Name : Muhammad Akmal Haidar

NIM : 03040322099
Class : Translation and Interpreting – B
Grammatical Equivalence
“It is used to attain faithfulness and readability”
*e.g. : They like tea  Mereka senang the (Both have the same or equivalent grammatical pattern or
arrangement)
Translation Technique
Translator must have a full understanding of the Source Language (SL) if they intend to
translate a text into a particular language/ Target Language (TL). Translation Technique has many
kinds, including :
1. Adaptation : Adjusting SL cultural elements to match the TL culture.
2. Amplification : Adding details information in TL to clarify information from SL, without
change the message.
3. Borrowing : Using words directly form the SL into the TL. It has 2 types, Pure Borrowing
and Naturalized Borrowing.
4. Calque : Literal translation of a word/phrase from the source language into the target
language. Manager  Manajer, absorption from other languages.
5. Compensation : Replacing the information elements position in the SL with another part of
the TL.
6. Description : Providing a definition or description in the TL for a specialized term from the
SL.
7. Discursive Creation : Using temporary equivalent that are far from the original context.
8. Established Equivalence : Translating the terms from SL with the general terms in TL.
9. Generalization : Translating the terms with common terms that many people are already
familiar with.
10. Linguistic Amplification : Adding a Source Language linguistic elements in the TL, often
used in interpreting.
11. Linguistic Compression : Integrating the linguistic elements of the SL into the TL.
12. Literal Translation : Translate a phrase from the SL word-for-word into the TL.
13. Modulation : Change the viewpoint or focus of the message from the SL to the SL. e.g.
Negative sentence  Positive sentence.
14. Particularization : Translate using more specialized terms. Jewelry (Perhiasan)  Kalung
Emas.
15. Reduction : Summarizing information from the SL without changing the message.
16. Substitution : Replacing linguistic element to paralinguistics. Menganggukkan kepala
(nodding head)  Ya! / Nggeh!
17. Transposition : Changing the grammatical category of a word or phrase from the SL to fit
the TL structure. Phrase  Word.
18. Variation : Modifying language based on the context to achieve a natural effect.

We should consider the grammatical equivalence between SL and TL to make it easier for us
to translate and clarify the meaning.