 ⳾䘟‶ὒ ₆㭖Ṩὒ㦮 㹾㦮 Ỗ㩫(䚲㭖 䘎㹾⯒ 㞢ἶ 㧞㦚 ➢, 䞲㴓)
KS A 3253ദ1962 ⳾䘟‶ὒ ₆㭖Ṩὒ㦮 㹾㦮 Ỗ㩫(䚲㭖 䘎㹾⯒ 㞢ἶ 㧞㦚 ➢, 㟧㴓)
❇ 19Ṳ㦮 ′ỿ㧊 㩲㩫♮㠊 㧞㠞┺. ⁎⩂⋮ ISO ′ỿὒ 㧊✺ KS ′ỿ㦮 㧒䂮㎇㦚 䘟Ṗ䞶 ➢, ┺㦢ὒ ṯ㦖
⌊㣿㠦 ╖䞲 㔲㩫㧊 ὒ㩲⪲ ⿖㌗♮㠞┺.
Β͚͑ ISO㠦㍲㦮 䘟‶, ⿚㌆㠦 ὖ䞲 㿪䁷㠦 ὖ䞲 ′ỿῆὒ KS㠦㍲㦮 䘟‶, ⿚㌆㠦 ὖ䞲 㿪䁷㠦 ὖ䞲 ′ỿῆ
㠦 㧞㠊㍲㦮 ⌊㣿㦚 ゚ᾦ䞮㡂 ⽊Ⳋ, Ệ㦮 ❇❇䞮Ợ Ṛ㭒䞶 㑮 㧞⓪ ㌂䟃㦚 ′㩫䞮ἶ 㧞┺. ⁎⩂⋮ 㠊⟺
䟃⳿㠦 ╖䞲 䐋Ἒ 㻮ⰂṖ ISO㠦㍲⓪ 䞮⋮㦮 ′ỿ, KS㠦㍲⓪ ⽋㑮㦮 ′ỿ㧊 ♮ἶ 㧞⓪ ❇ ῃ㩲㩗㧎 㦮
⹎㠦㍲㦮 㧒䂮㎇㠦 ⶎ㩲Ṗ 㧞┺.
Γ͚͑ KS ′ỿ 㩲㩫 ╏㔲㠦⓪ 㑮㰧䞲 ◆㧊䎆㠦 ╖䞲 Ἒ㌆ ὒ㩫㦚 ′ỿ ⁎ 㧦㼊㠦 ⍹㦢㦒⪲㖾 Ἒ㌆ ἆὒ㦮

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㨂Ỗ䏶Ṗ 㣿㧊䟊㰖⓪ ❇ ⁎ ⋮⯚╖⪲㦮 㦮㦮Ṗ 㧞㠞┺ἶ ㌳ṗ♲┺. ⁎⩂⋮ 㾲⁒ὒ ṯ㧊 Ἒ㌆₆Ṗ ⽊

♲ ㌗䢿㠦㍲⓪ 㧊ộ㧊 㡺䧞⩺ ㍲⮮ 㻮Ⰲ㦮 ⻞㧷䢪⯒ 㽞⧮䞮⓪ ❇ ⿖㧧㣿㦚 ⌉ἶ 㧞┺.
Δ͚͑ ISO ′ỿ㧊 㩲㩫♮㠊 㧞⓪◆☚ ⿞ῂ䞮ἶ ╖㦧䞮⓪ KSṖ 㠜⓪ ộ㧊 㧞┺. ⁎ 㭧㠦㍲☚ 䔏䧞 ゚㥾㦮 㿪
⪶ ⹥ Ỗ㩫㦮 Ỗ㿲⩻㦮 2Ṗ㰖⓪ ⰺ㤆 㭧㣪䞮┺ἶ 䞶 㑮 㧞┺.
㥚㦮 Β͚, Γ͚, Δ͚㦮 ⶎ㩲㩦 䟊ἆ㦚 ⳿㩗㦒⪲, 4Ṳ㦮 ⿖⪲ ῂ㎇♮⓪ “◆㧊䎆㦮 䐋Ἒ㩗 䟊㍳ ⹿⻫” ′ỿ㦚 㩲
㩫䞮㡖┺.

ͣ͑͟劤共͑殘樐氠 ͑汙旹 KS㦮 ῃ㩲 㧒䂮䢪⯒ 㦮☚䞲 㧊⻞ Ṳ㩫㠦㍲⓪ KS㦮 䐋Ἒ㩗 㿪⪶㠦 ὖ⩾♮⓪ 19′ỿ
㦚 ⁎ộ㠦 ╖㦧䞮⓪ ISO ′ỿ ⹥ ISO ′ỿ 㤦㞞㠦 㧒䂮㔲䋺⓪ ộ㦚 ⳿㩗㦒⪲ 䞮㡖┺. ISO/TC 69/SC 2(ISO
㩲69㩚ⶎ㥚㤦䣢 㩲2⿚ὒ㥚㤦䣢)Ṗ 㧧㎇䞲 ῃ㩲 ′ỿ㦚 ⻞㡃 ⹥ 㺎㫆䞮㡂 ₆⽎ ⿖䣢㠦㍲ 㤦㞞㦚 㧧㎇䞮㡖
㦒Ⳇ, ῃ㩲 ′ỿ㠦㍲㦮 㡺㧦 ⹥ 䌞㧦⓪ 㤦㞞 㧧㎇㠦㍲ 㑮㩫 ⹥ ⽊㢚䞮㡖┺.

ͤ͑͟枨劤共氠 ͑僤歜 㔶′ỿ㦮 ⌊㣿㦖 ┺㦢ὒ ṯ㧊 ῂ㎇♮㠊 㧞┺.

Β͚͑ 㩲1⿖ദ◆㧊䎆㦮 䐋Ἒ㩗 ₆㑶
ISO/TC 69/SC 3/WG 3㠦㍲㦮 䐋Ἒ㩗 ◆㧊䎆㦮 䟊㍳ ⹿⻫㠦 ὖ䞲 ῃ㩲 ′ỿ㦮 Ṳ㩫 㧧㠛㠦㍲⓪ 㩲1⿖
㦮 ₆㑶㩗 ⌊㣿㦚 䙂䞾䞮⓪ ′ỿ㦮 㩲㩫㧊 㧧㠛 䟃⳿㦒⪲㍲ 㔏㧎♮㠊 㧞┺.
KS A 0021ദ1961 㑮䂮㦮 ⱐ㦢⻫㦚 ₆㽞⪲ 䞮ἶ 㧞▮ ⿖⿚㦚 ISO 31ങ0ദ1992 Quantities and unitsങPart
0ദGeneral principles, Annex B(Informative) (Guide to the rounding of numbers)㦮 ⌊㣿㦚 㺎㫆䞮㡂 㑮㩫໡⽊㢚
䞮㡖┺.
Γ͚͑ 㩲2⿖ദ䘟‶ ⹥ ⿚㌆㠦 ὖ䞲 Ỗ㩫 ⹿⻫ ⹥ 㿪㩫 ⹿⻫
䡚㨂 ISO㠦㍲⓪ 㩫′ ⼖⨟㦮 䘟‶ ⹥ ⿚㌆㦮 㿪䁷㠦 ╖䞲 ′ỿ㦒⪲㍲ ISO 2854, 2602, 3301㧊 㧞㦒⋮,
ISO 2854㦮 ⹲䟟㦒⪲ 㰚⿖䢪♲ ISO 2602⯒ ⶊ㔲䞮ἶ 㧊✺㦚 䐋䞿䞮₆ 㥚䞲 㨂Ỗ䏶Ṗ 㔺㔲♮ἶ 㧞┺. 㧊
㨂Ỗ䏶㦮 ㌗䢿㦚 ἶ⩺䞮ἶ, ISO 2854㢖 ISO 2854㦮 㨂Ỗ䏶㠦 ὖ䞲 㧧㠛 㤦㞞㧎 DIN 55303 Teil 2 ❇㦚 ₆
㽞⪲ 䞮㡂 㩲2⿖Ṗ 㧧㎇♮㠞┺.
㩲2⿖㠦 ╖㦧䞮⓪ 䘟‶ ⹥ ⿚㌆㦮 㿪䁷㠦 ╖䞲 ′ỿ㦒⪲㍲ KS A 3252, 3253, 3254, 3255, 3256, 3257,
3258, 3259, 3260, 3261, 3262, 3263, 3264, 3265, 3266, 3267, 3768, 3769㦮 18Ṳ ′ỿ㧊 㧞㠞┺. 㧊✺㦖 ⁎ ⌊
㣿㧊 㩲2⿖ ͩ͟(㍲㔳)㠦㍲ ′㩫♲ ㍲㔳㠦 䙂䞾♮⸖⪲, 䘦㰖䞮₆⪲ 䞮㡖┺. 㧊⻞㠦 䘦㰖♲ KS㢖 㩲2⿖㠦
′㩫♲ ㍲㔳 ╖㦧 ὖἚ⯒ 㩫Ⰲ䞮Ⳋ ┺㦢ὒ ṯ┺.

㍲ 㔳 ╖ 㦧 KS

Table A A 3252 ⳾䘟‶ὒ ₆㭖Ṩὒ㦮 㹾㦮 Ỗ㩫(䚲㭖 䘎㹾⯒ 㞢ἶ 㧞㦚 ➢, 䞲㴓)

A 3253 ⳾䘟‶ὒ ₆㭖Ṩὒ㦮 㹾㦮 Ỗ㩫(䚲㭖 䘎㹾⯒ 㞢ἶ 㧞㦚 ➢, 㟧㴓)
Table A' A 3254 ⳾䘟‶ὒ ₆㭖Ṩὒ㦮 㹾㦮 Ỗ㩫(䚲㭖 䘎㹾⯒ ⳾⯒ ➢, 䞲㴓)
A 3255 ⳾䘟‶ὒ ₆㭖Ṩὒ㦮 㹾㦮 Ỗ㩫(䚲㭖 䘎㹾⯒ ⳾⯒ ➢, 㟧㴓)
Table B A 3260 ⳾䘟‶㦮 ῂṚ 㿪㩫(䚲㭖 䘎㹾⯒ 㞢ἶ 㧞㦚 ➢)
Table B' A 3261 ⳾䘟‶㦮 ῂṚ 㿪㩫(䚲㭖 䘎㹾⯒ ⳾⯒ ➢)
Table C A 3256 ⚦ ⳾䘟‶㦮 㹾㦮 Ỗ㩫(䚲㭖 䘎㹾⯒ 㞢ἶ 㧞㦚 ➢, 䞲㴓)
A 3257 ⚦ ⳾䘟‶㦮 㹾㦮 Ỗ㩫(䚲㭖 䘎㹾⯒ 㞢ἶ 㧞㦚 ➢, 㟧㴓)
Table C', C'' A 3258 ⚦ ⳾䘟‶㦮 㹾㦮 Ỗ㩫(䚲㭖 䘎㹾⯒ ⳾⯒ ➢, 䞲㴓)

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 A 3251ങ1ദ2001

A 3259 ⚦ ⳾䘟‶㦮 㹾㦮 Ỗ㩫(䚲㭖 䘎㹾⯒ ⳾⯒ ➢, 㟧㴓)

Table D A 3262 ⚦ ⳾䘟‶㦮 㹾㦮 㿪㩫(䚲㭖 䘎㹾⯒ 㞢ἶ 㧞㦚 ➢)
Table D', D'' A 3263 ⚦ ⳾䘟‶㦮 㹾㦮 㿪㩫(䚲㭖 䘎㹾⯒ ⳾⯒ ➢)
Table E A 3264 ⳾⿚㌆ὒ ₆㭖Ṩὒ㦮 ㌗㧊㦮 Ỗ㩫(䞲㴓)
A 3265 ⳾⿚㌆ὒ ₆㭖Ṩὒ㦮 ㌗㧊㦮 Ỗ㩫(㟧㴓)
Table F A 3268 ⳾⿚㌆㦮 ῂṚ 㿪㩫
Table G A 3266 ⚦ ⳾⿚㌆㦮 㹾㦮 Ỗ㩫(䞲㴓)
A 3267 ⚦ ⳾⿚㌆㦮 㹾㦮 Ỗ㩫(㟧㴓)
Table H A 3269 ⳾⿚㌆゚㦮 ῂṚ 㿪㩫
Table K, L ╖㦧 KS 㠜㦢.
⁎Ⰲἶ 㩲2⿖㠦㍲ ┺㦢ὒ ṯ㦖 ㌂䟃㦚 ⽊㿿䞮㡖┺.
͑ ͑ ͚͑͢ 2Ṳ㦮 ╖㦧㧊 㧞⓪ 䁷㩫Ṩ㦮 䘟‶㦮 ゚ᾦ ⹥ 㹾㦮 㔶⬆ ῂṚ㠦 ὖ䞲 ISO 3301㦮 ⌊㣿㦚 䐋὚㩗㦒⪲
┺⬾₆ 㥚䞮㡂 ㍲㔳 K, L㦚 ㌞⪲ 㭖゚䞮㡖┺.
͑ ͑ ͚ͣ͑ ⳾䘟‶ ⹥ ⳾⿚㌆㦮 㿪㩫㦚 ′㩫䞲 KS A 3260, 3261, 3262, 3263, 3268, 3269㠦⓪ 㟧㴓 㔶⬆ ῂṚ㦮 Ἒ㌆
㠦 ╖䟊㍲Ⱒ ㍲㑶♮ἶ 䞲㴓 㔶⬆ ῂṚ㠦 ╖䟊㍲⓪ ㍲㑶♮㠊 㧞㰖 㞠㞮㦒⋮, 㧊✺㠦 ╖䞲 ㍲㔳☚ Ⱎ⩾䞮
㡖┺.
͑ ͑ ͚ͤ KS A 3258, 3259㠦⓪ೆ䚲㭖 䘎㹾Ṗ ⳛ䢫䧞 ┺⯊┺ἶ ㌳ṗ♮⓪ ἓ㤆ೇ㠦 ╖䟊㍲☚ ₆㑶㧊 㧞㠞㦒⋮, 㧊
㠦 ╖䟊 ISO 2854㦮 Table A㠦㍲ Table H₢㰖㠦⓪ ₆㑶♮㠊 㧞㰖 㞠┺. ⁎⩂⋮ 䡚㨂㦮 ISO Ṳ㩫 㧧㠛
㞞(DIS)㠦⓪ 㧊⯒ 䀾 䞮ἶ 㧞㠊, Table C', D''⪲ ☚㧛䞮㡖┺.
͑ ͑ ͚ͥ ISO 2854㠦㍲㢖, ⽊₆⯒ ✺Ⳋ KS A 3254㠦㍲㦮 t⿚䙂㦮 䗒㎒䔎㩦㦮 䚲₆ ⹿⻫㧊 ┺⯊┺. 㧊✺㠦 ╖䟊
㍲⓪ ISO 2854㠦 ➆⧦┺.
Δ͚͑ 㩲3⿖ദ゚㥾㠦 ὖ䞲 Ỗ㩫 ⹿⻫ ⹥ 㿪㩫 ⹿⻫
ISO 11453ദ1996㦚 ⻞㡃䞮㡂 ₆㑶㩗 ⌊㣿 ⹥ ′ỿ㍲㦮 ㍲㔳㦚 ⼖ἓ䞮㰖 㞠ἶ 㧧㎇䞮㡖┺.
Ε͚͑ 㩲4⿖ദ䘟‶ ⹥ ⿚㌆㠦 ὖ䞲 Ỗ㩫 ⹿⻫㦮 Ỗ㿲⩻
ISO 3494ദ1976㦚 ⻞㡃䞮㡂 ₆㑶㩗 ⌊㣿 ⹥ ′ỿ㍲㦮 ㍲㔳㦚 ⼖ἓ䞮㰖 㞠ἶ 㧧㎇䞮㡖┺.
Ζ͚͑ 㩲3⿖ ⹥ 㩲4⿖㠦㍲㦮 䚲
ṗṗ㦮 ╖㦧䞮⓪ ISO ′ỿ㠦㍲ 㩚㨂䞮㡖㦒⸖⪲, 䚲 㞞㦮 㓒䚲⓪ ㏢㑮㩦㦚 ⋮䌖⌎┺⓪ 㩦㦚 㥶㦮䞮㡂
㟒 䞲┺.

倞㨎倞 35
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Statistical interpretation of dataങ
Part 1ദStatistical presentation of
ICS 03.120.30

㩲㩫㧦ദ₆㑶䚲㭖㤦㧻
Ṳ 㩫ദ2001⎚ 12㤪 31㧒 ₆㑶䚲㭖㤦 ἶ㔲 㩲01ങ960䢎
㤦㞞㧧㎇䡧⩻㧦ദ㌆㠛䚲㭖㕂㦮䣢 ₆⽎⿖䣢
㕂 㦮 ⿖ 䣢ദ㌆㠛䚲㭖㕂㦮䣢 ₆⽎⿖䣢(䣢㧻 ṫ 䡫 ⿖)