User name: Lab___-r__- PC___

Rules to follow:
1. Logon with user name lab__- r- __PC- __. And logon identity CBML. (No password
required)
2. Create a folder with your name and ID# on Desktop. Import data file in this folder.
3. Save SPSS data file and output both, separately for each question.
4. After completing and saving all your work select your folder as to be copied. Go
to my computer. Select and open exam drive and Save your folder here.
NOTE: SAVING DATA IS YOUR RESPONSIBILITY

Question 1 6 marks
Background: Moisture content in fruits and vegetables can have a significant impact on factors
such as the product’s taste, texture, appearance, shape, weight, freshness and shelf- life.
Deviations from the optimal moisture content can severely impact numerous qualities of the food
product, which can have implications not only on product quality but also on its safety. For this
reason, moisture content analysis has become a key component of the food industry. All of these
factors influence the success of a food producer. Maintaining specific characteristics of a product
is essential to customer satisfaction, loyalty, and ultimately revenue and profits.
The data saved as Question 1 in excel file shows the moisture content (by percent) for random
samples of different fruits and vegetables.
a) At the 5% level of significance can we conclude that moisture content of fruits and vegetables
are normally distributed
b) Based on your results from part a, can we conclude at the 0.05 level of significance, that fruits
differ from vegetables in average moisture content?
Note: Consider all assumptions and supporting hypothesis test if needed, to support your
working in part b.

Step 1: Perform Normality Test

1. Open SPSS and load the data from the provided Excel file (Question 1).
2. Go to the "Analyze" menu, select "Descriptive Statistics," and then choose
"Explore."
3. Move the variable representing moisture content to the "Dependent List" box.
4. Click the "Plots" button and select "Normality plots with tests" under
"Descriptive."
5. Click "Continue" and then click "OK" to run the analysis.

SPSS will provide you with normality test results, including histograms and statistical
tests (e.g., Shapiro-Wilk) for moisture content.

Step 2: Interpret Normality Test Results

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Examine the p-value provided in the normality test output. If the p-value is greater than
0.05 (5% significance level), you can assume that the data for moisture content is
normally distributed.

Step 3: Perform Independent Samples t-test

If the moisture content data is normally distributed, you can perform an independent
samples t-test to compare the average moisture content between fruits and vegetables:

1. Go to the "Analyze" menu, select "Compare Means," and then choose

"Independent-Samples T Test."
2. Move the variable representing moisture content to the "Test Variable(s)" box.
3. Move the variable representing fruit/vegetable category to the "Grouping
Variable" box.
4. Click "Define Groups" and specify the groups as "1" for fruits and "2" for
vegetables.
5. Click "OK" to run the analysis.

SPSS will provide you with the results of the independent samples t-test, including the t-
value, degrees of freedom, and p-value.

Step 4: Interpretation

 For normality test: If p-value > 0.05, you can assume that the moisture content
data is normally distributed.
 For independent samples t-test: Examine the p-value provided in the output. If
the p-value is less than 0.05, you can reject the null hypothesis and conclude that
there is a significant difference in the average moisture content between fruits
and vegetables.

Question 2 6 marks

In tough economic times, the business staff at magazines are challenged to sell advertising space in
their publications. Thus, one indicator of a weak economy is the decline in the number of “ad pages”
that magazines have sold. The data file Question 2 contains the number of ad pages found in the
May 2008 and May 2009 issues of 12 men’s magazines. (Data extracted from W. Levith, “Magazine
Monitor,” Media week, April 20, 2009, p. 53.).
a) At the 5% level of significance can we conclude that differences are normally distributed.
b) Based on your results from part a) can we conclude at the 0.05 level of significance, mean
number of ad pages was higher in May 2008 than in May 2009?

Step 1: Perform Normality Test

1. Open SPSS and load the data from the provided data file (Question 2).
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 2. Go to the "Analyze" menu, select "Descriptive Statistics," and then choose
"Explore."
3. Move the variables representing ad pages in May 2008 and May 2009 to the
"Dependent List" box.
4. Click the "Plots" button and select "Normality plots with tests" under
"Descriptive."
5. Click "Continue" and then click "OK" to run the analysis.

SPSS will provide you with normality test results, including histograms and statistical
tests (e.g., Shapiro-Wilk) for both May 2008 and May 2009 ad pages.

Step 2: Interpret Normality Test Results

Examine the p-values provided in the normality test output for both May 2008 and May
2009 ad pages. If the p-values are greater than 0.05 (5% significance level), you can
assume that the differences in ad pages are normally distributed.

Step 3: Perform Paired Samples t-test

If the differences in ad pages are normally distributed, you can perform a paired
samples t-test to compare the mean number of ad pages between May 2008 and May
2009:

1. Go to the "Analyze" menu, select "Compare Means," and then choose "Paired-
Samples T Test."
2. Move the variable representing ad pages in May 2008 to the "Paired Variables"
box.
3. Move the variable representing ad pages in May 2009 to the "Paired Variables"
box.
4. Click "OK" to run the analysis.

SPSS will provide you with the results of the paired samples t-test, including the t-value,
degrees of freedom, and p-value.

Step 4: Interpretation

 For normality test: If p-values > 0.05, you can assume that the differences in ad
pages are normally distributed.
 For paired samples t-test: Examine the p-value provided in the output. If the p-
value is less than 0.05, you can reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there
is a significant difference in mean number of ad pages between May 2008 and
May 2009.

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Question 3 8 marks
A herbal cosmetics manufacturer’s regional distribution center has four workstations that are
responsible for packing cartons for shipment to small retailers. The task involves assembling each
order, placing it in a shipping carton, inserting packing material, taping the carton, and placing a
computer-generated shipping label on each carton. Generally, each station can pack 200 cartons a
day, and often more. However, there is variability, due to differences in orders, labels, and cartons.
Question 3, data in excel sheet shows the number of cartons packed per day during a recent week.
a) At the 5% level of significance can we conclude that number of cartons packed by four
workstations are normally distributed.
b) Based on your results from part a, decide using an appropriate hypothesis test to check if the
variation among stations within the range attributable to chance, or do these samples indicate
actual differences in the means? Perform the required hypothesis test at 5% level of
significance.
c) If your test in part a, show that the means are not all equal, help the cosmetic
manufacturer to determine which population averages are different at the same level of
significance.

Step 1: Perform Normality Test

1. Open SPSS and load the data from the provided Excel file (Question 3).
2. Go to the "Analyze" menu, select "Descriptive Statistics," and then choose
"Explore."
3. Move the variables representing the number of cartons packed by four
workstations to the "Dependent List" box.
4. Click the "Plots" button and select "Normality plots with tests" under
"Descriptive."
5. Click "Continue" and then click "OK" to run the analysis.

SPSS will provide you with normality test results, including histograms and statistical
tests (e.g., Shapiro-Wilk) for each workstation's carton packing data.

Step 2: Interpret Normality Test Results

Examine the p-values provided in the normality test output for each workstation's
carton packing data. If the p-values are greater than 0.05 (5% significance level), you can
assume that the data for each workstation is normally distributed.

Step 3: Perform One-Way ANOVA

If the carton packing data for each workstation is normally distributed, you can perform
a one-way ANOVA to compare the means of the number of cartons packed by the four
workstations:

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 1. Go to the "Analyze" menu, select "Compare Means," and then choose "One-Way
ANOVA."
2. Move the variables representing the number of cartons packed by the four
workstations to the "Dependent List" box.
3. Move the variable representing the workstation name to the "Factor" box.
4. Click "OK" to run the analysis.

SPSS will provide you with the results of the one-way ANOVA, including the F-value and
p-value.

Step 4: Post Hoc Tests for Multiple Comparisons

If the one-way ANOVA indicates a significant difference in means, you can perform post
hoc tests to determine which pairs of workstations have significantly different means:

1. Click the "Post Hoc" button in the one-way ANOVA results window.
2. Select appropriate post hoc tests (e.g., Bonferroni or Tukey) to perform multiple
comparisons.
3. Click "Continue" and then click "OK" to run the tests.

SPSS will provide you with the results of the post hoc tests, showing which pairs of
workstations have significantly different means.

Step 5: Interpretation

 For normality test: If p-values > 0.05, you can assume that the carton packing
data for each workstation is normally distributed.
 For one-way ANOVA: Examine the p-value provided in the output. If the p-value
is less than 0.05, you can reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is a
significant difference in means among the workstations.
 For post hoc tests: Examine the results to identify which pairs of workstations
have significantly different means.

Question 4 10 marks
An ABC News poll asked adults whether they felt that GMO, genetically modified food was safe
to eat. Thirty-five percent felt it was safe, 52% felt it was not safe, and 13% had no opinion. A
random sample of 120 adults was asked the same question at a local county fair. At the 0.01 level
of significance, is there sufficient evidence to conclude that the distribution of people surveyed
differ from those reported in the survey?
Note: Data file is saved as Question 4. Using the data file given, first calculate the actual
number of people who said GMO is safe, GMO is not safe and those who have no opinion.

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Step 1: Load and Prepare the Data

1. Open SPSS and load the data from the provided data file (Question 4).
2. The data should contain a variable that represents respondents' opinions about
GMO safety. You may need to assign numerical codes (e.g., 1, 2, 3) to the
categories (safe, not safe, no opinion) in order to perform calculations.

Step 2: Calculate Observed Frequencies

Calculate the actual number of people who said GMO is safe, GMO is not safe, and
those who have no opinion in the local county fair survey. This will involve counting the
occurrences of each category in your data.

Step 3: Perform Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test

1. Go to the "Analyze" menu, select "Descriptive Statistics," and then choose

"Frequencies."
2. Move the variable representing respondents' opinions about GMO safety to the
"Variable(s)" box.
3. Click the "Charts" button and select "Bar charts" under "Plots."
4. Click "Continue."
5. Click the "Statistics" button and select "Chi-square" under "Summary statistics."
6. Click "Continue" and then click "OK" to run the analysis.

SPSS will provide you with the results of the Chi-Square goodness-of-fit test, including
the expected frequencies and the chi-square test statistic.

Step 4: Interpretation

Examine the chi-square test statistic and the p-value provided in the output. If the p-
value is less than 0.01 (0.01 significance level), you can reject the null hypothesis and
conclude that there is sufficient evidence to suggest that the distribution of people
surveyed at the local county fair differs from the reported survey.

Question 5 10 marks
As online shopping has grown, opportunity has also grown for personal data collection and
invasion of privacy. Mainstream online retailers have policies known as “privacy disclaimers”
that define the rules regarding their uses of information collected, the customer’s right to refuse
third-party promotional offers, and so on. You can access these policies through a web link,
found either on the website’s home page, on the order page (i.e., as you enter your credit card
information), on a client web page, or on some other web page. In the United States, such links
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are voluntary, while in the European Union (EU) they are mandated by law. Location of the
privacy disclaimer is considered to be a measure of the degree of consumer protection (the
farther the link is from the home page, the less likely it is to be noticed). Marketing researchers
did a survey of 291 websites in three nations (France, U.K., and U.S.) and obtained the
contingency table below. Is location of the privacy disclaimer independent of the website’s
nationality? Use α = 0.05
Note: Prepare your data sheet first from the information given below.

Step 1: Prepare Your Data Sheet

Create a data sheet containing the contingency table with the counts of websites based
on the location of the privacy disclaimer and the website's nationality. Your data should
look something like this:

mathematicaCopy code
France U.K. U.S. On Home Page xx xx xx Order Page xx xx xx Client Page xx xx xx Other Page xx
xx xx

Replace "xx" with the actual counts you have for each combination of location and
nationality.

Step 2: Perform Chi-Square Test of Independence

1. Open SPSS and load your data sheet or enter the data directly into SPSS.
2. Go to the "Analyze" menu, select "Descriptive Statistics," and then choose
"Crosstabs."
3. Move the variables representing the location of the privacy disclaimer and the
website's nationality to the "Rows" and "Columns" boxes, respectively.
4. Click the "Statistics" button and select "Chi-square" under "Chi-square tests."
5. Click "Continue."
6. Click "Cells" and check "Expected" under "Display."
7. Click "Continue."
8. Click "OK" to run the analysis.

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SPSS will provide you with the results of the chi-square test, including the chi-square
test statistic, degrees of freedom, and p-value.

Step 3: Interpretation

Examine the p-value provided in the output. If the p-value is less than 0.05 (α = 0.05),
you can reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the location of the privacy
disclaimer is not independent of the website's nationality. In other words, there is a
significant relationship between the two variables.

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