Personality Disorder - Pervasive, persistent maladaptive patterns of
behavior that are deeply ingrained and that are not attributable to Axis
I disorders, Axis III disorders, or cultural role difficulties. Disorders of
trait, rather than state. Maladaptive traits can be behavioral, emotional,
cognitive, perceptual, or psychodynamics.
General Diagnosis, Signs, and Symptoms
1. requires history of long-term difficulties in various spheres of
life
2. egosyntonic (acceptable to the ego)
3. rigidity
4. underneath protective armor (anxiety)
5. lacks empathy with others
6. developmental fixation (immaturity)
7. interpersonal difficulties in love and work
CLUSTER A
PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER
A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives
are interpreted as malevolent, beginning by early adulthood and present
in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:
1. Suspects, without sufficient basis, that others are exploiting,
harming, or deceiving him or her.
2. Is preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty or
trustworthiness of friends or associates.
3. Persistently bears grudges (i.e., is unforgiving of insults,
injuries, or slights)
4. Reads hidden demeaning or threatening meanings into benign remarks
or events.
SCHIZOID PERSONALITY DISORDER
A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a
restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings,
beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as
indicated by four (or more) of the following:
1. Takes pleasure in few, if any, activities.
2. Almost always chooses solitary activities.
3. Appears indifferent to the praise or criticism of others.
4. Lacks close friends or confidants other than first-degree
relatives.
SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER
A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute
discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as
by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior,
beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as
indicated by four (or more) of the following:
1. Ideas of reference (excluding delusions of reference).
2.Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation.
3.Unusual perceptual experiences, including bodily illusions.
4.Inappropriate or constricted affect.
CLUSTER B
ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER
A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others,
occurring since age 15 years, as indicated by three (or more) of the
following:
1. Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead.
2. Reckless disregard for safety of self or others.
3. Irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated
physical fights or assaults.
BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER
A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-
image, and affects, and marked impulsivity, beginning by early
adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by three
(or more) of the following:
1. Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable
self-image or sense of self.
2.Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative
symptoms.
3. Chronic feelings of emptiness.
HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY DISORDER
A pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking,
beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as
indicated by three (or more) of the following:
1. Displays rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotions.
2. Is suggestible (i.e., easily influenced by others or
circumstances).
3. Consistently uses physical appearance to draw attention to
self.
NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY DISORDER
A pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for
admiration, and lack of empathy, beginning by early adulthood and
present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by three (or more) of the
following:
1. Requires excessive admiration.
2. Shows arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes.
3. Is often envious of others or believes that others are envious of
him or her.
AZEALEA LIZ NARIO
CLUSTER C
AVOIDANT PERSONALITY DISORDER
A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and
hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, beginning by early adulthood and
present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the
following:
1. Is unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of being
liked.
2. Is preoccupied with being criticized or rejected in social situations.
3. Is inhibited in new interpersonal situations because of feelings of
inadequacy.
DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER
A pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to
submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation, beginning by
early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five
(or more) of the following:
1. Is unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left to take care of
himself or herself.
2. Needs others to assume responsibility for most major areas of his or
her life.
3. Urgently seeks another relationship as a source of care and support
when a close relationship ends.
OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE PERSONALITY DISORDER
A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism,
and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility,
openness, and efficiency, beginning by early adulthood and present in a
variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:
1. Shows rigidity and stubbornness.
2. Is unable to discard worn-out or worthless objects even when
they have no sentimental value.
3. Shows perfectionism that interferes with task completion (e.g., is
unable to complete a project because his or her own overly strict
standards are not met)
DEATH AND DYING (REACTIONS OF DYING PATIENT
Stage 1: Shock and Denial
Patient’s initial reaction is shock, followed by denial that anything is
wrong. Some patients never pass beyond this state and may go doctor
shopping until they find one who supports their position.
Stage 2: Anger
Patients become frustrated, irritable, and angry that they are ill; they ask,
“Why me?” Patients in this stage are difficult to manage because their
anger is displaced onto doctors, hospital staff, and family. Sometimes
anger is directed at themselves in the belief that illness has occurred as
punishment for wrong doing.
Stage 3: Bargaining
Patient may attempt to negotiate with physicians, friends, or even god,
that in return for a cure, he or she will fulfill one or many promises, e.g.,
give charity, attend church regularly
Stage 4: Depression
Patient shows clinical signs of depression; withdrawal, psychomotor
retardation, sleep disturbances, hopelessness, and possibly suicidal
ideation. The depression may be a reaction to the effects of illness on his
or her life, e.g., loss of job, economic hardship, isolation from friends and
family, or it may be in anticipation of the actual loss of life that will occur
shortly.
Stage 5: Acceptance
Person realizes that death is inevitable and accepts its universality.
MOOD DISORDERS
Mood – is a sustained emotional tone perceived along a normal
continuum of sad to happy.
Mood Disorders – are characterized by abnormal feelings of depression
or euphoria with associated psychotic features in some severe cases.
Mood disorders are divided into bipolar and depressive disorders.
AZEALEA LIZ NARIO
AZEALEA LIZ NARIO