History and System of psychology 502

Assignment no 1

By

Maryam Noor Butt

Bc230417551

Assignment Question:
Below are five examples related to the stages proposed by Al Ghazali for improving oneself
( Mashraqa, Muraqaba,Muhasaba,Mujahida, Mataba) which have been discussed in lacture no 5 of
your course. Please read these stages in detail to prepare your assignment.
Your task is to:
1 Identify the stage each example refers to
2 Justify your selection by providing an explanation (at least 2 points) of the identified stage.
Sr Examples
no
1 Hamza has always been shy and reserved
in social situations, often holding back
his opinions and thoughts. He starts
participating more actively in class
discussions and social gatherings,
pushing himself out of his comfort zone
to express himself more confidently
Ali realises that he has a habit
of interrupting others while
they speak. After a
conversation with a friend
who pointed it out , he starts
reflecting on his behaviour
and makes a conscious effort
to listen more attentively
without interrupting.
Identification of Stage Justification
2*5 Marks 2*5 Marks
Identity Formation 1 Exploration:
Hamza’s active participation in
class discussions and social
gatherings indicates that he is
exploring different aspects of
his identity, including
expressing his opinions and
thoughts more confidently. This
behaviour suggests that he is
actively seeking to understand
and define his identity.
2 Pushing out of comfort zone:
Hamza’s behaviour of pushing
himself out of his comfort zone
suggests that he is engaging in
the process of identity
formation, where individuals
often confront new experiences
and challenges to develop a
clearer sense of self. This
willingness to step outside his
comfort zone is characteristic
of the stage of identity
formation, where individuals
actively seek to establish their
identity.
Contemplation” stage of 1 Awareness of Behaviour:
the Trans theoretical Ali has become aware of his
Model of Change habit of interrupting others
while they speak. This
awareness signifies that he is
moving beyond denial or
ignorance about his behaviour.
2 Reflection and Conscious
Effort:
Ali is reflecting on his

3 Ali has been struggling with
maintaining a healthy
lifestyle due to his sedentary
job and fast- food habits.
After experiencing health
issues like fatigue and weight
gain he decides to make a
change. Following his active
friends, he joins a gym and
commits to exercising
regularly. He researches
healthier eating options and
create a meal plan that
includes more fruits and
vegetables, and lean proteins
ultimately transiting to health
lifestyle.
4 Huma frequently loses her
temper with her siblings over
small issues. To improve her
behaviour she imposes a
consequence on herself each
time she gets angry, such as
giving up a favourite activity
for a set period.
behaviour and making a
conscious effort to change by
listening more attentively
without interrupting. This
demonstrates an active
engagement in the process of
change, which aligns with the
contemplation stage where
individuals start to seriously
consider making changes.
Transtheoretical Model 1 Commitment to Action:
(TTM) of Ali has made a conscious
decision to change his lifestyle
by joining a gym, exercising
regularly, and researching
healthier eating options. This
indicates that he has moved
beyond contemplation or
preparation stages and is
actively taking steps towards
behaviour change.
2 Behaviour Change:
Ali has started implementing
specific actions such as
exercising regularly and
adopting a healthier diet. He
has created a meal plan that
includes more fruits,
vegetables, and lean proteins,
which demonstrates a
significant behavioural change
from his previous sedentary job
and fast-food habits. This
shows that he is actively
engaged in modifying his
behaviour to achieve his health
goals.
Autonomy vs. Shame 1 Initiative:
and Doubt, according to Huma is taking initiative by
Erik Erikson’s theory of recognizing her behaviour
psychosocial (losing temper) and actively
development. trying to improve it by
imposing consequences on
herself. This shows an
emerging sense of autonomy
and self-regulation.
2 Sense of Purpose:
By implementing consequences
for her actions, Huma is
developing a sense of purpose
and responsibility, which are

5 Yumna realises that she has
been gossiping about her
classmates behind their
backs. Feeling guilty about
her behaviour, she
approaches each person
individually, apologises
sincerely, and asks for
forgiveness, deciding not to
engage in Gossips again
key components of Stage 2.
This stage is about developing a
balance between autonomy and
the limits set by others, which
Huma is exploring through her
self-imposed consequences.
Good Interpersonal Yumna’s realization of her
Relationships.” In this gossiping behaviour and
stage, individuals strive subsequent apology
to maintain the affection demonstrate an understanding
and approval of others of the importance of
by being a good person interpersonal relationships and
and following the rules the harm caused by her actions,
of society reflecting a concern for
maintaining positive
relationships with her
classmates (Stage 3).
Her decision to refrain from
engaging in gossiping again
signifies an internalization of
societal norms and moral
values, which is characteristic
of Stage 3, where individuals
start to internalize the moral
standards of their social
groups.