Paper 6 New Approach 2023 Combined Sciences

Combined
Sciences
CHEMISTRY
Revision Papers
Paper 6 Revision Guide

CHEMISTRY
Dr. Peter Alfred
2023
New Paper 6 Revision Guide
Topics required for Paper 6
Acids and Bases.
Separation techniques.
Electrolysis .
Metals .
Identification of Ions and gases.
Factors affecting the rate of chemical reactions.
Halogens.
Tests for water.
Test for unsaturation (Bromine water).
1|Page
1- Investigating rate of reaction:

a.The Effect of changing the Temperature and Changing the Surface area on the rate
of a reaction
2-
2|Page
b. The Effect of Adding Catalyst and Changing the Concentration on the rate of a reaction
3|Page
2- Investigating Solubility of Salts: 3- Using calorimetry to investigate-

energy release in combustion reactions
4|Page
4- Determining Formulae of Metal Oxides by Combustion:
5|Page
5- Determining Formulae of Metal Oxides by Reduction:
6|Page
6- Investigating Solubility of Salts: 7- Conditions for rusting
7|Page
8- Investigating Percentage of Oxygen in Air:
9- Investigating Products of Combustion:
8|Page
10- Preparation of salts: (Soluble salts)
9|Page
Preparation of insoluble salts: 11- Separation of colors:
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Common laboratory equipment and tools
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Separation techniques
Method of separation Used to separate

Filter a solid from a liquid
Evaporate a solid from a solution
Crystallization a solid from a solution
Simple distillation a solvent from a solution
fractional distillation liquids from each other
Chromatography different substances from a solution
Soluble salts are:
-all potassium, sodium and ammonium salts
-all nitrates
-all halides except silver and lead
-all sulfates except calcium, lead and barium
Insoluble salts are:
-carbonates except potassium, sodium and ammonium
-silver and lead halides
-calcium, lead and barium sulfates
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Tests for Cations:
Test Ion Result

Add a few drops of dilute Pale blue precipitate
sodium hydroxide solution. Cu2+
A precipitate will form. (dirty) Green precipitate
Fe2+
Red-Brown precipitate
Fe3+
Al3+, Zn2+, Ca2+ White precipitate
Divide the solutions into two The precipitate dissolves

equal volumes. To one, add Al3+
double the again in sodium hydroxide
solution giving a colorless
volume of sodium hydroxide
solution. To the other, add solution.
double Precipitate dissolves in
Zn2+
the volume of ammonium both solutions, giving a
hydroxide. colorless solution.
Dissolves in neither.
Ca2+
Take a small amount of the NH4+ Ammonia gas given off (it
solid or solution. Add a little has a strong sharp smell
dilute and turns red
sodium hydroxide solution litmus blue)
and heat gently.
Gases:
Test Gas Result
Damp red litmus paper. Ammonia Pungent odour, indicator paper
lime water turns blue
Carbon Dioxide solution goes milky
Damp Litmus paper. Chlorine Indicator paper turns
Collect in a tube then put a lighted Hydrogen white.(bleaching)
Burns with pop sound
splint
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Collect in a tube then put a glowing Oxygen Splint relights

splint
Anions:
Test Ion Result

Take a small amount of Carbonate Carbon dioxide gas
the solid/solution. Add is produced so
a little there are bubbles
and limewater goes
dilute hydrochloric acid. milky
Take a small amount of Chloride White precipitate

the solution. Add an
equal volume of dilute
nitric acid.
Then add silver nitrate
solution. Silver halides
are insoluble, so a
precipitate forms.
Take a small amount of Ammonia gas given off

the solution. Add a
Nitrate
little sodium hydroxide
solution. Add aluminum
foil and heat gently.
Take a small amount of White precipitate

the solution. Add an (barium sulfate)
equal volume of dilute
Sulfate
hydrochloric acid. Then
add barium nitrate
solution. Barium sulfate
is insoluble so...
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Other Tests:
Test Substance Result

Add some drops of the White crystals go blue
substance to white anhydrous
copper (II) sulfate Water
Add to blue (II) cobalt Goes pink
chloride paper
Test for unsaturation: Alkene Goes from orange to colorless
add bromine water (orange brown) Alkane Stays orange
Blue litmus paper Goes red

Add a metal carbonates Effervescence (CO2)
Acid
Red litmus paper Base Goes blue
Flame tests:
Ion.
Ion.
Ion.
Ion. (transition
Indicator Color in acid Color in alkali

Litmus Red Blue
Phenol phthalein Colorless Pink
Methyl orange Red Yellow
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Graphs: (Straight line – Smooth line – Bar Chart)
Drawing graphs
 Every graph should have a title and labels on each axis with
the units included.
 The units should be written as quantity/units on each axis e.g: for an
axis label which represents time, then it should be labelled as Time/s.
 Unless the question states otherwise:
o plot the independent variable (the variable you control, such as
the time you take on observations) on the x-axis (horizontal axis)
o plot the dependent variable (the variable you are measuring) on
the y-axis (vertical axis)
 For the title, the convention is to state the dependent variable first
e.g.: a graph titled “Graph of height versus time” means that the
dependent variable is height and thus is on the y-axis.
 A bar graph is used if one set of data is categories or words and
a line graph is used if both sets of data are numbers.
 The scale you choose should use as much of the graph paper as possible
with equal spacings between each point on the scale.
 The plotted points should be drawn clearly, using a cross instead of a
dot or a circle.
 This makes it easier to draw and leaves the option of using a circle to
identify anomalous results.
 Straight line graphs should be drawn with a ruler.

 The line of best fit can be straight or curved as long as it has the same
number of points above and below the line and should
avoid anomalous points.
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 Smooth line graphs should be curves with no straight-line sections drawn

with a ruler.
 Clear construction lines should be used where applicable, which are
parallel to the axis and show how you worked out your answer.
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Systematic Errors and Random Errors
Uncertainty in experiments
 Experiments involve using laboratory apparatus and taking

measurements.
 Almost all measurements have an inherent degree of uncertainty.
 Uncertainty is usually due to experimental errors in experimental

design and operation, of which there are two types.
Systematic errors
 Source
o Systematic errors occur due to a persistent flow with equipment

or incorrect use of equipment e.g. consistently taking a burette
reading from a height (error of parallax) instead of at eye level.
 How to identify
o A systematic error would affect the entire data set so you would
get a regular pattern but on analysis the pattern would not be
the expected one.
o Systematic errors reduce accuracy.
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 How to correct
o Improvements in the experimental technique or by using apparatus

with a greater degree of accuracy.
Random errors
 Source
o Random errors occur due to issues over which the scientist has no
direct control e.g. changes in room temperature when measuring
the effect of heat on the rate of a reaction.
 How to identify
o A random error would usually show up as an anomalous result,

which is a data point that does not fit the pattern.
o Random errors reduce reliability.
 How to correct
o Using apparatus with a greater degree of accuracy, increasing the

number of measurements taken or taking measurements more
carefully.
Making Observations
 Recording observations refers to writing down what you

can see, hear or smell or feel (e.g. temperature).
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 For example: “fizzing, bubbles or effervescence” is an observation

whereas “gas given off” is not.
 If asked to describe the appearance of a substance you should describe

both the color and state (solid, liquid or gas).
 Use key terminology such as “reacts more violently” or “produces a

precipitate much quicker” to describe gradation in reactions with similar
observations.
Investigation Basics
Make a good start
 It’s always a good idea to write down some preliminary notes before
answering this part of the exam.
 Use bullet points and include the main aspects of your investigation such
as:
o Apparatus needed
o Safety issues
o Amounts of substances, how to measure them, accuracy
o Relevant practical procedures, calculations
o Conclusion
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Hypothesis
 The hypothesis sums up the idea that is being tested and is a proposed
outcome.
 It is a statement based on the scientific idea and which can be tested
experimentally.
 A prediction is a statement of what would be expected to happen when
a hypothesis is tested in the laboratory.
Variables
 Independent variable: the parameter you change.

 Dependent variable: the parameter you measure.
 Control variable: the things that must be kept the same to keep it as
a fair test.
When writing a method, you should include:
 Equipment list
 Variables – with values of the independent variable, how you will
measure the dependent variable and what values you will use for the
control variables.
 Method – it needs to be clear, logical and contain all the readings you
need to take. Describe how to do it once then the final steps should
always be: repeat it two more times and calculate an average (if there
is an anomaly then you do not include it in the average), repeat with
the other values for the independent variable.
 Safety precautions.
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Writing a conclusion
 Must state the relationship and numbers must be quoted to show the
pattern.
 E.g. for the above investigation, the ideal conclusion would be:
o “As the concentration of the acid increases the time taken for
the reaction to occur decreases”.
o The conclusion is always based on the resulting numbers of the
investigation.
o For example, 1M acid took 60s and for 3M acid it took 5s.
Tables and data
 Most experiments generate numerical data which must be accurately

recorded.
 This is best done using a table with clearly labelled columns indicating
the data and units.
 Graphs are then drawn and used to visually represent the experimental
data.
 This process makes it easier to identify relationships between the
variables plotted and identify trends and variations in data.
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Safety precautions:
Problem solving questions (Plan an experiment)
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Combined

Paper 6 Revision Guide

Topics required for Paper 6

Acids and Bases.

Identification of Ions and gases.

Factors affecting the rate of chemical reactions.

Tests for water.

Test for unsaturation (Bromine water).

1- Investigating rate of reaction:

2- Investigating Solubility of Salts: 3- Using calorimetry to investigate-

4- Determining Formulae of Metal Oxides by Combustion:

5- Determining Formulae of Metal Oxides by Reduction:

6- Investigating Solubility of Salts: 7- Conditions for rusting

8- Investigating Percentage of Oxygen in Air:

9- Investigating Products of Combustion:

10- Preparation of salts: (Soluble salts)

Preparation of insoluble salts: 11- Separation of colors:

Common laboratory equipment and tools

Method of separation Used to separate

Soluble salts are:

-all potassium, sodium and ammonium salts

-all halides except silver and lead

-all sulfates except calcium, lead and barium

Insoluble salts are:

-carbonates except potassium, sodium and ammonium

-silver and lead halides

-calcium, lead and barium sulfates

Tests for Cations:

Test Ion Result

Divide the solutions into two The precipitate dissolves

Collect in a tube then put a glowing Oxygen Splint relights

Test Ion Result

Take a small amount of Chloride White precipitate

Take a small amount of Ammonia gas given off

Take a small amount of White precipitate

Test Substance Result

Blue litmus paper Goes red

Indicator Color in acid Color in alkali

Graphs: (Straight line – Smooth line – Bar Chart)

 Straight line graphs should be drawn with a ruler.

 Smooth line graphs should be curves with no straight-line sections drawn

Systematic Errors and Random Errors

 Experiments involve using laboratory apparatus and taking

 Almost all measurements have an inherent degree of uncertainty.

 Uncertainty is usually due to experimental errors in experimental

o Systematic errors occur due to a persistent flow with equipment

o Systematic errors reduce accuracy.

o Improvements in the experimental technique or by using apparatus

o A random error would usually show up as an anomalous result,

o Random errors reduce reliability.

o Using apparatus with a greater degree of accuracy, increasing the

 Recording observations refers to writing down what you

 For example: “fizzing, bubbles or effervescence” is an observation

 If asked to describe the appearance of a substance you should describe

 Use key terminology such as “reacts more violently” or “produces a

Make a good start

o Amounts of substances, how to measure them, accuracy

o Relevant practical procedures, calculations

 Independent variable: the parameter you change.

When writing a method, you should include:

Tables and data

 Most experiments generate numerical data which must be accurately

Problem solving questions (Plan an experiment)